{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:53:45Z","timestamp":1789390425665,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the association between soft tissue at the chin (STC) thickness and mandibular divergence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Nongrowing patients seeking orthodontic treatment (n \u200a=\u200a 190; 113 women and 77 men), who had an average age of 26.94\u00a0years (range \u200a=\u200a 18.10\u201353.50\u00a0years), were stratified in four subgroups based on cephalometric mandibular plane inclination to anterior cranial base (MP\/SN): low \u200a=\u200a MP\/SN \u2264 27\u00b0 (n \u200a=\u200a 48); medium-low \u200a=\u200a 27\u00b0 < MP\/SN \u2264 32\u00b0 (n \u200a=\u200a 60); medium-high \u200a=\u200a 32\u00b0 < MP\/SN < 37\u00b0 (n \u200a=\u200a 37); and high \u200a=\u200a MP\/SN \u2265 37\u00b0 (n \u200a=\u200a 45). The STC thicknesses were measured at pogonion (Pog), gnathion (Gn), and menton (Me). Group differences were evaluated with two-way analysis of variance and Student's\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test. The Pearson product moment correlation gauged associations between parameters.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The STC values were greater in men than women (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .02) and were smaller in the high group (7.47 \u00b1 2.42\u00a0mm) than in all other groups at Gn (mean values \u200a=\u200a 9.00\u00a0mm < STC < 9.58\u00a0mm;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) and at Me (high group \u200a=\u200a 6.30 \u00b1 1.89\u00a0mm; other groups \u200a=\u200a 7.15\u00a0mm < STC< 7.57\u00a0mm;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .011).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The STC is thinner at Gn and Me in hyperdivergent facial patterns, apparently in contrast to Pog. This differential thickness warrants focused research as it implies that it is possible (1) to vertically grow hard tissues impinging on the inferior soft tissue envelope in patients with severe hyperdivergence and (2) to plan for genioplasty in such patients when more advancement of the chin might be needed to compensate for the increased vertical height.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/062613-474.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,4]],"date-time":"2013-11-04T13:46:13Z","timestamp":1383572773000},"page":"708-714","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Comparisons of soft tissue chin thickness in adult patients with various mandibular divergence patterns"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Anthony Tannous","family":"Macari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine Elias","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontist and Research Fellow, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"499","article-title":"The short face syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Opdebeeck\n H,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Opdebeeck\n H, \n \n Bell\n WH. \n \n The short face syndrome. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:499\u2013511."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Eisenfeld\n J, \n \n Bell\n WH, \n \n Epker\n BN, \n \n Mishelevich\n DJ. \n \n The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1976;70:398\u2013408."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment","volume":"34","author":"Schudy\n FF.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Schudy\n FF. \n \n Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment. Angle Orthod. 1964;34:75\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"481","article-title":"A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics, defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures","volume":"45","author":"Subtelny\n JD.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Subtelny\n JD. \n \n A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics, defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures. Am J Orthod. 1959;45:481\u2013507."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning","volume":"53","author":"Burstone\n C.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Burstone\n C. \n \n Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:262\u2013284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"499","article-title":"Upper lip changes correlated to maxillary incisor retraction\u2014a metallic implant study","volume":"75","author":"Ramos\n AL,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramos\n AL, \n \n Sakima\n MT, \n \n Pinto\n AS, \n \n Bowman\n SJ. \n \n Upper lip changes correlated to maxillary incisor retraction\u2014a metallic implant study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:499\u2013505."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"959","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis by use of a rigid external distraction device: a 1-year follow-up","volume":"58","author":"Wen-Ching Ko\n E,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wen-Ching Ko\n E, \n \n Figueroa\n AA, \n \n Polley\n JW. \n \n Soft tissue profile changes after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis by use of a rigid external distraction device: a 1-year follow-up. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:959\u2013969."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b08","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity","first-page":"394","article-title":"Adjunctive esthetic surgery","author":"Sarver\n DM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarver\n DM, \n \n Rousso\n DR, \n \n White\n RP\n Jr. \n \n Adjunctive esthetic surgery. InProffitWR, WhiteRP, SarverDM, eds. Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003:394\u2013415."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty","volume":"130","author":"Shaughnessy\n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaughnessy\n S, \n \n Mobarak\n KA, \n \n H\u00f8gevold\n HE, \n \n Espeland\n L. \n \n Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:8\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b10","series-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg","first-page":"288","article-title":"Advancement genioplasty-cephalometric analysis of osseous and soft tissue changes","volume":"10","author":"Reddy\n PS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddy\n PS, \n \n Kashyap\n B, \n \n Hallur\n N, \n \n Sikkerimath\n BC. \n \n Advancement genioplasty-cephalometric analysis of osseous and soft tissue changes. 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Dent Press J Orthod. 2010;15:84\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b13","series-title":"Radiographic Cephalometry\u2014From Basics to 3-D Imaging. 