{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:51:46Z","timestamp":1787025106619,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures, which are reflective of respiratory muscle strength, in skeletal Class II patients with different growth patterns (horizontal, average, and vertical) and to correlate those with airway dimension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with a Class II skeletal base seeking orthodontic treatment were assigned to the following groups: average, horizontal, and vertical growth pattern. The control group (n = 14) comprised patients with a Class I skeletal base and average growth pattern. Airway dimensions were obtained using cone-beam computed tomography scans, and a spirometer with a pressure transducer was used for assessment of MIP and MEP. Routine spirometry for assessment of lung function was also performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant differences were found in maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures for the study groups in comparison with the control group. Class I patients had significantly greater oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airway volumes compared with the study groups. No significant difference in minimal cross-section area of the airway was observed among groups. A weak positive correlation between maximal inspiratory pressure and airway volume was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although Class I patients displayed significantly greater oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airway volumes, there was no significant difference in respiratory muscle strength or airway function between Class II patients with different growth patterns and the Class I control group. The findings underscore the significance of exploring factors beyond craniofacial growth patterns that may contribute to sleep-related breathing disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/071723-496.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T19:04:05Z","timestamp":1703703845000},"page":"328-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures in skeletal Class II patients with different growth patterns"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Hita","family":"Rangarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan Ismail","family":"Ayub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sridevi","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Br J Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.6.2.59","article-title":"Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition","volume":"6","author":"Linder-Aronson\n              S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Linder-Aronson\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition.\nBr J Orthod.\n1979;\n6(2):59\u201371. doi:10.1179\/bjo.6.2.59"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70115-D","article-title":"Growth of the pharynx and its physiologic implications","volume":"99","author":"Tourn\u00e9\n              LP.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tourn\u00e9\n              LP.\n            \n          \n          Growth of the pharynx and its physiologic implications.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1991;\n99(2):129\u2013139. doi:10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70115-D"},{"issue":"1","key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an American Association of Orthodontists white paper","volume":"156","author":"Behrents\n              RG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Behrents\n              RG\n            , ShelgikarAV, ConleyRS, . Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an American Association of Orthodontists white paper.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2019;\n156(1):13\u201328.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","series-title":"Stomatologija","first-page":"109","article-title":"The upper airway dimensions in different sagittal craniofacial patterns: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Indriksone\n              I","year":"2014","unstructured":"Indriksone\n              I\n            , JakobsoneG.\n          The upper airway dimensions in different sagittal craniofacial patterns: a systematic review.\nStomatologija.\n2014;\n16(3):109\u2013117."},{"issue":"10","key":"r5","series-title":"J Clin Exp Dent","first-page":"e1017","article-title":"Comparison of pharyngeal airway volume in different skeletal facial patterns using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"10","author":"Shokri\n              A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shokri\n              A\n            , MiresmaeiliA, AhmadiA, AminiP, Falah-KooshkiS.\n          Comparison of pharyngeal airway volume in different skeletal facial patterns using cone beam computed tomography.\nJ Clin Exp Dent.2018;\n10(10):e1017."},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12029","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway in patients with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"17","author":"Zheng\n              ZH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheng\n              ZH\n            , YamaguchiT, KuriharaA, LiHF, MakiK.\n          Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway in patients with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns.\nOrthod Craniofac Res.\n2014;\n17(1):38\u201348. doi:10.1111\/ocr.12029"},{"issue":"4","key":"r7","series-title":"PloS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95544","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095544","article-title":"A three dimensional study of upper airway in adult skeletal Class II patients with different vertical growth patterns","volume":"9","author":"Wang\n              T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang\n              T\n            , YangZ, YangF, . 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ATS\/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing.\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med.\n2002;\n166(4):518\u2013624."},{"issue":"2","key":"r22","series-title":"Egypt J Intern Med","first-page":"243","article-title":"Pulmonary function test in upper airway obstruction: a simple yet effective diagnostic test","volume":"31","author":"Panjwani\n              A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panjwani\n              A\n            , LodhaJ.\n          Pulmonary function test in upper airway obstruction: a simple yet effective diagnostic test.\nEgypt J Intern Med.2019;\n31(2):243\u2013246."},{"issue":"6","key":"r23","series-title":"Chest.","first-page":"796","article-title":"Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction by pulmonary function testing","volume":"68","author":"Rotman\n              HH","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rotman\n              HH\n            , LissHP, WegJG.\n          Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction by pulmonary function testing.\nChest.1975;\n68(6):796\u2013799."