{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:45:39Z","timestamp":1791837939813,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To assess the inter- and intraexaminer reliability of a measurement method for evaluation of eruption angles and position of palatal displaced canines (PDCs) with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to test the validity of the measured angles on a dry skull.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Twenty patients (eight boys, 12 girls; age 11.4 \u00b1 1.2\u00a0years) were randomly chosen among 67 patients from a study evaluating the interceptive effect of extracting the deciduous canine in children with PDCs. In total, 60 images were analyzed, because each patient had three CBCT examinations (baseline, 6-month control, and endpoint). Two observers assessed the following measurements twice: mesioangular and sagittal angle, vertical position, canine cusp tip, and canine apex to dental arch. The validity of the angular measurements was tested against angular measurements on a dry skull using mathematical formulations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The inter- and intraexaminer mean differences for angular and linear measurements were all low and statistically insignificant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05). The mean differences between the physical and 3D measurements were 0.5 \u00b1 0.39\u00a0mm for the sagittal angle and 0.22 \u00b1 0.19\u00a0mm for the mesioangular angle.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Linear and angular measurements on CBCT images are accurate and precise and can be used to assess the precise position of a PDC.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/070913-502.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,25]],"date-time":"2013-10-25T10:04:31Z","timestamp":1382695471000},"page":"459-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cone-beam computed tomography for assessment of palatal displaced canine position: A methodological study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Naoumova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Orthodontist, Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Kjellberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reet","family":"Palm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Employee Practitioner, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"25","article-title":"The radiographic localization of impacted maxillary canines: a comparison of methods","volume":"23","author":"Mason\n C,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mason\n C, \n \n Papadakou\n P, \n \n Roberts\n GJ. \n \n The radiographic localization of impacted maxillary canines: a comparison of methods. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23:25\u201334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"257","article-title":"Evaluation of impacted canines by means of computerized tomography","volume":"11","author":"Elefteriadis\n JN,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elefteriadis\n JN, \n \n Athanasiou\n AE. \n \n Evaluation of impacted canines by means of computerized tomography. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1996;11:257\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"623","article-title":"Image accuracy of plain film radiography and computerized tomography in assessing morphological abnormality of impacted teeth","volume":"120","author":"Bodner\n L,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bodner\n L, \n \n Bar-Ziv\n J, \n \n Becker\n A. \n \n Image accuracy of plain film radiography and computerized tomography in assessing morphological abnormality of impacted teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120:623\u2013628."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b04","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"236","article-title":"The use of spiral computed tomography in the localization of impacted maxillary canines","volume":"26","author":"Preda\n L,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Preda\n L, \n \n La Fianza\n A, \n \n Di Maggio\n EM, \n \n Dore\n R, \n \n Schifino\n MR, \n \n Campani\n R. \n \n The use of spiral computed tomography in the localization of impacted maxillary canines. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1997;26:236\u2013241."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b05","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"282","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics","volume":"32","author":"Kau\n CH,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kau\n CH, \n \n Richmond\n S, \n \n Palomo\n JM, \n \n Hans\n MG. \n \n Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics. J Orthod. 2005;32:282\u2013293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b06","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"219","article-title":"Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology: CBMercuRay, NewTom 3G and i-CAT","volume":"35","author":"Ludlow\n JB,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ludlow\n JB, \n \n Davies-Ludlow\n LE, \n \n Brooks\n SL, \n \n Howerton\n WB. \n \n Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology: CBMercuRay, NewTom 3G and i-CAT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35:219\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"112","article-title":"Three-dimensional accuracy of measurements made with software on cone beam computed tomography images","volume":"134","author":"Lagrav\u00e8re\n MO,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lagrav\u00e8re\n MO, \n \n Carey\n J, \n \n Toogood\n RW, \n \n Major\n PW. \n \n Three-dimensional accuracy of measurements made with software on cone beam computed tomography images. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:112\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b08","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"80","article-title":"Comparison of cone beam computed tomography imaging with physical measures","volume":"37","author":"Stratemann\n SA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stratemann\n SA, \n \n Huang\n JC, \n \n Maki\n K, \n \n Miller\n AJ, \n \n Hatcher\n DC. \n \n Comparison of cone beam computed tomography imaging with physical measures. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2008;37:80\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b09","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"263","article-title":"Comparison of conventional and cone beam CT synthesized cephalograms","volume":"36","author":"Kumar\n V,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kumar\n V, \n \n Ludlow\n JB, \n \n Mol\n A, \n \n Cevidanes\n L. \n \n Comparison of conventional and cone beam CT synthesized cephalograms. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2007;36:263\u2013269."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements obtained from cone beam computed tomography surface-rendered images for cephalometric analysis: influence of patient scanning position","volume":"31","author":"Hassan\n B,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hassan\n B, \n \n van der Stelt\n P, \n \n Sanderink\n G. \n \n Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements obtained from cone beam computed tomography surface-rendered images for cephalometric analysis: influence of patient scanning position. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:129\u2013134."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b11","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"28","article-title":"Geometric accuracy of the NewTom 9000 Cone Beam CT","volume":"34","author":"Marmulla\n R,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marmulla\n R, \n \n W\u00f6rtche\n R, \n \n M\u00fchling\n J, \n \n Hassfeld\n S. \n \n Geometric accuracy of the NewTom 9000 Cone Beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005;34:28\u201331."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b12","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"410","article-title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT","volume":"35","author":"Pinsky\n HM,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pinsky\n HM, \n \n Dyda\n S, \n \n Pinsky\n RW, \n \n Misch\n KA, \n \n Sarment\n DP. \n \n Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35:410\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b13","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"379","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of linear measurements in cone beam computed tomography Accuitomo tomograms obtained with different reconstruction techniques","volume":"38","author":"Lund\n H,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lund\n H, \n \n Gr\u00f6ndahl\n K, \n \n Gr\u00f6ndahl\n HG. \n \n Accuracy and precision of linear measurements in cone beam computed tomography Accuitomo tomograms obtained with different reconstruction techniques. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2009;38:379\u2013386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"418","article-title":"Three-dimensional localization of maxillary canines with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"128","author":"Walker\n L,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker\n L, \n \n Enciso\n R, \n \n Mahc\n J. \n \n Three-dimensional localization of maxillary canines with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:418\u2013423."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b15","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"91","article-title":"Localization of impacted maxillary canines and observation of adjacent incisor resorption with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"105","author":"Liu\n DG,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu\n DG, \n \n Zhang\n WL, \n \n Zhang\n ZY, \n \n Wu\n YT, \n \n Ma\n XC. \n \n Localization of impacted maxillary canines and observation of adjacent incisor resorption with cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:91\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b16","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"17","article-title":"Pain, discomfort, and use of analgesics following the extraction of primary canines in children with palatally displaced canines","volume":"22","author":"Naoumova\n J,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naoumova\n J, \n \n Kjellberg\n H, \n \n Kurol\n J, \n \n Mohlin\n B. \n \n Pain, discomfort, and use of analgesics following the extraction of primary canines in children with palatally displaced canines. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2011;22:17\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b17","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","first-page":"122","author":"Dahlberg\n G.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg\n G. \n \n Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. New York, NY: Interscience Publications; 1940;122\u2013132."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"15","article-title":"A comparison of traditional and computerized methods of cephalometric analysis","volume":"3","author":"Richardson\n A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Richardson\n A. \n \n A comparison of traditional and computerized methods of cephalometric analysis. Eur J Orthod. 1981;3:15\u201320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b19","series-title":"An Atlas of Cephalometric Radiology","author":"Rakosi\n T.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rakosi\n T. \n \n An Atlas of Cephalometric Radiology. London, UK: Wolfe Medical Publications; 1982."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"155","article-title":"The effects of differences in landmark identification on the cephalometric measurements in traditional versus digitized cephalometry","volume":"74","author":"Chen\n YJ,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen\n YJ, \n \n Chen\n SK, \n \n Huang\n HW, \n \n Yao\n CC, \n \n Chang\n HF. \n \n The effects of differences in landmark identification on the cephalometric measurements in traditional versus digitized cephalometry. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:155\u2013161."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"655","article-title":"The reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of analogue and digital methods","volume":"24","author":"Ongkosuwito\n EM,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ongkosuwito\n EM, \n \n Katsaros\n C, \n \n Van't Hof\n MA, \n \n Bodegom\n JC, \n \n Kuipers-Jagtman\n AM. \n \n The reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of analogue and digital methods. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:655\u2013665."