2nd ed","first-page":"153","article-title":"Natural head position: the key to cephalometry","author":"Moorrees\n CFA.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moorrees\n CFA. \n \n Natural head position: the key to cephalometry. InJacobsonA, JacobsonRL, eds. Radiographic Cephalometry\u2014From Basics to 3-D Imaging. 2nd ed. Chicago, Ill: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2006:153\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"721","article-title":"The use of cephalometrics as an aid to planning and assessing orthodontic treatment","volume":"46","author":"Steiner\n CC.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Steiner\n CC. \n \n The use of cephalometrics as an aid to planning and assessing orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1960;46:721\u2013735."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"519","article-title":"Some vertical lineaments of lip position","volume":"101","author":"Peck\n S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peck\n S, \n \n Peck\n L, \n \n Kataja\n M. \n \n Some vertical lineaments of lip position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101:519\u2013524."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"491","article-title":"Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces","volume":"79","author":"Al Takia\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al Takia\n A, \n \n Oguza\n F, \n \n Abuhijlehb\n E. \n \n Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:491\u201394."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"146","article-title":"Late growth changes in the human face","volume":"23","author":"Brodie\n AG.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Brodie\n AG. \n \n Late growth changes in the human face. Angle Orthod. 1953;23:146\u2013157."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b18","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"188","article-title":"New insights on age-related association between nasopharyngeal airway clearance and facial morphology","volume":"15","author":"Macari\n AT,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macari\n AT, \n \n Bitar\n MA, \n \n Ghafari\n JG. \n \n New insights on age-related association between nasopharyngeal airway clearance and facial morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012;15:188\u2013197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b19","series-title":"Integrated Clinical Orthodontics","first-page":"195","article-title":"The benefits of consulting with an ear-nose-and-throat specialist before and during orthodontic treatment","author":"Ghafari\n JG,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghafari\n JG, \n \n Macari\n AT. \n \n The benefits of consulting with an ear-nose-and-throat specialist before and during orthodontic treatment. InKrishnanV, DavidovitchZ, eds. Integrated Clinical Orthodontics. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:195\u2013213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years tissue","volume":"109","author":"Blanchette\n M,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blanchette\n M, \n \n Nanda\n R, \n \n Currier\n F, \n \n Ghosh\n J, \n \n Nanda\n S. \n \n A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years tissue. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1996;109:116\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b21","series-title":"Longitudinal Soft Tissue Profile Changes in the Untreated Class I and Class III Individual: A Cephalometric Study [dissertation]","author":"Tzortzopoulou\n M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tzortzopoulou\n M. \n \n Longitudinal Soft Tissue Profile Changes in the Untreated Class I and Class III Individual: A Cephalometric Study [dissertation]. St Louis, Mo: Faculty of the Graduate School of Saint Louis University; 2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway\n RA.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA. \n \n Soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. Am J Orthod. 1983;84:1\u201328."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"404","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis of dentofacial normal","volume":"78","author":"Scheideman\n GB,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Scheideman\n GB, \n \n Bell\n WH, \n \n Legan\n HL, \n \n Finn\n RA, \n \n Reisch\n JS. \n \n Cephalometric analysis of dentofacial normal. Am J Orthod. 1980;78:404\u2013420."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bjork\n A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bjork\n A. \n \n Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b25","series-title":"A Longitudinal Study of the Soft-Tissue Profile and Growth of the Nose From Childhood Through Adulthood [dissertation]","author":"Eli\n JT.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eli\n JT. \n \n A Longitudinal Study of the Soft-Tissue Profile and Growth of the Nose From Childhood Through Adulthood [dissertation]. St Louis, Mo: Faculty of the Graduate School of Saint Louis University; 2005."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b26","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"296","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profiles of Turkish and European-American young adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces","volume":"34","author":"Uysal\n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uysal\n T, \n \n Baysal\n A, \n \n Yagci\n A, \n \n Sigler\n LM, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profiles of Turkish and European-American young adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:296\u2013301."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"499","article-title":"The short face syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Opdebeeck\n H,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Opdebeeck\n H, \n \n Bell\n WH. \n \n The short face syndrome. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:499\u2013511."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Eisenfeld\n J, \n \n Bell\n WH, \n \n Epker\n BN, \n \n Mishelevich\n DJ. \n \n The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1976;70:398\u2013408."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment","volume":"34","author":"Schudy\n FF.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Schudy\n FF. \n \n Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment. Angle Orthod. 1964;34:75\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"481","article-title":"A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics, defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures","volume":"45","author":"Subtelny\n JD.