},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"101","article-title":"Reliability of upper airway assessment using CBCT","volume":"41","author":"Zimmerman\n              JN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zimmerman\n              JN\n            , VoraSR, PliskaBT.\n          Reliability of upper airway assessment using CBCT.\nEur J Orthod.\n2019;\n41(1):101\u2013108."},{"issue":"6","key":"r25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"805","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology","volume":"136","author":"Grauer\n              D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grauer\n              D\n            , CevidanesLS, StynerMA, AckermanJL, ProffitWR.\n          Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2009;\n136(6):805\u2013814."},{"issue":"5","key":"r26","series-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"656","article-title":"Exercise capacity, respiratory mechanics and posture in mouth breathers","volume":"77","author":"Okuro\n              RT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okuro\n              RT\n            , MorcilloAM, SakanoE, SchivinskiCIS, RibeiroM\u00c2GO, RibeiroJD.\n          Exercise capacity, respiratory mechanics and posture in mouth breathers.\nBraz J Otorhinolaryngol.2011;\n77(5):656\u2013662."},{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Br J Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.6.2.59","article-title":"Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition","volume":"6","author":"Linder-Aronson\n              S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Linder-Aronson\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition.\nBr J Orthod.\n1979;\n6(2):59\u201371. doi:10.1179\/bjo.6.2.59"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70115-D","article-title":"Growth of the pharynx and its physiologic implications","volume":"99","author":"Tourn\u00e9\n              LP.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tourn\u00e9\n              LP.\n            \n          \n          Growth of the pharynx and its physiologic implications.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1991;\n99(2):129\u2013139. doi:10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70115-D"},{"issue":"1","key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an American Association of Orthodontists white paper","volume":"156","author":"Behrents\n              RG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Behrents\n              RG\n            , ShelgikarAV, ConleyRS, . 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after microimplant-assisted rapid palatal expansion","volume":"89","author":"Storto\n              CJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Storto\n              CJ\n            , GarcezAS, SuzukiH, . Assessment of respiratory muscle strength and airflow before and after microimplant-assisted rapid palatal expansion.\nAngle Orthod.\n2019;\n89(5):713\u2013720. doi:10.2319\/070518-504.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"r17","series-title":"J Bras Pneumol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132015000004474","article-title":"Diagnostic methods to assess inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength","volume":"41","author":"Caruso\n              P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caruso\n              P\n            , AlbuquerqueAL, SantanaPV, . Diagnostic methods to assess inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength.\nJ Bras Pneumol.2015;\n41(2):110\u2013123. doi:10.1590\/S1806-37132015000004474"},{"issue":"5","key":"r18","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"812","article-title":"STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"108","author":"Chung\n              F","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chung\n              F\n            , YegneswaranB, LiaoP, . 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ATS\/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing.\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med.\n2002;\n166(4):518\u2013624."},{"issue":"2","key":"r22","series-title":"Egypt J Intern Med","first-page":"243","article-title":"Pulmonary function test in upper airway obstruction: a simple yet effective diagnostic test","volume":"31","author":"Panjwani\n              A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panjwani\n              A\n            , LodhaJ.\n          Pulmonary function test in upper airway obstruction: a simple yet effective diagnostic test.\nEgypt J Intern Med.2019;\n31(2):243\u2013246."},{"issue":"6","key":"r23","series-title":"Chest.","first-page":"796","article-title":"Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction by pulmonary function testing","volume":"68","author":"Rotman\n              HH","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rotman\n              HH\n            , LissHP, WegJG.\n          Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction by pulmonary function testing.\nChest.1975;\n68(6):796\u2013799."},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"101","article-title":"Reliability of upper airway assessment using CBCT","volume":"41","author":"Zimmerman\n              JN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zimmerman\n              JN\n            , VoraSR, PliskaBT.\n          Reliability of upper airway assessment using CBCT.\nEur J Orthod.\n2019;\n41(1):101\u2013108."},{"issue":"6","key":"r25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"805","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology","volume":"136","author":"Grauer\n              D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grauer\n              D\n            , CevidanesLS, StynerMA, AckermanJL, ProffitWR.\n          Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2009;\n136(6):805\u2013814."},{"issue":"5","key":"r26","series-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"656","article-title":"Exercise capacity, respiratory mechanics and posture in mouth breathers","volume":"77","author":"Okuro\n              RT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okuro\n              RT\n            , MorcilloAM, SakanoE, SchivinskiCIS, RibeiroM\u00c2GO, RibeiroJD.\n          Exercise capacity, respiratory mechanics and posture in mouth breathers.\nBraz J Otorhinolaryngol.2011;\n77(5):656\u2013662."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p328.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/94\/3\/328\/3359373\/i1945-7103-94-3-328.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p328.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p328.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:21:13Z","timestamp":1780064473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/94\/3\/article-p328.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/071723-496.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7103","0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}