{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:04:51Z","timestamp":1780067091842,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To compare orthodontic treatment (OT) outcome in adolescents undergoing nonextraction fixed OT with or without bonding of second molars using the score of the American Board of Orthodontics Cast Radiograph Evaluation (C-R-Eval).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study included healthy adolescents with skeletal Class I or mild Class II\/Class III malocclusion, normal or deep overbite (OB), and mild-to-moderate dental crowding (<5 mm) who underwent nonextraction fixed OT with (\u201cbonded\u201d group) or without (\u201cnot-bonded\u201d group) bonding of second molars. Patient treatment records, pre- and posttreatment digital models, lateral cephalograms, and orthopantomograms were assessed. The evaluated outcomes included leveling of the curve of Spee (COS), OB, control of incisor mandibular plane angle (IMPA), number of emergency visits (related to poking wires and\/or bracket failure of the terminal molar tubes), treatment duration, and C-R-Eval. Treatment variables were compared across time points and among groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The sample included 30 patients (mean age 16.07 \u00b1 1.80 years) in the bonded group and 32 patients (mean age 15.69 \u00b1 1.86 years) in the not-bonded group. The mean overall C-R-Eval score was significantly higher (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) in the not-bonded group (25.25 \u00b1 3.98) than in the bonded group (17.70 \u00b1 2.97). There were no significant differences in mean changes of COS, OB, IMPA, or treatment duration among groups. The mean number of emergency visits was significantly higher in the bonded (3.3 \u00b1 0.6) than the not-bonded group (1.9 \u00b1 0.4) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Bonding of second molars enhances the outcome of nonextraction fixed OT as demonstrated by the C-R-Eval without increasing treatment duration, irrespective of more emergency visits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/071223-487.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T19:04:00Z","timestamp":1704827040000},"page":"320-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The second molar dilemma in orthodontics: to bond or not to bond?"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Fares","family":"Alshuraim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luay","family":"Jabr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Emile","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Michelogiannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"507","article-title":"Effectiveness and efficiency in clinical orthodontic practice","volume":"13","author":"Rinchuse\n DJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rinchuse\n DJ\n , CozzaniM.\n Effectiveness and efficiency in clinical orthodontic practice.\nInt Orthod.\n2015;\n13:507\u2013524."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"16","article-title":"Efficiency and effectiveness of SureSmile","volume":"11","author":"Saxe\n AK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saxe\n AK\n , LouieLJ, MahJ.\n Efficiency and effectiveness of SureSmile.\nWorld J Orthod.\n2010;\n11:16\u201322."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"19","article-title":"Evidence and clinical decisions: asking the right questions to obtain clinically useful answers","author":"Proffit\n WR.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Evidence and clinical decisions: asking the right questions to obtain clinically useful answers.\nSemin Orthod.\n2013;\n19."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"274","article-title":"Clinical efficiency of LightForce 3D-printed custom brackets","volume":"57","author":"Waldman\n A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waldman\n A\n , GarvanCS, YangJ, WheelerTT.\n Clinical efficiency of LightForce 3D-printed custom brackets.\nJ Clin Orthod.2023;\n57:274\u2013282."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics e-book","author":"Proffit\n WR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR\n , FieldsHW, LarsonB, SarverDM.\n \n Contemporary Orthodontics e-book\n .\nAmsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"100","article-title":"The effect of bracket slot size on the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Vieira\n EP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vieira\n EP\n , WatanabeBS, PontesLF, MattosJN, MaiaLC, NormandoD.\n The effect of bracket slot size on the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.\nAngle Orthod.\n2018;\n88:100\u2013106."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence-based practice and the evidence pyramid: a 21st century orthodontic odyssey","volume":"152","author":"Mulimani\n PS.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mulimani\n PS.\n \n \n Evidence-based practice and the evidence pyramid: a 21st century orthodontic odyssey.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2017;\n152:1\u20138."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"American Board of Orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"589","article-title":"Objective grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs","volume":"114","author":"Casko\n JS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Casko\n JS\n , VadenJL, KokichVG, . Objective grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs.\nAmerican Board of Orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1998;\n114:589\u2013599."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Int J Dent.","first-page":"8367232","article-title":"S. Orthodontic treatment characteristics and outcomes in an educational setting","volume":"2020","author":"Al-Jewair\n T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Jewair\n T\n , RyanV, Warunek\n S. Orthodontic treatment characteristics and outcomes in an educational setting.\nInt J Dent.2020;\n2020:8367232."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Long-term clinical failure rate of molar tubes bonded with a self-etching primer","volume":"75","author":"Pandis\n N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pandis\n N\n , ChristensenL, EliadesT.\n Long-term clinical failure rate of molar tubes bonded with a self-etching primer.\nAngle Orthod.\n2005;\n75:1000\u20131002."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"203","article-title":"Effect of the timing of second molar bonding on the duration of the mandibular arch levelling: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Dritsas\n K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dritsas\n K\n , AlharbiM, KouvelisG, KloukosD, GkantidisN.