{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:45:46Z","timestamp":1783763146072,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this case report, we present the treatment of a 28-year-old patient with lip incompetence and vertical maxillary excess (VME), using a combination of a midpalatal miniscrew-anchored cantilever clip appliance and submerged buccal shelf miniscrews. The patient exhibited a convex profile, long face, gummy smile, and protrusion, with a Class II skeletal relationship and mentalis strain. The patient declined conventional orthognathic surgery, leading to an orthodontic camouflage treatment plan involving extraction of four first premolars, maximum retraction, and active vertical control with skeletal anchorage devices. Treatment included the use of infrazygomatic crest miniscrews, anterior subapical miniscrews, and a cantilever clip appliance for molar intrusion, resulting in significant improvement in facial profile, reduction of gummy smile, resolution of lip incompetence, and alleviation of mentalis strain. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of a nonsurgical orthodontic intervention in managing a complex case of VME and lip incompetence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/072224-593.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T21:08:27Z","timestamp":1747343307000},"page":"243-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lip incompetence resolved by active vertical control in nonsurgical treatment of a protrusion case with vertical maxillary excess"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Johnny JL","family":"Liaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunctive Clinical Instructor, Department of Orthodontics, National Taiwan University Hospital; and Director, Beauty Forever Dental Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA; and International Scholar, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang Fang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visiting Faculty, Beauty Forever Dental Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty MY","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunctive Clinical Instructor, Department of Orthodontics, National Taiwan University Hospital; and Visiting Faculty, Beauty Forever Dental Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy WT","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visiting Faculty, Beauty Forever Dental Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel SA,\nEisenfeld J,\nBell WH,\nEpker BN,\nMishelevich DJ. The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1976;70:398\u2013408."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b02","series-title":"J Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"84","article-title":"Surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess: a re-evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Moloney","year":"1982","unstructured":"Moloney F,\nWest RA,\nMcNeill RW. Surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess: a re-evaluation. J Maxillofac Surg. 1982;10:84\u201391."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b03","series-title":"Int J Orthod","first-page":"178","article-title":"Orthodontic-orthognathic management of a patient with skeletal class II with a bimaxillary protrusion, complicated by vertical maxillary excess: a multi-faceted case report of difficult treatment management issues","volume":"18","author":"Oueis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oueis R,\nWaite PD,\nWang J,\nKau CH. Orthodontic-orthognathic management of a patient with skeletal class II with a bimaxillary protrusion, complicated by vertical maxillary excess: a multi-faceted case report of difficult treatment management issues. Int J Orthod. 2020;18:178\u2013190."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"333","article-title":"Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction","volume":"75","author":"Bills","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bills DA,\nHandelman CS,\nBeGole EA. Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:333\u2013339."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Treatment of Class II protrusion with severe crowding using indirect miniscrew anchorage","volume":"77","author":"Choi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Choi NC,\nPark YC,\nLee HA,\nLee KJ. Treatment of Class II protrusion with severe crowding using indirect miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:1109\u20131118."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310","article-title":"Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates","volume":"148","author":"Kook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook YA,\nPark JH,\nBayome M,\nSa\u2019aed NL. Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:310\u2013320."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop Clin Companion","first-page":"245","article-title":"Treatment of a high-angle protrusion case optimized with interdisciplinary approaches and TSADs","volume":"1","author":"Liaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liaw JJ,\nPark JH,\nShih IY,\nYang SY,\nTsai FF. Treatment of a high-angle protrusion case optimized with interdisciplinary approaches and TSADs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop Clin Companion. 2021;1:245\u2013258."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b08","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"234","article-title":"Determinants of successful treatment of bimaxillary protrusion: orthodontic treatment versus anterior segmental osteotomy","volume":"16","author":"Baek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baek SH,\nKim BH. Determinants of successful treatment of bimaxillary protrusion: orthodontic treatment versus anterior segmental osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:234\u2013246."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b09","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"156","article-title":"Treatment of severe bimaxillary protrusion with miniscrew anchorage: treatment and complications","volume":"24","author":"Mimura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mimura H. Treatment of severe bimaxillary protrusion with miniscrew anchorage: treatment and complications. Aust Orthod J. 2008;24:156\u2013163."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b10","series-title":"Semin Plast Surg","article-title":"Bimaxillary protrusion: an overview of the surgical-orthodontic treatment","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chu YM,\nBergeron L,\nChen YR. Bimaxillary protrusion: an overview of the surgical-orthodontic treatment. Semin Plast Surg. 2009;23:032."