{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:35:25Z","timestamp":1791416125088,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To assess the net dentofacial effects of the fixed lingual mandibular growth modificator (FLMGM).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n The study sample comprised 38 patients with Class II\/1 malocclusion and retrognathic mandible. All were in the pubertal growth spurt. Whereas FLMGM was applied to the treatment group (n \u200a=\u200a 21, mean age \u200a=\u200a 13.2\u00a0years), no treatment was performed on the control group (n \u200a=\u200a 17, mean age \u200a=\u200a 12.5\u00a0years). Skeletal and dentoalveolar changes were assessed on digital lateral cephalograms obtained at the beginning and end of the treatment\/observation period of 8\u00a0months. Paired and independent\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests were used to assess the differences within and between groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Maxillary growth was not affected by FLMGM treatment, which resulted in a significant overjet reduction of 4.1\u00a0mm, an increase in total mandibular length (Co-Gn) of 2.3\u00a0mm, chin advancement of 1.6\u00b0, and upper incisor retroclination of 4.0\u00b0. A reduction of 2.4\u00b0 in ANB was largely due to an increase of 1.8\u00b0 in SNB. Favorably, the lower incisors were obviously retroclined by 4.5\u00b0. The changes in the vertical skeletal relationships were negligible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n FLMGM was effective in treating growing Class II\/1 patients and produced favorable dentofacial effects, with the matched untreated sample showing minimal changes. Lower incisor retroclination was a benefit of FLMGM treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/070913-500.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T10:04:03Z","timestamp":1377770643000},"page":"527-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A prospective controlled evaluation of Class II division 1 malocclusions treated with fixed lingual mandibular growth modificator"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Osama H.","family":"Alali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Aleppo, Al-Shahbaa, Aleppo, Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310\u00a0years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n Components of class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310\u00a0years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"87","article-title":"The effects of activator treatment on the craniofacial structures of Class II division 1 patients","volume":"25","author":"Basciftci\n FA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Basciftci\n FA, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Buyukerkmen\n A, \n \n Sari\n Z. \n \n The effects of activator treatment on the craniofacial structures of Class II division 1 patients. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:87\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b03","series-title":"Hell Orthod Rev","first-page":"11","article-title":"The functional orthodontic-orthopedic VDP appliance. Literature review and typical clinical case presentation","volume":"10","author":"Sander\n FG,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sander\n FG, \n \n Synodinos\n FN, \n \n Sander\n M, \n \n Iglezou\n E, \n \n Sander\n C. \n \n The functional orthodontic-orthopedic VDP appliance. Literature review and typical clinical case presentation. Hell Orthod Rev. 2007;10:11\u201327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b04","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"501","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of Bass, Bionator and Twin Block appliances. Part I\u2014the hard tissues","volume":"20","author":"Illing\n HM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Illing\n HM, \n \n Morris\n DO, \n \n Lee\n RT. \n \n A prospective evaluation of Bass, Bionator and Twin Block appliances. Part I\u2014the hard tissues. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:501\u2013516."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b05","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"469","article-title":"Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)","volume":"66","author":"Kinzinger\n G,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n G, \n \n Diedrich\n P. \n \n Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)? J Orofac Orthop. 2005;66:469\u2013490."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"286","article-title":"Treatment effects of the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance on patients with Class II malocclusion","volume":"123","author":"Pangrazio-Kulbersh\n V,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pangrazio-Kulbersh\n V, \n \n Berger\n JL, \n \n Chermak\n DS, \n \n Simon\n ES, \n \n Haerian\n A. \n \n Treatment effects of the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance on patients with Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:286\u2013295."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b07","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"155","article-title":"The modification of growth with the jumping-the-bite plate compared to other functional orthodontic appliances","volume":"51","author":"Sander\n FG,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sander\n FG, \n \n Lassak\n C. \n \n The modification of growth with the jumping-the-bite plate compared to other functional orthodontic appliances. J Orofac Orthop. 1990;51:155\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b08","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effects of angle Class II, division 1 treatment with jumping-the-bite appliances. A longitudinal study","volume":"63","author":"Lisson\n JA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lisson\n JA, \n \n Trankmann\n J. \n \n Effects of angle Class II, division 1 treatment with jumping-the-bite appliances. A longitudinal study. J Orofac Orthop. 