{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:40:25Z","timestamp":1793832025342,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To compare changes in upper airway volume after maxillary expansion with bone- and tooth-borne appliances in adolescents and to evaluate the dentoskeletal effects of each expansion modality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This retrospective study included 36 adolescents who had bilateral maxillary crossbite and received bone-borne maxillary expansion (average age: 14.7 years) or tooth-borne maxillary expansion (average age: 14.4 years). Subjects had two cone beam computed tomography images acquired, one before expansion (T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n ) and a second after a 3-month retention period (T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ). Images were oriented, and three-dimensional airway volume and dentoskeletal expansion were measured. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences between the two expansion methods for pretreatment, posttreatment, and prepost changes. Paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests were used to test for significance of prepost changes within each method.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Both groups showed significant increase only in nasal cavity and nasopharynx volume (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05), but not oropharynx and maxillary sinus volumes. Intermolar and maxillary width increased significantly in both groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05); however, the buccal inclination of maxillary molars increased significantly only in the tooth-borne group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). There was no significant difference between tooth- and bone-borne expansion groups, except for the significantly larger increase in buccal inclination of the maxillary right first molar after tooth-borne expansion.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n In adolescents, both tooth- and bone-borne RME resulted in an increase in nasal cavity and nasopharynx volume, as well as expansion in maxillary intermolar and skeletal widths. However, only tooth-borne expanders caused significant buccal tipping of maxillary molars.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/070818-507.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1550251823000},"page":"566-574","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Retrospective CBCT analysis of airway volume changes after bone-borne vs tooth-borne rapid maxillary expansion"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Golnaz","family":"Kavand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Lagrav\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Orthodontic Graduate Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Kula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joseph R. & Louise Ada Jarabak Endowed Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelton","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interim Chair and Program Director, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ghoneima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Associate Professor and Program Director, Department of Orthodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (MBRU), Dubai, UAE; and Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8.e1","article-title":"Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"134","author":"Garrett \n BJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrett \n BJ, \n \n \n Caruso \n JM, \n \n \n Rungcharassaeng \n K, \n \n \n Farrage \n JR, \n \n \n Kim \n JS, \n \n \n Taylor \n GD. \n \n \n Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:8.e1\u20138.e11."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b02","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"141","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a computed tomography study","volume":"26","author":"Ghoneima \n A,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghoneima \n A, \n \n \n Abdel-Fattah \n E, \n \n \n Eraso \n F, \n \n \n Fardo \n D, \n \n \n Kula \n K, \n \n \n Hartsfield \n J. \n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a computed tomography study. Aust Orthod J. 2010;26:141\u2013148."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"759","article-title":"Midpalatal suture maturation: classification method for individual assessment before rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"144","author":"Angelieri \n F,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Angelieri \n F, \n \n \n Cevidanes \n LH, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Goncalves \n JR, \n \n \n Benavides \n E, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Midpalatal suture maturation: classification method for individual assessment before rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:759\u2013769."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Treatment timing for rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"71","author":"Baccetti \n T,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Cameron \n CG, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Treatment timing for rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 2001;71:343\u2013350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"290","article-title":"Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a literature review","volume":"133","author":"Suri \n L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suri \n L, \n \n \n Taneja \n P. \n \n \n Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:290\u2013302."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"830","article-title":"Miniscrew-assisted nonsurgical palatal expansion before orthognathic surgery for a patient with severe mandibular prognathism","volume":"137","author":"Lee \n KJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee \n KJ, \n \n \n Park \n YC, \n \n \n Park \n JY, \n \n \n Hwang \n WS. \n \n \n Miniscrew-assisted nonsurgical palatal expansion before orthognathic surgery for a patient with severe mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:830\u2013839."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"253","article-title":"Tooth-borne vs bone-borne rapid maxillary expanders in late adolescence","volume":"85","author":"Lin \n L,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin \n L, \n \n \n Ahn \n HW, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ, \n \n \n Moon \n SC, \n \n \n Kim \n SH, \n \n \n Nelson \n G. \n \n \n Tooth-borne vs bone-borne rapid maxillary expanders in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:253\u2013262."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"599","article-title":"Comparison of transverse changes during maxillary expansion with 4-point bone-borne and tooth-borne maxillary expanders","volume":"148","author":"Mosleh \n MI,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mosleh \n MI, \n \n \n Kaddah \n MA, \n \n \n Abd ElSayed \n FA, \n \n \n ElSayed \n HS. \n \n \n Comparison of transverse changes during maxillary expansion with 4-point bone-borne and tooth-borne maxillary expanders. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:599\u2013607."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Study of stress distribution and displacement of various craniofacial structures following application of transverse orthopedic forces\u2013a three-dimensional FEM study","volume":"73","author":"Jafari \n A,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jafari \n A, \n \n \n Shetty \n KS, \n \n \n Kumar \n M. \n \n \n Study of stress distribution and displacement of various craniofacial structures following application of transverse orthopedic forces\u2013a three-dimensional FEM study. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:12\u201320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"510","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the cranial and circummaxillary sutures","volume":"140","author":"Ghoneima \n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghoneima \n A, \n \n \n Abdel-Fattah \n E, \n \n \n Hartsfield \n J, \n \n \n El-Bedwehi \n A, \n \n \n Kamel \n A, \n \n \n Kula \n K. \n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the cranial and circummaxillary sutures. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:510\u2013519."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"370","article-title":"Relationship between rapid maxillary expansion and nasal cavity size and airway resistance: short- and long-term effects","volume":"134","author":"Oliveira De Felippe \n NL,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oliveira De Felippe \n NL, \n \n \n Da Silveira \n AC, \n \n \n Viana \n G, \n \n \n Kusnoto \n B, \n \n \n Smith \n B, \n \n \n Evans \n CA. \n \n \n Relationship between rapid maxillary expansion and nasal cavity size and airway resistance: short- and long-term effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:370\u2013382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas \n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas \n AJ. \n \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod. 1970;57:219\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"569","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions after rapid palatal expansion","volume":"126","author":"Chung \n C-H,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chung \n C-H, \n \n \n Font \n B. \n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions after rapid palatal expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:569\u2013575."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8.e1","article-title":"Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"134","author":"Garrett \n BJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrett \n BJ, \n \n \n Caruso \n JM, \n \n \n Rungcharassaeng \n K, \n \n \n Farrage \n JR, \n \n \n Kim \n JS, \n \n \n Taylor \n GD. \n \n \n Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:8.e1\u20138.e11."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"281","article-title":"Effects on nasal airflow and resistance using two different RME appliances: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Bazargani \n F,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazargani \n F, \n \n \n Magnuson \n A, \n \n \n Ludwig \n B. \n \n \n Effects on nasal airflow and resistance using two different RME appliances: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod. 2018;40:281\u2013284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b16","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nasal airway changes in bone-borne and tooth-borne rapid maxillary expansion treatments","volume":"13","author":"Kabalan \n O,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabalan \n O, \n \n \n Gordon \n J, \n \n \n Heo \n G, \n \n \n Lagrav\u00e8re \n MO. \n \n \n Nasal airway changes in bone-borne and tooth-borne rapid maxillary expansion treatments. Int Orthod. 2015;13:1\u201315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"618","article-title":"Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"141","author":"Smith \n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith \n T, \n \n \n Ghoneima \n A, \n \n \n Stewart \n K, \n \n et al. \n Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:618\u2013626."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"304.e301","article-title":"Transverse, vertical, and anteroposterior changes from bone-anchored maxillary expansion vs traditional rapid maxillary expansion: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"137","author":"Lagravere \n MO,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lagravere \n MO, \n \n \n Carey \n J, \n \n \n Heo \n G, \n \n \n Toogood \n RW, \n \n \n Major \n PW. \n \n \n Transverse, vertical, and anteroposterior changes from bone-anchored maxillary expansion vs traditional rapid maxillary expansion: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:304.e301\u2013312; discussion 304\u2013305."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"815","article-title":"Morphologic changes of the nasal cavity induced by rapid maxillary expansion: a study on 3-dimensional computed tomography models","volume":"136","author":"Haralambidis \n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haralambidis \n A, \n \n \n Ari-Demirkaya \n A, \n \n \n Acar \n A, \n \n \n Kucukkeles \n N, \n \n \n Ates \n M, \n \n \n Ozkaya \n S. \n \n \n Morphologic changes of the nasal cavity induced by rapid maxillary expansion: a study on 3-dimensional computed tomography models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:815\u2013821."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study","volume":"84","author":"El \n H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"El \n H, \n \n \n Palomo \n JM. \n \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:265\u2013273."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"137","author":"Zhao \n Y,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao \n Y, \n \n \n Nguyen \n M, \n \n \n Gohl \n E, \n \n \n Mah \n JK, \n \n \n Sameshima \n G, \n \n \n Enciso \n R. \n \n \n Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:S71\u201378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"118","article-title":"Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?","volume":"72","author":"Basciftci \n FA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basciftci \n FA, \n \n \n Mutlu \n N, \n \n \n Karaman \n AI, \n \n \n Malkoc \n S, \n \n \n Kucukkolbasi \n H. \n \n \n Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?\n Angle Orthod. 2002;72:118\u2013123."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b23","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Acoustic rhinometric measurements in children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"70","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ceroni Compadretti G, Tasca I, Alessandri-Bonetti G, Peri S, D'Addario A. Acoustic rhinometric measurements in children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:27\u201334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"435","article-title":"Assessment of changes in the nasal airway after nonsurgical miniscrew-assisted rapid maxillary expansion in young adults","volume":"88","author":"Kim \n SY,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim \n SY, \n \n \n Park \n YC, \n \n \n Lee \n KJ, \n \n et al. \n Assessment of changes in the nasal airway after nonsurgical miniscrew-assisted rapid maxillary expansion in young adults. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:435\u2013441."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"860","article-title":"Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing and changes in quality of life with rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"144","author":"Katyal \n V,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katyal \n V, \n \n \n Pamula \n Y, \n \n \n Daynes \n CN, \n \n et al. \n Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing and changes in quality of life with rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:860\u2013871."