{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:19:38Z","timestamp":1780485578661,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the information produced by superimposition of serial lateral headfilms on anatomical structures and that produced by superimposition on metallic implants according to the protocols of Bj\u00f6rk.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Materials and Methods: Serial cephalograms of 10 untreated subjects who had tantalum implants placed in the maxilla and mandible during childhood were analyzed. Headfilms taken at six consecutive stages of cervical vertebral maturation (CS1-CS6) for six female and four male subjects were used. Tracings were superimposed according to the methods of superimpositions advocated by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO). In addition, superimpositions along the inferior border of the mandible were performed. Finally, superimpositions of serial tracings on stable intraosseous implants were made to determine the actual growth and remodeling patterns of the maxilla and mandible.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: The ABO maxillary superimposition method underestimates the vertical displacement and overestimates the forward movement of maxillary landmarks. Superimposing on the internal cortical outline of the symphysis and the inferior alveolar nerve canals generally approximates the mandibular superimposition on implants, although the lower anterior border of the symphysis may be a preferable area of superimposition. Superimposition on the lower border of the mandible does not reflect accurately the actual pattern of growth and remodeling of the mandible.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions: When analyzing serial headfilms, erroneous information concerning patterns of bone growth and remodeling can be obtained if convenient, but biologically incorrect superimposition protocols are used. In addition, tooth movements measured can be distorted significantly depending on the method of superimposition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/070107-301.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,13]],"date-time":"2008-06-13T14:01:19Z","timestamp":1213365679000},"page":"967-976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Cephalometric Superimpositions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a\u2009Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"James A.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"b\u2009Thomas M. and Doris Graber Endowed Professor of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine; and Research Professor, Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Private practice of orthodontics, Ann Arbor, Mich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(86)90069-7","article-title":"Growth pattern of the mandible: some reflections.","volume":"90","author":"Sarnat","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/00016355509028170","article-title":"Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants.","volume":"13","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1955","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345630420014701","article-title":"Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method.","volume":"42","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356609026122","article-title":"Sutural growth of the upper face studied by the implant method.","volume":"24","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330290217","article-title":"The use of metallic implants in the study of facial growth in children: method and application.","volume":"29","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(72)90277-1","article-title":"Facial development and tooth eruption. An implant study at the age of puberty.","volume":"62","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b7","article-title":"Postnatal growth and development of the maxillary complex.","author":"Bj\u00f6rk"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b8","first-page":"131","article-title":"Midpalatal suture expansion studies by the implant method over a seven-year period.","volume":"40","author":"Krebs","year":"1964","journal-title":"Trans Europ Orthod Soc"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(70)90261-7","article-title":"Growth of the mandible studied with the aid of metal implant.","volume":"57","author":"\u00d8degaard","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(70)90021-7","article-title":"Mandibular rotation studies with the aid of metal implants.","volume":"58","author":"\u00d8degaard","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b11","first-page":"144","article-title":"A metal implant study of mandibular rotation.","volume":"46","author":"Lavergne","year":"1976","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b12","first-page":"232","article-title":"Maxillary skeletal and dental change with Fr\u00e4nkel appliance therapy\u2014an implant study.","volume":"54","author":"Breiden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(60)90162-7","article-title":"The research workshop on cephalometrics.","volume":"46","author":"Salzmann","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b14","first-page":"208","article-title":"A four-step method to distinguish orthodontic changes from natural growth.","volume":"9","author":"Ricketts","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b15","first-page":"115","article-title":"Perspectives in the clinical application of cephalometrics. The first fifty years.","volume":"51","author":"Ricketts","year":"1981","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b16","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth.","volume":"51","author":"McNamara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(89)90304-1","article-title":"Maxillary superimposition: a comparison of three methods for cephalometric evaluation of growth and treatment change.","volume":"95","author":"Nielsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(94)70112-1","article-title":"An investigation of maxillary superimposition techniques using metallic implants.","volume":"105","author":"Doppel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70295-1","article-title":"The validity of two methods of mandibular superimpositions: a comparison with metallic implants.","volume":"113","author":"Springate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b20","article-title":"Case report preparation: composite tracings. St Louis, Mo: 2007.","author":"American Board of Orthodontics."},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90036-0","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation.","volume":"55","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b22","article-title":"New emphasis on the role of mandibular skeletal maturity in dentofacial orthopedics.","author":"Franchi"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2005.04.005","article-title":"The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics.","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(78)90003-9","article-title":"Longitudinal mandibular growth in children with tantalum implants.","volume":"74","author":"Mathews","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b25","first-page":"218","article-title":"Quantitative computerized analysis of lower incisor changes: a longitudinal implant study in man.","volume":"50","author":"Mathews","year":"1980","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(53)90082-7","article-title":"Cephalometrics for you and me.","volume":"39","author":"Steiner","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b27","first-page":"103","article-title":"The influence of orthodontic treatment on facial growth and development.","volume":"30","author":"Ricketts","year":"1960","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(84)90352-X","article-title":"A method of cephalometric evaluation.","volume":"86","author":"McNamara","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330420104","article-title":"Mandibular growth in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).","volume":"42","author":"McNamara","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b30","article-title":"The Human Face.","author":"Enlow"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(76)90335-3","article-title":"Measurement of tooth movement.","volume":"70","author":"Isaacson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.4.2.53","article-title":"Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method.","volume":"4","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90206-X","article-title":"Quantitation of maxillary remodeling. 1. A description of osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants.","volume":"91","author":"Baumrind","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042200054562100_i0003-3219-078-06-0967-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90003-5","article-title":"Quantitation of maxillary remodeling. 2. Masking of remodeling effects when an \u201canatomical\u201d method of superimposition is used in the absence of metallic implants.","volume":"91","author":"Baumrind","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/78\/6\/967\/2375073\/070107-301_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/78\/6\/967\/2375073\/070107-301_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T16:00:26Z","timestamp":1746633626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/78\/6\/article-p967.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/070107-301.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]}}}