2002;63:14\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b09","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"422","article-title":"Schmuth and M\u00fcller double plates","volume":"19","author":"Altuna\n G,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Altuna\n G, \n \n Schumacher\n HA. \n \n Schmuth and M\u00fcller double plates. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19:422\u2013425."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b10","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"243","article-title":"Die Doppelplatte mit Oberkiefer-Spornf\u00fchrung","volume":"23","author":"M\u00fcller\n G.","year":"1962","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\n G. \n \n Die Doppelplatte mit Oberkiefer-Spornf\u00fchrung. J Orofac Orthop. 1962;23:243\u2013250."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"384","article-title":"Development of a new fixed functional appliance for treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion first report","volume":"63","author":"Kinzinger\n G,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n G, \n \n Ostheimer\n J, \n \n Forster\n F, \n \n Kwandt\n PB, \n \n Reul\n H, \n \n Diedrich\n P. \n \n Development of a new fixed functional appliance for treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion first report. J Orofac Orthop. 2002;63:384\u2013399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b12","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"127","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes during the use of the bite-jumping plate. A cephalometric comparison with an untreated Class-II group","volume":"56","author":"Sander\n FG,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sander\n FG, \n \n Wichelhaus\n A. \n \n Skeletal and dental changes during the use of the bite-jumping plate. A cephalometric comparison with an untreated Class-II group. J Orofac Orthop. 1995;56:127\u2013139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b13","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"341","article-title":"Treatment begin and treatment effect in functional orthodontics with jumping-the-bite appliances","volume":"64","author":"Lisson\n JA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lisson\n JA, \n \n Trankmann\n J. \n \n Treatment begin and treatment effect in functional orthodontics with jumping-the-bite appliances. J Orofac Orthop. 2003;64:341\u2013351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b14","series-title":"Cephalometric Facial Soft Tissue Changes After Functional Orthodontics With Jumping-the-Bite Appliances\u2014A Longitudinal Study [dissertation]","author":"Mokrys\n K,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mokrys\n K, \n \n Lisson\n J. \n \n Cephalometric Facial Soft Tissue Changes After Functional Orthodontics With Jumping-the-Bite Appliances\u2014A Longitudinal Study [dissertation]. Germany: Saarland University; 2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b15","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"116","article-title":"Efficacy of the Sander bite-jumping appliance in growing patients with mandibular retrusion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Martina\n R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martina\n R, \n \n Cioffi\n I, \n \n Galeotti\n A, \n et al. \n Efficacy of the Sander bite-jumping appliance in growing patients with mandibular retrusion: a randomized controlled trial. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:116\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b16","series-title":"Int Poster J Dent Oral Med","first-page":"Poster 597","article-title":"Fixed lingual mandibular growth modification appliance treatment: a 3-D analysis of the hard tissues changes","volume":"14","author":"Al-ali\n O,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-ali\n O, \n \n Sawan\n N, \n \n Kaddah\n A, \n \n Khambay\n B. \n \n Fixed lingual mandibular growth modification appliance treatment: a 3-D analysis of the hard tissues changes. Int Poster J Dent Oral Med. 2012;14:Poster 597."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"598","article-title":"Dentoalveolar changes related to mandibular forward growth in untreated Class II persons","volume":"120","author":"You\n ZH,","year":"2001","unstructured":"You\n ZH, \n \n Fishman\n LS, \n \n Rosenblum\n RE, \n \n Subtelny\n JD. \n \n Dentoalveolar changes related to mandibular forward growth in untreated Class II persons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120:598\u2013607."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien\n K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien\n K, \n \n Wright\n J, \n \n Conboy\n F, \n et al. \n Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial. 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Statistician. 1985;34:125\u2013136."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b22","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"149","article-title":"Randomisation and baseline comparisons in clinical trials","volume":"335","author":"Altman\n DG,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altman\n DG, \n \n Dor\u00e9\n CJ. \n \n Randomisation and baseline comparisons in clinical trials. Lancet. 1990;335:149\u2013153."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b23","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","first-page":"e45","article-title":"Intention-to-treat analysis and its application in orthodontics","volume":"1","author":"Faber\n J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Faber\n J. \n \n Intention-to-treat analysis and its application in orthodontics. J World Fed Orthod. 2012;1:e45."