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"170","article-title":"Gummy smile and facial profile correction using miniscrew anchorage","volume":"82","author":"Kaku","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaku M,\nKojima S,\nSumi H, et al. Gummy smile and facial profile correction using miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:170\u2013177."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"978","article-title":"Nonsurgical correction using miniscrew-assisted vertical control of a severe high angle with mandibular retrusion and gummy smile in an adult","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang XD,\nZhang JN,\nLiu DW, et al. Nonsurgical correction using miniscrew-assisted vertical control of a severe high angle with mandibular retrusion and gummy smile in an adult. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:978\u2013988."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b13","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"285","article-title":"Treatment of skeletal-origin gummy smiles with miniscrew anchorage","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin J,\nYeh C,\nLiou E,\nBowman SJ. Treatment of skeletal-origin gummy smiles with miniscrew anchorage. J Clin Orthod. 2008;42:285."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b14","series-title":"Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics","first-page":"647","article-title":"Application of TADs in an adult gummy smile case with vertical maxillary excess","author":"Liaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liaw JJ. Application of TADs in an adult gummy smile case with vertical maxillary excess. In: \nPark JH, ed. Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2020:647\u2013660."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b15","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"The rationale of total arch intrusion for gummy smile correction","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim H,\nKeum BT,\nSeo HJ,\nPark C,\nChun JH,\nLee KJ. The rationale of total arch intrusion for gummy smile correction. Semin Orthod. 2022;28:149\u2013156."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b16","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"59","article-title":"Total intrusion and distalization of the maxillary arch to improve smile esthetics","volume":"47","author":"Baek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baek ES,\nHwang S,\nKim KH,\nChung CJ. Total intrusion and distalization of the maxillary arch to improve smile esthetics. Korean J Orthod. 2016;47:59\u201373."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b17","series-title":"Orthod Waves","first-page":"12","article-title":"Differences in dento-facial morphology in lip competence and lip incompetence","volume":"68","author":"Leonardo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leonardo SE,\nSato Y,\nKaneko T,\nYamamoto T,\nHanda K,\nIida J. Differences in dento-facial morphology in lip competence and lip incompetence. Orthod Waves. 2009;68:12\u201319."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b18","series-title":"Saudi Med J","first-page":"849","article-title":"Skeletal and dental characteristics of subjects with incompetent lips","volume":"35","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hassan AH,\nTurkistani AA,\nHassan MH. Skeletal and dental characteristics of subjects with incompetent lips. Saudi Med J. 2014;35:849\u2013854."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"241","article-title":"Surgical-orthodontic correction of vertical maxillary excess","volume":"73","author":"Fish","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fish LC,\nWolford LM,\nEpker BN. Surgical-orthodontic correction of vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:241\u2013257."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b20","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"83","article-title":"Finite-element investigation of the center of resistance of the maxillary dentition","volume":"39","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jeong GM,\nSung SJ,\nLee KJ,\nChun YS,\nMo SS. Finite-element investigation of the center of resistance of the maxillary dentition. Korean J Orthod. 2009;39:83\u201394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"266","article-title":"Distalization pattern of the maxillary arch depending on the number of orthodontic miniscrews","volume":"83","author":"Bechtold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bechtold TE,\nKim JW,\nChoi TH,\nPark YC,\nLee KJ. Distalization pattern of the maxillary arch depending on the number of orthodontic miniscrews. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:266\u2013273."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b22","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"21","article-title":"Finite-element analysis of the center of resistance of the mandibular dentition","volume":"47","author":"Jo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jo AR,\nMo SS,\nLee KJ,\nSung SJ,\nChun YS. Finite-element analysis of the center of resistance of the mandibular dentition. Korean J Orthod. 2017;47:21\u201330."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b23","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"123","article-title":"Treatment of VME using extra-alveolar TADs: quantification of treatment effects","volume":"24","author":"Alteneiji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alteneiji M,\nLiaw JJL,\nVaid NR,\nFerguson DJ,\nMakki L. Treatment of VME using extra-alveolar TADs: quantification of treatment effects. Semin Orthod. 2018;24:123\u2013134."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b24","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"423","article-title":"Treatment of an adult patient with vertical maxillary excess using miniscrew fixation","volume":"37","author":"Paik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paik CH,\nWoo YJ,\nBoyd RL. Treatment of an adult patient with vertical maxillary excess using miniscrew fixation. J Clin Orthod. 2003;37:423\u2013428."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b25","series-title":"Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics","first-page":"319","article-title":"Double arch intrusion: effective use of TADs to correct vertical excess","author":"Paik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paik CH,\nKim HH. Double arch intrusion: effective use of TADs to correct vertical excess. In: \nPark JH, ed. Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2020:319\u2013326."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"462","article-title":"Nonsurgical synergistic full-arch vertical intrusion treatment of bimaxillary protruded hyperdivergent skeletal Class II malocclusion using aligners","volume":"94","author":"Pei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pei T,\nBai X. Nonsurgical synergistic full-arch vertical intrusion treatment of bimaxillary protruded hyperdivergent skeletal Class II malocclusion using aligners. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:462\u2013472."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b27","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Upper-molar intrusion using anterior palatal anchorage and the mousetrap appliance","volume":"47","author":"Wilmes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilmes B,\nNienkemper M,\nLudwig B,\nNanda R,\nDrescher D. Upper-molar intrusion using anterior palatal anchorage and the mousetrap appliance. J Clin Orthod. 2013;47:314\u2013320."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel SA,\nEisenfeld J,\nBell WH,\nEpker BN,\nMishelevich DJ. The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1976;70:398\u2013408."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b02","series-title":"J Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"84","article-title":"Surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess: a re-evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Moloney","year":"1982","unstructured":"Moloney F,\nWest RA,\nMcNeill RW. Surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess: a re-evaluation. J Maxillofac Surg. 1982;10:84\u201391."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b03","series-title":"Int J Orthod","first-page":"178","article-title":"Orthodontic-orthognathic management of a patient with skeletal class II with a bimaxillary protrusion, complicated by vertical maxillary excess: a multi-faceted case report of difficult treatment management issues","volume":"18","author":"Oueis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oueis R,\nWaite PD,\nWang J,\nKau CH. Orthodontic-orthognathic management of a patient with skeletal class II with a bimaxillary protrusion, complicated by vertical maxillary excess: a multi-faceted case report of difficult treatment management issues. Int J Orthod. 2020;18:178\u2013190."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"333","article-title":"Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction","volume":"75","author":"Bills","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bills DA,\nHandelman CS,\nBeGole EA. Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:333\u2013339."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Treatment of Class II protrusion with severe crowding using indirect miniscrew anchorage","volume":"77","author":"Choi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Choi NC,\nPark YC,\nLee HA,\nLee KJ. Treatment of Class II protrusion with severe crowding using indirect miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:1109\u20131118."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310","article-title":"Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates","volume":"148","author":"Kook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook YA,\nPark JH,\nBayome M,\nSa\u2019aed NL. Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:310\u2013320."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop Clin Companion","first-page":"245","article-title":"Treatment of a high-angle protrusion case optimized with interdisciplinary approaches and TSADs","volume":"1","author":"Liaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liaw JJ,\nPark JH,\nShih IY,\nYang SY,\nTsai FF. Treatment of a high-angle protrusion case optimized with interdisciplinary approaches and TSADs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop Clin Companion. 2021;1:245\u2013258."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b08","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"234","article-title":"Determinants of successful treatment of bimaxillary protrusion: orthodontic treatment versus anterior segmental osteotomy","volume":"16","author":"Baek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baek SH,\nKim BH. Determinants of successful treatment of bimaxillary protrusion: orthodontic treatment versus anterior segmental osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:234\u2013246."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b09","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"156","article-title":"Treatment of severe bimaxillary protrusion with miniscrew anchorage: treatment and complications","volume":"24","author":"Mimura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mimura H. Treatment of severe bimaxillary protrusion with miniscrew anchorage: treatment and complications. Aust Orthod J. 2008;24:156\u2013163."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b10","series-title":"Semin Plast Surg","article-title":"Bimaxillary protrusion: an overview of the surgical-orthodontic treatment","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chu YM,\nBergeron L,\nChen YR. Bimaxillary protrusion: an overview of the surgical-orthodontic treatment. Semin Plast Surg. 2009;23:032."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"170","article-title":"Gummy smile and facial profile correction using miniscrew anchorage","volume":"82","author":"Kaku","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaku M,\nKojima S,\nSumi H, et al. Gummy smile and facial profile correction using miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:170\u2013177."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"978","article-title":"Nonsurgical correction using miniscrew-assisted vertical control of a severe high angle with mandibular retrusion and gummy smile in an adult","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang XD,\nZhang JN,\nLiu DW, et al. Nonsurgical correction using miniscrew-assisted vertical control of a severe high angle with mandibular retrusion and gummy smile in an adult. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:978\u2013988."