{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:05:59Z","timestamp":1789167959185,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To understand the relationships between facial divergence, vertical growth, and postretention mandibular crowding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-five white extraction patients were evaluated immediately posttreatment (15.4\u00a0years) and again 16.6\u00a0years later. Hyperdivergent subjects, subjects with open bite or severe deep bites were not evaluated. Changes in incisor irregularity and tooth-size arch-length discrepancies (TSALD) were evaluated and correlated with measures of divergence and skeletal growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incisor irregularity increased 0.9\u00a0mm and TSALD increased 0.7\u00a0mm after treatment; 68% of the subjects had less than 3.5\u00a0mm incisor irregularity at postretention. Male patients showed significantly more growth than female patients did. Female patients, who were significantly more hyperdivergent than male patients, showed weak to moderately weak associations between posttreatment facial divergence and crowding. Female posttreatment changes in anterior face height, lower incisor eruption, and changes in arch depth were also related to crowding; male patients showed moderate relationships between posttreatment changes in arch width and crowding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater vertical growth, incisor eruption, and especially facial divergence are related to greater posttreatment mandibular crowding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/061912-505.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]],"date-time":"2012-10-17T09:57:55Z","timestamp":1350467875000},"page":"381-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Facial divergence and mandibular crowding in treated subjects"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Avrum I.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice Orthodontist, St Louis, Mo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. G.","family":"Behrents","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Orthodontic Department, Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Buschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Director of Orthodontic Research, Orthodontic Department, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Tex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"447","article-title":"Patient and parent motivation for orthodontic treatment\u2014a questionnaire study","volume":"32","author":"Wedrychowska-Szulc\n              B ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wedrychowska-Szulc\n              B , \n            \n              Syry\u0144ska\n              M . \n          \n          Patient and parent motivation for orthodontic treatment\u2014a questionnaire study . 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Am J Orthod . 1985 ;88 :466 \u2013502 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b51","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"363","article-title":"An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimensions","volume":"83","author":"Howe\n              RP ,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Howe\n              RP , \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr , \n            \n              O'Connor\n              KA . \n          \n          An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimensions . Am J Orthod . 1983 ;83 :363 \u2013373 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"447","article-title":"Patient and parent motivation for orthodontic treatment\u2014a questionnaire study","volume":"32","author":"Wedrychowska-Szulc\n              B ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wedrychowska-Szulc\n              B , \n            \n              Syry\u0144ska\n              M . \n          \n          Patient and parent motivation for orthodontic treatment\u2014a questionnaire study . Eur J Orthod . 2010 ;32 :447 \u2013452 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b02","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"34","article-title":"Factors associated with the desire for orthodontic treatment among Brazilian adolescents and their parents","volume":"9","author":"Marques\n              LS ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marques\n              LS , \n            \n              Pordeus\n              IA , \n            \n              Ramos-Jorge\n              ML , \n            \n              Filog\u00f4nio\n              CA , \n            \n              Filog\u00f4nio\n              CB , \n            \n              Pereira\n              LJ , \n            \n              Paiva\n              SM . \n          \n          Factors associated with the desire for orthodontic treatment among Brazilian adolescents and their parents . BMC Oral Health . 2009 ;9 :34 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"441","article-title":"Psychosocial reward of orthodontic treatment in adult patients","volume":"32","author":"Gazit-Rappaport\n              T ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gazit-Rappaport\n              T , \n            \n              Haisraeli-Shalish\n              M , \n            \n              Gazit\n              E . \n          \n          Psychosocial reward of orthodontic treatment in adult patients . Eur J Orthod . 2010 ;32 :441 \u2013446 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"479","article-title":"Acceptability of dental appearance in a group of Finnish 16- to 25-year-olds","volume":"79","author":"Svedstr\u00f6m-Oristo\n              AL ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Svedstr\u00f6m-Oristo\n              AL , \n            \n              Pietil\u00e4\n              T , \n            \n              Pietil\u00e4\n              I , \n            \n              Vahlberg\n              T , \n            \n              Alanen\n              P , \n            \n              Varrela\n              J . \n          \n          Acceptability of dental appearance in a group of Finnish 16- to 25-year-olds . Angle Orthod . 2009 ;79 :479 \u2013483 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b05","series-title":"Swed Dent J","first-page":"95","article-title":"Self-perceived orthodontic treatment need and prevalence of malocclusion in 18- and 19-year-olds in Sweden with different geographic origin","volume":"34","author":"Eva\n              J ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eva\n              J , \n            \n              Bjerklin\n              K , \n            \n              Lindsten\n              R . \n          \n          Self-perceived orthodontic treatment need and prevalence of malocclusion in 18- and 19-year-olds in Sweden with different geographic origin . Swed Dent J . 