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b24","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"337","article-title":"How to \u2026 do a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"O'Brien\n K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien\n K, \n \n Wright\n J, \n \n Mandall\n N. \n \n How to \u2026 do a randomized controlled trial. J Orthod. 2003;30:337\u2013341."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"104","article-title":"The effects of Twin Blocks: a prospective controlled study","volume":"113","author":"Lund\n DI,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lund\n DI, \n \n Sandler\n PJ. \n \n The effects of Twin Blocks: a prospective controlled study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:104\u2013110."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"91","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes following functional regulator therapy on class II patients","volume":"88","author":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr,","year":"1985","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr, \n \n Bookstein\n FL, \n \n Shaughnessy\n TG. \n \n Skeletal and dental changes following functional regulator therapy on class II patients. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:91\u2013110."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b27","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"696","article-title":"Bite jumping with the Functional Mandibular Advancer","volume":"39","author":"Kinzinger\n GS,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n GS, \n \n Diedrich\n PR. \n \n Bite jumping with the Functional Mandibular Advancer. J Clin Orthod. 2005;39:696\u2013700."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"299","article-title":"Maturation indicators and the pubertal growth spurt","volume":"82","author":"H\u00e4gg\n U,","year":"1982","unstructured":"H\u00e4gg\n U, \n \n Taranger\n J. \n \n Maturation indicators and the pubertal growth spurt. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:299\u2013309."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"36","article-title":"Orthodontic and orthopedic effects of Activator, Activator-HG combination, and Bass appliances: a comparative study","volume":"110","author":"Cura\n N,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cura\n N, \n \n Sarac\n M, \n \n \u00d6zt\u00fcrk\n Y, \n \n Surmeli\n N. \n \n Orthodontic and orthopedic effects of Activator, Activator-HG combination, and Bass appliances: a comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:36\u201345."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"77","article-title":"Dentoskeletal changes associated with fixed and removable appliances with a crib in open-bite patients in the mixed dentition","volume":"133","author":"Giuntini\n V,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giuntini\n V, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n Baccetti\n T, \n \n Mucedero\n M, \n \n Cozza\n P. \n \n Dentoskeletal changes associated with fixed and removable appliances with a crib in open-bite patients in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:77\u201380."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b31","series-title":"Temporary anchorage devices in orthodontics","author":"Nanda\n R,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nanda\n R, \n \n Uribe\n FA. \n \n Temporary anchorage devices in orthodontics. St Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310\u00a0years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n Components of class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310\u00a0years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"87","article-title":"The effects of activator treatment on the craniofacial structures of Class II division 1 patients","volume":"25","author":"Basciftci\n FA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Basciftci\n FA, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Buyukerkmen\n A, \n \n Sari\n Z. \n \n The effects of activator treatment on the craniofacial structures of Class II division 1 patients. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:87\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b03","series-title":"Hell Orthod Rev","first-page":"11","article-title":"The functional orthodontic-orthopedic VDP appliance. Literature review and typical clinical case presentation","volume":"10","author":"Sander\n FG,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sander\n FG, \n \n Synodinos\n FN, \n \n Sander\n M, \n \n Iglezou\n E, \n \n Sander\n C. \n \n The functional orthodontic-orthopedic VDP appliance. Literature review and typical clinical case presentation. Hell Orthod Rev. 2007;10:11\u201327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b04","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"501","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of Bass, Bionator and Twin Block appliances. Part I\u2014the hard tissues","volume":"20","author":"Illing\n HM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Illing\n HM, \n \n Morris\n DO, \n \n Lee\n RT. \n \n A prospective evaluation of Bass, Bionator and Twin Block appliances. Part I\u2014the hard tissues. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:501\u2013516."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b05","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"469","article-title":"Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)","volume":"66","author":"Kinzinger\n G,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n G, \n \n Diedrich\n P. \n \n Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)? J Orofac Orthop. 2005;66:469\u2013490."