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b26","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"767","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among mouth breathing children: do expectations meet reality?","volume":"73","author":"Souki \n BQ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Souki \n BQ, \n \n \n Pimenta \n GB, \n \n \n Souki \n MQ, \n \n \n Franco \n LP, \n \n \n Becker \n HM, \n \n \n Pinto \n JA. \n \n \n Prevalence of malocclusion among mouth breathing children: do expectations meet reality?\n Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:767\u2013773."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b27","series-title":"Sleep Med","first-page":"128","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: 12-month follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Villa \n MP,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Villa \n MP, \n \n \n Malagola \n C, \n \n \n Pagani \n J, \n \n et al. \n Rapid maxillary expansion in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: 12-month follow-up. Sleep Med. 2007;8:128\u2013134."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b28","series-title":"Sleep Med","first-page":"471","article-title":"NREM sleep instability changes following rapid maxillary expansion in children with obstructive apnea sleep syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Miano \n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miano \n S, \n \n \n Rizzoli \n A, \n \n \n Evangelisti \n M, \n \n et al. \n NREM sleep instability changes following rapid maxillary expansion in children with obstructive apnea sleep syndrome. Sleep Med. 2009;10:471\u2013478."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b29","series-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract","first-page":"159","article-title":"Efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Vale \n F,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vale \n F, \n \n \n Albergaria \n M, \n \n \n Carrilho \n E, \n \n et al. \n Efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2017;17:159\u2013168."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8.e1","article-title":"Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"134","author":"Garrett \n BJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrett \n BJ, \n \n \n Caruso \n JM, \n \n \n Rungcharassaeng \n K, \n \n \n Farrage \n JR, \n \n \n Kim \n JS, \n \n \n Taylor \n GD. \n \n \n Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:8.e1\u20138.e11."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b02","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"141","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a computed tomography study","volume":"26","author":"Ghoneima \n A,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghoneima \n A, \n \n \n Abdel-Fattah \n E, \n \n \n Eraso \n F, \n \n \n Fardo \n D, \n \n \n Kula \n K, \n \n \n Hartsfield \n J. \n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a computed tomography study. Aust Orthod J. 2010;26:141\u2013148."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"759","article-title":"Midpalatal suture maturation: classification method for individual assessment before rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"144","author":"Angelieri \n F,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Angelieri \n F, \n \n \n Cevidanes \n LH, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Goncalves \n JR, \n \n \n Benavides \n E, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Midpalatal suture maturation: classification method for individual assessment before rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:759\u2013769."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Treatment timing for rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"71","author":"Baccetti \n T,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Cameron \n CG, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Treatment timing for rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 2001;71:343\u2013350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"290","article-title":"Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a literature review","volume":"133","author":"Suri \n L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suri \n L, \n \n \n Taneja \n P. \n \n \n Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:290\u2013302."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"830","article-title":"Miniscrew-assisted nonsurgical palatal expansion before orthognathic surgery for a patient with severe mandibular prognathism","volume":"137","author":"Lee \n KJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee \n KJ, \n \n \n Park \n YC, \n \n \n Park \n JY, \n \n \n Hwang \n WS. \n \n \n Miniscrew-assisted nonsurgical palatal expansion before orthognathic surgery for a patient with severe mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:830\u2013839."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"253","article-title":"Tooth-borne vs bone-borne rapid maxillary expanders in late adolescence","volume":"85","author":"Lin \n L,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin \n L, \n \n \n Ahn \n HW, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ, \n \n \n Moon \n SC, \n \n \n Kim \n SH, \n \n \n Nelson \n G. \n \n \n Tooth-borne vs bone-borne rapid maxillary expanders in late adolescence. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:253\u2013262."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"599","article-title":"Comparison of transverse changes during maxillary expansion with 4-point bone-borne and tooth-borne maxillary expanders","volume":"148","author":"Mosleh \n MI,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mosleh \n MI, \n \n \n Kaddah \n MA, \n \n \n Abd ElSayed \n FA, \n \n \n ElSayed \n HS. \n \n \n Comparison of transverse changes during maxillary expansion with 4-point bone-borne and tooth-borne maxillary expanders. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:599\u2013607."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Study of stress distribution and displacement of various craniofacial structures following application of transverse orthopedic forces\u2013a three-dimensional FEM study","volume":"73","author":"Jafari \n A,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jafari \n A, \n \n \n Shetty \n KS, \n \n \n Kumar \n M. \n \n \n Study of stress distribution and displacement of various craniofacial structures following application of transverse orthopedic forces\u2013a three-dimensional FEM study. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:12\u201320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"510","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the cranial and circummaxillary sutures","volume":"140","author":"Ghoneima \n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghoneima \n A, \n \n \n Abdel-Fattah \n E, \n \n \n Hartsfield \n J, \n \n \n El-Bedwehi \n A, \n \n \n Kamel \n A, \n \n \n Kula \n K. \n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the cranial and circummaxillary sutures. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:370\u2013382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas \n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas \n AJ. \n \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod. 1970;57:219\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-566-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"569","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions after rapid palatal expansion","volume":"126","author":"Chung \n C-H,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chung \n C-H, \n \n \n Font \n B. \n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions after rapid palatal expansion. 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