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b13","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"285","article-title":"Treatment of skeletal-origin gummy smiles with miniscrew anchorage","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin J,\nYeh C,\nLiou E,\nBowman SJ. Treatment of skeletal-origin gummy smiles with miniscrew anchorage. J Clin Orthod. 2008;42:285."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b14","series-title":"Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics","first-page":"647","article-title":"Application of TADs in an adult gummy smile case with vertical maxillary excess","author":"Liaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liaw JJ. Application of TADs in an adult gummy smile case with vertical maxillary excess. In: \nPark JH, ed. Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2020:647\u2013660."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b15","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"The rationale of total arch intrusion for gummy smile correction","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim H,\nKeum BT,\nSeo HJ,\nPark C,\nChun JH,\nLee KJ. The rationale of total arch intrusion for gummy smile correction. Semin Orthod. 2022;28:149\u2013156."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b16","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"59","article-title":"Total intrusion and distalization of the maxillary arch to improve smile esthetics","volume":"47","author":"Baek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baek ES,\nHwang S,\nKim KH,\nChung CJ. Total intrusion and distalization of the maxillary arch to improve smile esthetics. Korean J Orthod. 2016;47:59\u201373."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b17","series-title":"Orthod Waves","first-page":"12","article-title":"Differences in dento-facial morphology in lip competence and lip incompetence","volume":"68","author":"Leonardo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leonardo SE,\nSato Y,\nKaneko T,\nYamamoto T,\nHanda K,\nIida J. Differences in dento-facial morphology in lip competence and lip incompetence. Orthod Waves. 2009;68:12\u201319."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b18","series-title":"Saudi Med J","first-page":"849","article-title":"Skeletal and dental characteristics of subjects with incompetent lips","volume":"35","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hassan AH,\nTurkistani AA,\nHassan MH. Skeletal and dental characteristics of subjects with incompetent lips. Saudi Med J. 2014;35:849\u2013854."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"241","article-title":"Surgical-orthodontic correction of vertical maxillary excess","volume":"73","author":"Fish","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fish LC,\nWolford LM,\nEpker BN. Surgical-orthodontic correction of vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:241\u2013257."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b20","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"83","article-title":"Finite-element investigation of the center of resistance of the maxillary dentition","volume":"39","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jeong GM,\nSung SJ,\nLee KJ,\nChun YS,\nMo SS. Finite-element investigation of the center of resistance of the maxillary dentition. Korean J Orthod. 2009;39:83\u201394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"266","article-title":"Distalization pattern of the maxillary arch depending on the number of orthodontic miniscrews","volume":"83","author":"Bechtold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bechtold TE,\nKim JW,\nChoi TH,\nPark YC,\nLee KJ. Distalization pattern of the maxillary arch depending on the number of orthodontic miniscrews. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:266\u2013273."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b22","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"21","article-title":"Finite-element analysis of the center of resistance of the mandibular dentition","volume":"47","author":"Jo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jo AR,\nMo SS,\nLee KJ,\nSung SJ,\nChun YS. Finite-element analysis of the center of resistance of the mandibular dentition. Korean J Orthod. 2017;47:21\u201330."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b23","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"123","article-title":"Treatment of VME using extra-alveolar TADs: quantification of treatment effects","volume":"24","author":"Alteneiji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alteneiji M,\nLiaw JJL,\nVaid NR,\nFerguson DJ,\nMakki L. Treatment of VME using extra-alveolar TADs: quantification of treatment effects. Semin Orthod. 2018;24:123\u2013134."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b24","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"423","article-title":"Treatment of an adult patient with vertical maxillary excess using miniscrew fixation","volume":"37","author":"Paik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paik CH,\nWoo YJ,\nBoyd RL. Treatment of an adult patient with vertical maxillary excess using miniscrew fixation. J Clin Orthod. 2003;37:423\u2013428."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b25","series-title":"Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics","first-page":"319","article-title":"Double arch intrusion: effective use of TADs to correct vertical excess","author":"Paik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paik CH,\nKim HH. Double arch intrusion: effective use of TADs to correct vertical excess. In: \nPark JH, ed. Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2020:319\u2013326."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"462","article-title":"Nonsurgical synergistic full-arch vertical intrusion treatment of bimaxillary protruded hyperdivergent skeletal Class II malocclusion using aligners","volume":"94","author":"Pei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pei T,\nBai X. Nonsurgical synergistic full-arch vertical intrusion treatment of bimaxillary protruded hyperdivergent skeletal Class II malocclusion using aligners. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:462\u2013472."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-243-b27","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Upper-molar intrusion using anterior palatal anchorage and the mousetrap appliance","volume":"47","author":"Wilmes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilmes B,\nNienkemper M,\nLudwig B,\nNanda R,\nDrescher D. Upper-molar intrusion using anterior palatal anchorage and the mousetrap appliance. 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