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"77","article-title":"Development of a non-radiographic cephalometric system","volume":"25","author":"Nagasaka\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nagasaka\n S, \n \n Fujimora\n T, \n \n Segoshi\n K. \n \n Development of a non-radiographic cephalometric system. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:77\u201385."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"312.e1","article-title":"Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: cone-beam tomography vs conventional cephalometric views","volume":"136","author":"Ludlow\n JB,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ludlow\n JB, \n \n Gubler\n M, \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS, \n \n Mol\n A. \n \n Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: cone-beam tomography vs conventional cephalometric views. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:312.e1\u2013312.e10. Discussion 312\u2013313."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"466","article-title":"Cone beam computed tomography for assessment of root length and marginal bone level during orthodontic treatment","volume":"80","author":"Lund\n H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lund\n H, \n \n Grondahl\n K, \n \n Grondahl\n HG. \n \n Cone beam computed tomography for assessment of root length and marginal bone level during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:466\u2013473."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b25","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"26","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans","volume":"81","author":"Gribel\n BF,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gribel\n BF, \n \n Gribel\n MN, \n \n Fraz\u00e4o\n DC, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr, \n \n Manzi\n FR. \n \n Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:26\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"25","article-title":"The radiographic localization of impacted maxillary canines: a comparison of methods","volume":"23","author":"Mason\n C,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mason\n C, \n \n Papadakou\n P, \n \n Roberts\n GJ. \n \n The radiographic localization of impacted maxillary canines: a comparison of methods. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23:25\u201334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"257","article-title":"Evaluation of impacted canines by means of computerized tomography","volume":"11","author":"Elefteriadis\n JN,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elefteriadis\n JN, \n \n Athanasiou\n AE. \n \n Evaluation of impacted canines by means of computerized tomography. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1996;11:257\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"623","article-title":"Image accuracy of plain film radiography and computerized tomography in assessing morphological abnormality of impacted teeth","volume":"120","author":"Bodner\n L,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bodner\n L, \n \n Bar-Ziv\n J, \n \n Becker\n A. \n \n Image accuracy of plain film radiography and computerized tomography in assessing morphological abnormality of impacted teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120:623\u2013628."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b04","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"236","article-title":"The use of spiral computed tomography in the localization of impacted maxillary canines","volume":"26","author":"Preda\n L,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Preda\n L, \n \n La Fianza\n A, \n \n Di Maggio\n EM, \n \n Dore\n R, \n \n Schifino\n MR, \n \n Campani\n R. \n \n The use of spiral computed tomography in the localization of impacted maxillary canines. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1997;26:236\u2013241."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b05","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"282","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics","volume":"32","author":"Kau\n CH,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kau\n CH, \n \n Richmond\n S, \n \n Palomo\n JM, \n \n Hans\n MG. \n \n Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics. J Orthod. 2005;32:282\u2013293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b06","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"219","article-title":"Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology: CBMercuRay, NewTom 3G and i-CAT","volume":"35","author":"Ludlow\n JB,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ludlow\n JB, \n \n Davies-Ludlow\n LE, \n \n Brooks\n SL, \n \n Howerton\n WB. \n \n Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology: CBMercuRay, NewTom 3G and i-CAT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35:219\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"112","article-title":"Three-dimensional accuracy of measurements made with software on cone beam computed tomography images","volume":"134","author":"Lagrav\u00e8re\n MO,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lagrav\u00e8re\n MO, \n \n Carey\n J, \n \n Toogood\n RW, \n \n Major\n PW. \n \n Three-dimensional accuracy of measurements made with software on cone beam computed tomography images. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:112\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b08","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"80","article-title":"Comparison of cone beam computed tomography imaging with physical measures","volume":"37","author":"Stratemann\n SA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stratemann\n SA, \n \n Huang\n JC, \n \n Maki\n K, \n \n Miller\n AJ, \n \n Hatcher\n DC. \n \n Comparison of cone beam computed tomography imaging with physical measures. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2008;37:80\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b09","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"263","article-title":"Comparison of conventional and cone beam CT synthesized cephalograms","volume":"36","author":"Kumar\n V,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kumar\n V, \n \n Ludlow\n JB, \n \n Mol\n A, \n \n Cevidanes\n L. \n \n Comparison of conventional and cone beam CT synthesized cephalograms. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2007;36:263\u2013269."