2010 ;34 :95 \u2013106 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"107","article-title":"Occlusal traits and perception of orthodontic need in eighth grade students","volume":"68","author":"Sheats\n              RD ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheats\n              RD , \n            \n              McGorray\n              SP , \n            \n              Keeling\n              SD , \n            \n              Wheeler\n              TT , \n            \n              King\n              GJ . \n          \n          Occlusal traits and perception of orthodontic need in eighth grade students . Angle Orthod . 1998 ;68 :107 \u2013114 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"423","article-title":"An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20\u00a0years postretention","volume":"93","author":"Little\n              RM ,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Little\n              RM , \n            \n              Riedel\n              RA , \n            \n              Artun\n              J . \n          \n          An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20\u00a0years postretention . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1988 ;93 :423 \u2013428 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Factors associated with long-term patient satisfaction","volume":"80","author":"Maia\n              NG ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maia\n              NG , \n            \n              Normando\n              D , \n            \n              Maia\n              FA , \n            \n              Ferreira\n              MA , \n            \n              do Socorro Costa Feitosa Alves\n              M . \n          \n          Factors associated with long-term patient satisfaction . Angle Orthod . 2010 ;80 :1155 \u20131158 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"468","article-title":"Patient attitudes toward retention and perceptions of treatment success","volume":"80","author":"Mollov\n              ND ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mollov\n              ND , \n            \n              Lindauer\n              SJ , \n            \n              Best\n              AM , \n            \n              Shroff\n              B , \n            \n              Tufekci\n              E . \n          \n          Patient attitudes toward retention and perceptions of treatment success . Angle Orthod . 2010 ;80 :468 \u2013473 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"179","article-title":"A review of the retention problem","volume":"30","author":"Riedel\n              RA .","year":"1960","unstructured":"Riedel\n              RA . \n          \n          A review of the retention problem . Angle Orthod . 1960 ;30 :179 \u2013199 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b11","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"645","article-title":"Clinical implications of the University of Washington post-retention studies","volume":"43","author":"Little\n              RM .","year":"2009","unstructured":"Little\n              RM . \n          \n          Clinical implications of the University of Washington post-retention studies . J Clin Orthod . 2009 ;43 :645 \u2013651 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"299","article-title":"Retention and stability: a review of the literature","volume":"114","author":"Blake\n              M ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blake\n              M , \n            \n              Bibby\n              K . \n          \n          Retention and stability: a review of the literature . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1998 ;114 :299 \u2013306 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"588","article-title":"An evaluation of growth and stability in untreated and treated subjects","volume":"120","author":"Driscoll-Gilliland\n              J ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Driscoll-Gilliland\n              J , \n            \n              Buschang\n              PH , \n            \n              Behrents\n              RG . \n          \n          An evaluation of growth and stability in untreated and treated subjects . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2001 ;120 :588 \u2013597 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"88","article-title":"Longitudinal dental arch changes in adults","volume":"114","author":"Carter\n              GA ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carter\n              GA , \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr . \n          \n          Longitudinal dental arch changes in adults . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1998 ;114 :88 \u201399 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"114","article-title":"Maturation of untreated normal occlusions","volume":"83","author":"Sinclair\n              PM ,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sinclair\n              PM , \n            \n              Little\n              RM . \n          \n          Maturation of untreated normal occlusions . Am J Orthod . 1983 ;83 :114 \u2013123 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"349","article-title":"Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment-first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics","volume":"80","author":"Little\n              RM ,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Little\n              RM , \n            \n              Wallen\n              TR , \n            \n              Riedel\n              RA . \n          \n          Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment-first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics . Am J Orthod . 1981 ;80 :349 \u2013365 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"Incisor crowding in untreated persons 15\u201350\u00a0years of age: United States, 1988\u20131994","volume":"73","author":"Buschang\n              PH ,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH , \n            \n              Shulman\n              JD . \n          \n          Incisor crowding in untreated persons 15\u201350\u00a0years of age: United States, 1988\u20131994 . Angle Orthod . 2003 ;73 :502 \u2013508 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"543","article-title":"Relapse revisited","volume":"111","author":"Vaden\n              JL ,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vaden\n              JL , \n            \n              Harris\n              EF , \n            \n              Gardner\n              RL . \n          \n          Relapse revisited . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1997 ;111 :543 \u2013553 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b19","series-title":"Retention and Stability","first-page":"9","article-title":"Growth considerations in stability of orthodontic treatment","author":"Nielsen\n              IL .","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielsen\n              IL . \n          \n          Growth considerations in stability of orthodontic treatment . In : NandaR , BurstoneCJ . eds . Retention and Stability . Philadelphia, Pa : WB Saunders Co ; 1993 :9 \u201334 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"277","article-title":"Long-term stability of Class I premolar extraction treatment","volume":"124","author":"Boley\n              JC ,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boley\n              JC , \n            \n              Mark\n              JA , \n            \n              Sachdeva\n              RCL , \n            \n              Buschang\n              PH . \n          \n          Long-term stability of Class I premolar extraction treatment . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2003 ;124 :277 \u2013287 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b21","series-title":"A Comparative Study of Orthodontic Stability in Class I Extraction Cases. [master's thesis]","author":"Alexander\n              JM .","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alexander\n              JM . \n          \n          A Comparative Study of Orthodontic Stability in Class I Extraction Cases. [master's thesis] . Dallas, Tex : Baylor College of Dentistry ; 1996 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"339","article-title":"Facial development and tooth eruption. An implant study at the age of puberty","volume":"62","author":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A ,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A , \n            \n              Skieller\n              V . \n          \n          Facial development and tooth eruption. An implant study at the age of puberty . Am J Orthod . 1972 ;62 :339 \u2013383 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"The Frankfort-mandibular incisor angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis","volume":"24","author":"Tweed\n              CH .","year":"1954","unstructured":"Tweed\n              CH . \n          \n          The Frankfort-mandibular incisor angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis . Angle Orthod . 1954 ;24 :121 \u2013169 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"116","article-title":"Orthodontic extractions and the facial skeletal pattern","volume":"42","author":"Nasby\n              JA ,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nasby\n              JA , \n            \n              Isaacson\n              RJ , \n            \n              Worms\n              FW , \n            \n              Speidel\n              TM . \n          \n          Orthodontic extractions and the facial skeletal pattern . 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Angle Orthod . 1986 ;56 :244 \u2013254 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b27","series-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc","first-page":"93","article-title":"Changes in crowding of teeth during adolescence and their relation to the growth of the facial skeleton","author":"Sakuda\n              M ,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sakuda\n              M , \n            \n              Kuroda\n              Y , \n            \n              Wada\n              K , \n            \n              Matsumoto\n              M . \n          \n          Changes in crowding of teeth during adolescence and their relation to the growth of the facial skeleton . 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London, UK : Bradford and Dickens ; 1940 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b35","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"375","article-title":"Lower incisor space analysis: a contrast of methods","volume":"92","author":"Harris\n              EF ,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Harris\n              EF , \n            \n              Vaden\n              JL , \n            \n              Williams\n              RA . \n          \n          Lower incisor space analysis: a contrast of methods . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1987 ;92 :375 \u2013380 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b36","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"Estimating arch length discrepancy through Little's Irregularity Index for epidemiological use","volume":"28","author":"Bernab\u00e9\n              E ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bernab\u00e9\n              E , \n            \n              Flores-Mir\n              C . \n          \n          Estimating arch length discrepancy through Little's Irregularity Index for epidemiological use . Eur J Orthod . 2006 ;28 :269 \u2013273 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b37","series-title":"Long-Term Stability: Post-Retention Changes of the Mandibular Anterior Teeth [master's thesis]","author":"Myser\n              S .","year":"2010","unstructured":"Myser\n              S . \n          \n          Long-Term Stability: Post-Retention Changes of the Mandibular Anterior Teeth [master's thesis] . 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1994 ;106 :175 \u2013186 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b46","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"351","article-title":"Comparisons of the dental arch changes in patients with Class II, division 1 malocclusions: extraction vs nonextraction treatments","volume":"64","author":"Bishara\n              SE ,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bishara\n              SE , \n            \n              Bayati\n              P , \n            \n              Zaher\n              AR , \n            \n              Jakobsen\n              JR . \n          \n          Comparisons of the dental arch changes in patients with Class II, division 1 malocclusions: extraction vs nonextraction treatments . Angle Orthod . 1994 ;64 :351 \u2013358 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b47","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"797","article-title":"Vertical craniofacial growth changes in French-Canadians between 10 and 15\u00a0years of age","volume":"139","author":"Jacob\n              HB ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacob\n              HB , \n            \n              Buschang\n              PH . \n          \n          Vertical craniofacial growth changes in French-Canadians between 10 and 15\u00a0years of age . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2011 ;139 :797 \u2013805 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-381-b48","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"521","article-title":"Changes in the craniofacial complex from adolescence to midadulthood: a cephalometric study","volume":"115","author":"West\n              KS ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"West\n              KS , \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr . \n          \n          Changes in the craniofacial complex from adolescence to midadulthood: a cephalometric study . 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