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Subtelny\n JD. \n \n A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics, defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures. Am J Orthod. 1959;45:481\u2013507."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning","volume":"53","author":"Burstone\n C.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Burstone\n C. \n \n Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. 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Angle Orthod. 2005;75:499\u2013505."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"959","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis by use of a rigid external distraction device: a 1-year follow-up","volume":"58","author":"Wen-Ching Ko\n E,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wen-Ching Ko\n E, \n \n Figueroa\n AA, \n \n Polley\n JW. \n \n Soft tissue profile changes after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis by use of a rigid external distraction device: a 1-year follow-up. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:959\u2013969."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b08","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity","first-page":"394","article-title":"Adjunctive esthetic surgery","author":"Sarver\n DM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarver\n DM, \n \n Rousso\n DR, \n \n White\n RP\n Jr. \n \n Adjunctive esthetic surgery. InProffitWR, WhiteRP, SarverDM, eds. Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003:394\u2013415."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty","volume":"130","author":"Shaughnessy\n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaughnessy\n S, \n \n Mobarak\n KA, \n \n H\u00f8gevold\n HE, \n \n Espeland\n L. \n \n Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:8\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b10","series-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg","first-page":"288","article-title":"Advancement genioplasty-cephalometric analysis of osseous and soft tissue changes","volume":"10","author":"Reddy\n PS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddy\n PS, \n \n Kashyap\n B, \n \n Hallur\n N, \n \n Sikkerimath\n BC. \n \n Advancement genioplasty-cephalometric analysis of osseous and soft tissue changes. 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Dent Press J Orthod. 2010;15:84\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b13","series-title":"Radiographic Cephalometry\u2014From Basics to 3-D Imaging. 2nd ed","first-page":"153","article-title":"Natural head position: the key to cephalometry","author":"Moorrees\n CFA.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moorrees\n CFA. \n \n Natural head position: the key to cephalometry. InJacobsonA, JacobsonRL, eds. Radiographic Cephalometry\u2014From Basics to 3-D Imaging. 2nd ed. Chicago, Ill: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2006:153\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"721","article-title":"The use of cephalometrics as an aid to planning and assessing orthodontic treatment","volume":"46","author":"Steiner\n CC.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Steiner\n CC. \n \n The use of cephalometrics as an aid to planning and assessing orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1960;46:721\u2013735."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"519","article-title":"Some vertical lineaments of lip position","volume":"101","author":"Peck\n S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peck\n S, \n \n Peck\n L, \n \n Kataja\n M. \n \n Some vertical lineaments of lip position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101:519\u2013524."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"491","article-title":"Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces","volume":"79","author":"Al Takia\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al Takia\n A, \n \n Oguza\n F, \n \n Abuhijlehb\n E. \n \n Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:491\u201394."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"146","article-title":"Late growth changes in the human face","volume":"23","author":"Brodie\n AG.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Brodie\n AG. \n \n Late growth changes in the human face. Angle Orthod. 1953;23:146\u2013157."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b18","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"188","article-title":"New insights on age-related association between nasopharyngeal airway clearance and facial morphology","volume":"15","author":"Macari\n AT,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macari\n AT, \n \n Bitar\n MA, \n \n Ghafari\n JG. \n \n New insights on age-related association between nasopharyngeal airway clearance and facial morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012;15:188\u2013197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b19","series-title":"Integrated Clinical Orthodontics","first-page":"195","article-title":"The benefits of consulting with an ear-nose-and-throat specialist before and during orthodontic treatment","author":"Ghafari\n JG,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghafari\n JG, \n \n Macari\n AT. \n \n The benefits of consulting with an ear-nose-and-throat specialist before and during orthodontic treatment. InKrishnanV, DavidovitchZ, eds. Integrated Clinical Orthodontics. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:195\u2013213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years tissue","volume":"109","author":"Blanchette\n M,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blanchette\n M, \n \n Nanda\n R, \n \n Currier\n F, \n \n Ghosh\n J, \n \n Nanda\n S. \n \n A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years tissue. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1996;109:116\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b21","series-title":"Longitudinal Soft Tissue Profile Changes in the Untreated Class I and Class III Individual: A Cephalometric Study [dissertation]","author":"Tzortzopoulou\n M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tzortzopoulou\n M. \n \n Longitudinal Soft Tissue Profile Changes in the Untreated Class I and Class III Individual: A Cephalometric Study [dissertation]. St Louis, Mo: Faculty of the Graduate School of Saint Louis University; 2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-4-708-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway\n RA.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA. \n \n Soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. 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