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements obtained from cone beam computed tomography surface-rendered images for cephalometric analysis: influence of patient scanning position","volume":"31","author":"Hassan\n B,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hassan\n B, \n \n van der Stelt\n P, \n \n Sanderink\n G. \n \n Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements obtained from cone beam computed tomography surface-rendered images for cephalometric analysis: influence of patient scanning position. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:129\u2013134."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b11","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"28","article-title":"Geometric accuracy of the NewTom 9000 Cone Beam CT","volume":"34","author":"Marmulla\n R,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marmulla\n R, \n \n W\u00f6rtche\n R, \n \n M\u00fchling\n J, \n \n Hassfeld\n S. \n \n Geometric accuracy of the NewTom 9000 Cone Beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005;34:28\u201331."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b12","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"410","article-title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT","volume":"35","author":"Pinsky\n HM,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pinsky\n HM, \n \n Dyda\n S, \n \n Pinsky\n RW, \n \n Misch\n KA, \n \n Sarment\n DP. \n \n Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35:410\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b13","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"379","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of linear measurements in cone beam computed tomography Accuitomo tomograms obtained with different reconstruction techniques","volume":"38","author":"Lund\n H,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lund\n H, \n \n Gr\u00f6ndahl\n K, \n \n Gr\u00f6ndahl\n HG. \n \n Accuracy and precision of linear measurements in cone beam computed tomography Accuitomo tomograms obtained with different reconstruction techniques. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2009;38:379\u2013386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"418","article-title":"Three-dimensional localization of maxillary canines with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"128","author":"Walker\n L,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker\n L, \n \n Enciso\n R, \n \n Mahc\n J. \n \n Three-dimensional localization of maxillary canines with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:418\u2013423."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b15","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"91","article-title":"Localization of impacted maxillary canines and observation of adjacent incisor resorption with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"105","author":"Liu\n DG,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu\n DG, \n \n Zhang\n WL, \n \n Zhang\n ZY, \n \n Wu\n YT, \n \n Ma\n XC. \n \n Localization of impacted maxillary canines and observation of adjacent incisor resorption with cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:91\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b16","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"17","article-title":"Pain, discomfort, and use of analgesics following the extraction of primary canines in children with palatally displaced canines","volume":"22","author":"Naoumova\n J,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naoumova\n J, \n \n Kjellberg\n H, \n \n Kurol\n J, \n \n Mohlin\n B. \n \n Pain, discomfort, and use of analgesics following the extraction of primary canines in children with palatally displaced canines. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2011;22:17\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b17","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","first-page":"122","author":"Dahlberg\n G.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg\n G. \n \n Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. New York, NY: Interscience Publications; 1940;122\u2013132."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"15","article-title":"A comparison of traditional and computerized methods of cephalometric analysis","volume":"3","author":"Richardson\n A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Richardson\n A. \n \n A comparison of traditional and computerized methods of cephalometric analysis. Eur J Orthod. 1981;3:15\u201320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b19","series-title":"An Atlas of Cephalometric Radiology","author":"Rakosi\n T.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rakosi\n T. \n \n An Atlas of Cephalometric Radiology. London, UK: Wolfe Medical Publications; 1982."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"155","article-title":"The effects of differences in landmark identification on the cephalometric measurements in traditional versus digitized cephalometry","volume":"74","author":"Chen\n YJ,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen\n YJ, \n \n Chen\n SK, \n \n Huang\n HW, \n \n Yao\n CC, \n \n Chang\n HF. \n \n The effects of differences in landmark identification on the cephalometric measurements in traditional versus digitized cephalometry. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:155\u2013161."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"655","article-title":"The reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of analogue and digital methods","volume":"24","author":"Ongkosuwito\n EM,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ongkosuwito\n EM, \n \n Katsaros\n C, \n \n Van't Hof\n MA, \n \n Bodegom\n JC, \n \n Kuipers-Jagtman\n AM. \n \n The reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of analogue and digital methods. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:655\u2013665."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-3-459-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"77","article-title":"Development of a non-radiographic cephalometric system","volume":"25","author":"Nagasaka\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nagasaka\n S, \n \n Fujimora\n T, \n \n Segoshi\n K. \n \n Development of a non-radiographic cephalometric system. 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