{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:20:34Z","timestamp":1785554434939,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess changes in mandibular third molar angulation during orthodontic treatment in subjects having either first or second premolars or neither removed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a retrospective study approved by the institutional review board, right and left mandibular third molar angulations were compared to the vertical axis of adjacent second molars before and at the end of orthodontic treatment. The sample included 25 subjects with first premolars removed, 25 subjects with second premolars removed, and 24 subjects with no premolars removed. A decrease in angulation over time of at least 5\u00b0, so that the third molar became more vertical, was considered clinically favorable. Data were assessed by a linear mixed effect model and a proportional odds model with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prior to treatment, the average mandibular third molar angulation did not differ significantly among the three study groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a .97). The average change during treatment was not significantly affected by group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a .59), but a higher proportion of mandibular third molars were more vertical by at least 5\u00b0 in the second premolar extraction group compared to the other two groups at the completion of treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although creating space for third molars to erupt and function has intuitive appeal, clinicians should not assume that third molars will move upright to a vertical position even if premolar removal is performed as part of an orthodontic treatment plan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/071112-573.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,8]],"date-time":"2012-10-08T15:49:39Z","timestamp":1349711379000},"page":"376-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The association between orthodontic treatment with removal of premolars and the angulation of developing mandibular third molars over time"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Bradly","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Holmes Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Skvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental student, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Proffit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenan Distinguished Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceib","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond P.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalton L. McMichael Distinguished Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b01","series-title":"Begg Orthodontic Theory and Technique","author":"Begg\n              PR ,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Begg\n              PR , \n            \n              Kesling\n              PC . \n          \n          Begg Orthodontic Theory and Technique . Philadelphia, Pa : Saunders ; 1977 ."},{"issue":"48 suppl","key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b02","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"1","article-title":"The age of eruption of the third molar teeth. A clinical study based on Finnish university students","volume":"25","author":"Rantanen\n              AV .","year":"1967","unstructured":"Rantanen\n              AV . \n          \n          The age of eruption of the third molar teeth. A clinical study based on Finnish university students . Acta Odontol Scand . 1967 ;25 (48 suppl ):1 \u201386 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tooth size, spacing and crowding in relation to eruption or impaction of third molars","volume":"94","author":"Forsberg\n              CM .","year":"1988","unstructured":"Forsberg\n              CM . \n          \n          Tooth size, spacing and crowding in relation to eruption or impaction of third molars . Am J Orthod . 1988 ;94 :57 \u201362 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b04","series-title":"Swed Dent J","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mandibular third molar eruption in relation to available space as assessed on lateral cephalograms","volume":"13","author":"Forsberg\n              CM ,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Forsberg\n              CM , \n            \n              Vingren\n              B , \n            \n              Wesslen\n              U . \n          \n          Mandibular third molar eruption in relation to available space as assessed on lateral cephalograms . Swed Dent J . 1989 ;13 :23 \u201331 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b05","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"424","article-title":"Change in third molar angulation and position in young adults and follow-up periodontal pathology","volume":"64","author":"Nance\n              PE ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nance\n              PE , \n            \n              White\n              RP\n              Jr , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              Blakey\n              GH , \n            \n              Haug\n              RH . \n          \n          Change in third molar angulation and position in young adults and follow-up periodontal pathology . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2006 ;64 :424 \u2013428 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"36","article-title":"Changes in mandibular third molar angle and position after unilateral mandibular first molar extraction","volume":"129","author":"Ay\n              S ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ay\n              S , \n            \n              Agar\n              U , \n            \n              Bicakci\n              A , \n            \n              Kosger\n              HH . \n          \n          Changes in mandibular third molar angle and position after unilateral mandibular first molar extraction . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2006 ;129 :36 \u201341 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"749","article-title":"Risk markers for progression of periodontal pathology in the third molar and non-third molar regions in young adults","volume":"66","author":"White\n              RP\n              Jr ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"White\n              RP\n              Jr , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              Hull\n              DJ , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S , \n            \n              Blakey\n              GH , \n            \n              Haug\n              RH . \n          \n          Risk markers for progression of periodontal pathology in the third molar and non-third molar regions in young adults . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2008 ;66 :749 \u2013754 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"92","article-title":"Visible third molars as risk indicators for increased periodontal probing depth","volume":"69","author":"White RP\n              Jr ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"White RP\n              Jr , \n            \n              Fisher\n              EL , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              Tucker\n              M , \n            \n              Moss\n              KL , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S . \n          \n          Visible third molars as risk indicators for increased periodontal probing depth . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2011 ;69 :92 \u2013103 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b09","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1771","article-title":"Risk factors for third molar occlusal caries: a longitudinal clinical investigation","volume":"70","author":"Divaris\n              K ,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Divaris\n              K , \n            \n              Fisher\n              EL , \n            \n              Shugars\n              DA , \n            \n              White\n              RP\n              Jr . \n          \n          Risk factors for third molar occlusal caries: a longitudinal clinical investigation . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2012 ;70 :1771 \u20131780 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Changes over time in the prevalence of caries experience or periodontal pathology on third molars in young adults","volume":"70","author":"Fisher\n              E ,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fisher\n              E , \n            \n              Garaas\n              R , \n            \n              Blakey\n              G , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S , \n            \n              Shugars\n              D , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              White\n              R . \n          \n          Changes over time in the prevalence of caries experience or periodontal pathology on third molars in young adults . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2012 ;70 :1016 \u20131022 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b01","series-title":"Begg Orthodontic Theory and Technique","author":"Begg\n              PR ,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Begg\n              PR , \n            \n              Kesling\n              PC . \n          \n          Begg Orthodontic Theory and Technique . Philadelphia, Pa : Saunders ; 1977 ."},{"issue":"48 suppl","key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b02","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"1","article-title":"The age of eruption of the third molar teeth. A clinical study based on Finnish university students","volume":"25","author":"Rantanen\n              AV .","year":"1967","unstructured":"Rantanen\n              AV . \n          \n          The age of eruption of the third molar teeth. A clinical study based on Finnish university students . Acta Odontol Scand . 1967 ;25 (48 suppl ):1 \u201386 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tooth size, spacing and crowding in relation to eruption or impaction of third molars","volume":"94","author":"Forsberg\n              CM .","year":"1988","unstructured":"Forsberg\n              CM . \n          \n          Tooth size, spacing and crowding in relation to eruption or impaction of third molars . Am J Orthod . 1988 ;94 :57 \u201362 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b04","series-title":"Swed Dent J","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mandibular third molar eruption in relation to available space as assessed on lateral cephalograms","volume":"13","author":"Forsberg\n              CM ,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Forsberg\n              CM , \n            \n              Vingren\n              B , \n            \n              Wesslen\n              U . \n          \n          Mandibular third molar eruption in relation to available space as assessed on lateral cephalograms . Swed Dent J . 1989 ;13 :23 \u201331 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b05","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"424","article-title":"Change in third molar angulation and position in young adults and follow-up periodontal pathology","volume":"64","author":"Nance\n              PE ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nance\n              PE , \n            \n              White\n              RP\n              Jr , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              Blakey\n              GH , \n            \n              Haug\n              RH . \n          \n          Change in third molar angulation and position in young adults and follow-up periodontal pathology . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2006 ;64 :424 \u2013428 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"36","article-title":"Changes in mandibular third molar angle and position after unilateral mandibular first molar extraction","volume":"129","author":"Ay\n              S ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ay\n              S , \n            \n              Agar\n              U , \n            \n              Bicakci\n              A , \n            \n              Kosger\n              HH . \n          \n          Changes in mandibular third molar angle and position after unilateral mandibular first molar extraction . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2006 ;129 :36 \u201341 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"749","article-title":"Risk markers for progression of periodontal pathology in the third molar and non-third molar regions in young adults","volume":"66","author":"White\n              RP\n              Jr ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"White\n              RP\n              Jr , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              Hull\n              DJ , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S , \n            \n              Blakey\n              GH , \n            \n              Haug\n              RH . \n          \n          Risk markers for progression of periodontal pathology in the third molar and non-third molar regions in young adults . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2008 ;66 :749 \u2013754 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"92","article-title":"Visible third molars as risk indicators for increased periodontal probing depth","volume":"69","author":"White RP\n              Jr ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"White RP\n              Jr , \n            \n              Fisher\n              EL , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              Tucker\n              M , \n            \n              Moss\n              KL , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S . \n          \n          Visible third molars as risk indicators for increased periodontal probing depth . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2011 ;69 :92 \u2013103 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b09","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1771","article-title":"Risk factors for third molar occlusal caries: a longitudinal clinical investigation","volume":"70","author":"Divaris\n              K ,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Divaris\n              K , \n            \n              Fisher\n              EL , \n            \n              Shugars\n              DA , \n            \n              White\n              RP\n              Jr . \n          \n          Risk factors for third molar occlusal caries: a longitudinal clinical investigation . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2012 ;70 :1771 \u20131780 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-376-b10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Changes over time in the prevalence of caries experience or periodontal pathology on third molars in young adults","volume":"70","author":"Fisher\n              E ,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fisher\n              E , \n            \n              Garaas\n              R , \n            \n              Blakey\n              G , \n            \n              Offenbacher\n              S , \n            \n              Shugars\n              D , \n            \n              Phillips\n              C , \n            \n              White\n              R . \n          \n          Changes over time in the prevalence of caries experience or periodontal pathology on third molars in young adults . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2012 ;70 :1016 \u20131022 ."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/83\/3\/article-p376.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/83\/3\/376\/1386676\/071112-573_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/83\/3\/article-p376.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/83\/3\/article-p376.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:13:43Z","timestamp":1780071223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/83\/3\/article-p376.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/071112-573.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}}}