\n Effect of the timing of second molar bonding on the duration of the mandibular arch levelling: a randomized clinical trial.\nEur J Orthod.\n2022;\n44:203\u2013209."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"451","article-title":"Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system","volume":"122","author":"Yang-Powers\n LC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yang-Powers\n LC\n , SadowskyC, RosensteinS, BeGoleEA.\n Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2002;\n122:451\u2013455."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"301","article-title":"Evaluation of the validity of tooth size and arch width measurements using conventional and three-dimensional virtual orthodontic models","volume":"73","author":"Zilberman\n O","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zilberman\n O\n , HuggareJ, ParikakisKA.\n Evaluation of the validity of tooth size and arch width measurements using conventional and three-dimensional virtual orthodontic models.\nAngle Orthod.\n2003;\n73:301\u2013306."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"259","article-title":"Three-dimensional dental measurements: an alternative to plaster models","volume":"137","author":"El-Zanaty\n HM","year":"2010","unstructured":"El-Zanaty\n HM\n , El-BeialyAR, Abou El-EzzAM, AttiaKH, El-BialyAR, MostafaYA.\n Three-dimensional dental measurements: an alternative to plaster models.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2010;\n137:259\u2013265."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Biometrics","first-page":"255","article-title":"A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"Lin\n LI.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin\n LI.\n \n \n A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility.\nBiometrics.\n1989;\n45:255\u2013268."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban","first-page":"90","article-title":"Validation of subjective and objective evaluation methods for orthodontic treatment outcome [in Chinese]","volume":"47","author":"Song\n GY","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song\n GY\n , JiangRP, ZhangXY, . Validation of subjective and objective evaluation methods for orthodontic treatment outcome [in Chinese].\nBeijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.\n2015;\n47:90\u201397."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod.","first-page":"17","article-title":"A cephalometric comparison of treatment effects and predictors of chin prominence in Class II Division 1 and 2 malocclusions with Forsus fatigue-resistant fixed functional appliance","volume":"7","author":"Michelogiannakis\n D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michelogiannakis\n D\n , RossouwPE, FishmanLS, FengC.\n A cephalometric comparison of treatment effects and predictors of chin prominence in Class II Division 1 and 2 malocclusions with Forsus fatigue-resistant fixed functional appliance.\nJ World Fed Orthod.2018;\n7:17\u201323."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Med J Armed Forces India","first-page":"220","article-title":"Efficacy of second molar to achieve anchorage control in maximum anchorage cases","volume":"66","author":"Londhe\n SM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Londhe\n SM\n , KumarP, MitraR, KotwalA.\n Efficacy of second molar to achieve anchorage control in maximum anchorage cases.\nMed J Armed Forces India.\n2010;\n66:220\u2013224."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"851","article-title":"Anteroposterior skeletofacial classification and its relationship to maxillary second molar buccopalatal angulation","volume":"90","author":"Levine\n TP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levine\n TP\n , MatthewsGJ, SalamaLA, YeeA.\n Anteroposterior skeletofacial classification and its relationship to maxillary second molar buccopalatal angulation.\nAngle Orthod.\n2020;\n90:851\u2013856."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Survival analysis of brackets and tubes: a twelve-month assessment","volume":"84","author":"Jung\n MH.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jung\n MH.\n \n \n Survival analysis of brackets and tubes: a twelve-month assessment.\nAngle Orthod.\n2014;\n84:1034\u20131040."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"507","article-title":"Effectiveness and efficiency in clinical orthodontic practice","volume":"13","author":"Rinchuse\n DJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rinchuse\n DJ\n , CozzaniM.\n Effectiveness and efficiency in clinical orthodontic practice.\nInt Orthod.\n2015;\n13:507\u2013524."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"16","article-title":"Efficiency and effectiveness of SureSmile","volume":"11","author":"Saxe\n AK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saxe\n AK\n , LouieLJ, MahJ.\n Efficiency and effectiveness of SureSmile.\nWorld J Orthod.\n2010;\n11:16\u201322."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"19","article-title":"Evidence and clinical decisions: asking the right questions to obtain clinically useful answers","author":"Proffit\n WR.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Evidence and clinical decisions: asking the right questions to obtain clinically useful answers.\nSemin Orthod.\n2013;\n19."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"274","article-title":"Clinical efficiency of LightForce 3D-printed custom brackets","volume":"57","author":"Waldman\n A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waldman\n A\n , GarvanCS, YangJ, WheelerTT.\n Clinical efficiency of LightForce 3D-printed custom brackets.\nJ Clin Orthod.2023;\n57:274\u2013282."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics e-book","author":"Proffit\n WR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR\n , FieldsHW, LarsonB, SarverDM.\n \n Contemporary Orthodontics e-book\n .\nAmsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"100","article-title":"The effect of bracket slot size on the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Vieira\n EP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vieira\n EP\n , WatanabeBS, PontesLF, MattosJN, MaiaLC, NormandoD.\n The effect of bracket slot size on the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.\nAngle Orthod.\n2018;\n88:100\u2013106."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence-based practice and the evidence pyramid: a 21st century orthodontic odyssey","volume":"152","author":"Mulimani\n PS.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mulimani\n PS.