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"286","article-title":"Treatment effects of the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance on patients with Class II malocclusion","volume":"123","author":"Pangrazio-Kulbersh\n V,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pangrazio-Kulbersh\n V, \n \n Berger\n JL, \n \n Chermak\n DS, \n \n Simon\n ES, \n \n Haerian\n A. \n \n Treatment effects of the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance on patients with Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:286\u2013295."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b07","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"155","article-title":"The modification of growth with the jumping-the-bite plate compared to other functional orthodontic appliances","volume":"51","author":"Sander\n FG,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sander\n FG, \n \n Lassak\n C. \n \n The modification of growth with the jumping-the-bite plate compared to other functional orthodontic appliances. J Orofac Orthop. 1990;51:155\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b08","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effects of angle Class II, division 1 treatment with jumping-the-bite appliances. A longitudinal study","volume":"63","author":"Lisson\n JA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lisson\n JA, \n \n Trankmann\n J. \n \n Effects of angle Class II, division 1 treatment with jumping-the-bite appliances. A longitudinal study. J Orofac Orthop. 2002;63:14\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b09","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"422","article-title":"Schmuth and M\u00fcller double plates","volume":"19","author":"Altuna\n G,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Altuna\n G, \n \n Schumacher\n HA. \n \n Schmuth and M\u00fcller double plates. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19:422\u2013425."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b10","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"243","article-title":"Die Doppelplatte mit Oberkiefer-Spornf\u00fchrung","volume":"23","author":"M\u00fcller\n G.","year":"1962","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\n G. \n \n Die Doppelplatte mit Oberkiefer-Spornf\u00fchrung. J Orofac Orthop. 1962;23:243\u2013250."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"384","article-title":"Development of a new fixed functional appliance for treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion first report","volume":"63","author":"Kinzinger\n G,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n G, \n \n Ostheimer\n J, \n \n Forster\n F, \n \n Kwandt\n PB, \n \n Reul\n H, \n \n Diedrich\n P. \n \n Development of a new fixed functional appliance for treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion first report. J Orofac Orthop. 2002;63:384\u2013399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b12","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"127","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes during the use of the bite-jumping plate. A cephalometric comparison with an untreated Class-II group","volume":"56","author":"Sander\n FG,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sander\n FG, \n \n Wichelhaus\n A. \n \n Skeletal and dental changes during the use of the bite-jumping plate. A cephalometric comparison with an untreated Class-II group. J Orofac Orthop. 1995;56:127\u2013139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b13","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"341","article-title":"Treatment begin and treatment effect in functional orthodontics with jumping-the-bite appliances","volume":"64","author":"Lisson\n JA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lisson\n JA, \n \n Trankmann\n J. \n \n Treatment begin and treatment effect in functional orthodontics with jumping-the-bite appliances. J Orofac Orthop. 2003;64:341\u2013351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b14","series-title":"Cephalometric Facial Soft Tissue Changes After Functional Orthodontics With Jumping-the-Bite Appliances\u2014A Longitudinal Study [dissertation]","author":"Mokrys\n K,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mokrys\n K, \n \n Lisson\n J. \n \n Cephalometric Facial Soft Tissue Changes After Functional Orthodontics With Jumping-the-Bite Appliances\u2014A Longitudinal Study [dissertation]. Germany: Saarland University; 2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b15","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"116","article-title":"Efficacy of the Sander bite-jumping appliance in growing patients with mandibular retrusion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Martina\n R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martina\n R, \n \n Cioffi\n I, \n \n Galeotti\n A, \n et al. \n Efficacy of the Sander bite-jumping appliance in growing patients with mandibular retrusion: a randomized controlled trial. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:116\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b16","series-title":"Int Poster J Dent Oral Med","first-page":"Poster 597","article-title":"Fixed lingual mandibular growth modification appliance treatment: a 3-D analysis of the hard tissues changes","volume":"14","author":"Al-ali\n O,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-ali\n O, \n \n Sawan\n N, \n \n Kaddah\n A, \n \n Khambay\n B. \n \n Fixed lingual mandibular growth modification appliance treatment: a 3-D analysis of the hard tissues changes. Int Poster J Dent Oral Med. 2012;14:Poster 597."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-527-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"598","article-title":"Dentoalveolar changes related to mandibular forward growth in untreated Class II persons","volume":"120","author":"You\n ZH,","year":"2001","unstructured":"You\n ZH, \n \n Fishman\n LS, \n \n Rosenblum\n RE, \n \n Subtelny\n JD. \n \n Dentoalveolar changes related to mandibular forward growth in untreated Class II persons. 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