\n \n \n Evidence-based practice and the evidence pyramid: a 21st century orthodontic odyssey.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2017;\n152:1\u20138."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"American Board of Orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"589","article-title":"Objective grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs","volume":"114","author":"Casko\n JS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Casko\n JS\n , VadenJL, KokichVG, . Objective grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs.\nAmerican Board of Orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1998;\n114:589\u2013599."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Int J Dent.","first-page":"8367232","article-title":"S. Orthodontic treatment characteristics and outcomes in an educational setting","volume":"2020","author":"Al-Jewair\n T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Jewair\n T\n , RyanV, Warunek\n S. Orthodontic treatment characteristics and outcomes in an educational setting.\nInt J Dent.2020;\n2020:8367232."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Long-term clinical failure rate of molar tubes bonded with a self-etching primer","volume":"75","author":"Pandis\n N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pandis\n N\n , ChristensenL, EliadesT.\n Long-term clinical failure rate of molar tubes bonded with a self-etching primer.\nAngle Orthod.\n2005;\n75:1000\u20131002."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"203","article-title":"Effect of the timing of second molar bonding on the duration of the mandibular arch levelling: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Dritsas\n K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dritsas\n K\n , AlharbiM, KouvelisG, KloukosD, GkantidisN.\n Effect of the timing of second molar bonding on the duration of the mandibular arch levelling: a randomized clinical trial.\nEur J Orthod.\n2022;\n44:203\u2013209."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"451","article-title":"Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system","volume":"122","author":"Yang-Powers\n LC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yang-Powers\n LC\n , SadowskyC, RosensteinS, BeGoleEA.\n Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2002;\n122:451\u2013455."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"301","article-title":"Evaluation of the validity of tooth size and arch width measurements using conventional and three-dimensional virtual orthodontic models","volume":"73","author":"Zilberman\n O","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zilberman\n O\n , HuggareJ, ParikakisKA.\n Evaluation of the validity of tooth size and arch width measurements using conventional and three-dimensional virtual orthodontic models.\nAngle Orthod.\n2003;\n73:301\u2013306."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"259","article-title":"Three-dimensional dental measurements: an alternative to plaster models","volume":"137","author":"El-Zanaty\n HM","year":"2010","unstructured":"El-Zanaty\n HM\n , El-BeialyAR, Abou El-EzzAM, AttiaKH, El-BialyAR, MostafaYA.\n Three-dimensional dental measurements: an alternative to plaster models.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2010;\n137:259\u2013265."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Biometrics","first-page":"255","article-title":"A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"Lin\n LI.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin\n LI.\n \n \n A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility.\nBiometrics.\n1989;\n45:255\u2013268."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban","first-page":"90","article-title":"Validation of subjective and objective evaluation methods for orthodontic treatment outcome [in Chinese]","volume":"47","author":"Song\n GY","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song\n GY\n , JiangRP, ZhangXY, . Validation of subjective and objective evaluation methods for orthodontic treatment outcome [in Chinese].\nBeijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.\n2015;\n47:90\u201397."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod.","first-page":"17","article-title":"A cephalometric comparison of treatment effects and predictors of chin prominence in Class II Division 1 and 2 malocclusions with Forsus fatigue-resistant fixed functional appliance","volume":"7","author":"Michelogiannakis\n D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michelogiannakis\n D\n , RossouwPE, FishmanLS, FengC.\n A cephalometric comparison of treatment effects and predictors of chin prominence in Class II Division 1 and 2 malocclusions with Forsus fatigue-resistant fixed functional appliance.\nJ World Fed Orthod.2018;\n7:17\u201323."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Med J Armed Forces India","first-page":"220","article-title":"Efficacy of second molar to achieve anchorage control in maximum anchorage cases","volume":"66","author":"Londhe\n SM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Londhe\n SM\n , KumarP, MitraR, KotwalA.\n Efficacy of second molar to achieve anchorage control in maximum anchorage cases.\nMed J Armed Forces India.\n2010;\n66:220\u2013224."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"851","article-title":"Anteroposterior skeletofacial classification and its relationship to maxillary second molar buccopalatal angulation","volume":"90","author":"Levine\n TP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levine\n TP\n , MatthewsGJ, SalamaLA, YeeA.\n Anteroposterior skeletofacial classification and its relationship to maxillary second molar buccopalatal angulation.\nAngle Orthod.\n2020;\n90:851\u2013856."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Survival analysis of brackets and tubes: a twelve-month assessment","volume":"84","author":"Jung\n MH.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jung\n MH.\n \n \n Survival analysis of brackets and tubes: a twelve-month assessment.\nAngle Orthod.\n2014;\n84:1034\u20131040."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p320.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/94\/3\/320\/3359326\/i1945-7103-94-3-320.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p320.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p320.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:20:56Z","timestamp":1780064456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p320.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/071223-487.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7103","0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}