{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:54:10Z","timestamp":1789498450963,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the null hypothesis that fluoride intake via drinking water has no effect on orthodontic root resorption in humans after orthodontic force application for 4\u00a0weeks and 12\u00a0weeks of retention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-eight patients who required maxillary premolar extractions as part of their orthodontic treatment were selected from two cities in Turkey. These cities had a high and low fluoride concentration in public water of \u22652\u00a0pm and \u22640.05\u00a0pm, respectively. The patients were randomly separated into four groups of 12 each: group 1HH, high fluoride (\u22652\u00a0ppm) and heavy force (225\u00a0g); group 2LH, low fluoride (\u22640.05\u00a0ppm) and heavy force; group 3HL, high fluoride and light force (25\u00a0g); and group 4LL, low fluoride and light force. Light or heavy buccal tipping force was applied on the upper first premolars for 28\u00a0days. At day 28, the left premolars were extracted (positive control side); the right premolars (experimental side) were extracted after 12\u00a0weeks of retention. The samples were analyzed with microcomputed tomography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On the positive control side, under heavy force application, the high fluoride groups exhibited less root resorption (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a .015). On the experimental side, it was found that fluoride reduced the total volume of root resorption craters; however, this effect was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a .237). Moreover, the results revealed that under heavy force application experimental teeth exhibited more root resorption than positive control groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The null hypothesis could not be rejected. High fluoride intake from public water did not have a beneficial effect on the severity of root resorption after a 4-week orthodontic force application and 12\u00a0weeks of passive retention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/072512-606.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,13]],"date-time":"2012-11-13T05:05:36Z","timestamp":1352783136000},"page":"418-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of fluoride on root resorption following heavy and light orthodontic force application for 4\u00a0weeks and 12\u00a0weeks of retention"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Ersan I.","family":"Karadeniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Academic Advisor, and Acting Head, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, S & SWS LHDs Oral Health Services, and Sydney Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devrim","family":"Isci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aynur M.","family":"Sahin-Saglam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Inci-Dent Dental Hospital, Isparta, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huseyin","family":"Alkis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Elekdag-Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ali","family":"Darendeliler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney; Department of Orthodontics, S & SWS LHDs Oral Health Services, and Sydney Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Transition and determinants of orthodontic root resorption-repair sequence","volume":"17","author":"Brudvik\n              P ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brudvik\n              P , \n            \n              Rygh\n              P . \n          \n          Transition and determinants of orthodontic root resorption-repair sequence . Eur J Orthod . 1995 ;17 :177 \u2013188 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"120","article-title":"Repair process of external root resorption subsequent to palatal expansion treatment","volume":"103","author":"Vardimon\n              AD ,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vardimon\n              AD , \n            \n              Graber\n              TM , \n            \n              Pitaru\n              S . \n          \n          Repair process of external root resorption subsequent to palatal expansion treatment . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1993 ;103 :120 \u2013130 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"630","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion and external root resorption in man: a scanning electron microscope study","volume":"79","author":"Barber\n              AF ,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barber\n              AF , \n            \n              Sims\n              MR . \n          \n          Rapid maxillary expansion and external root resorption in man: a scanning electron microscope study . Am J Orthod . 1981 ;79 :630 \u2013652 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","article-title":"Repair of root resorption four and eight weeks following the application of continuous light and heavy forces on human premolars for four weeks: a histology study","author":"Cheng\n              LL ,","year":"2011 In Press","unstructured":"Cheng\n              LL , \n            \n              Turk\n              T , \n            \n              Elekdag-Turk\n              S , \n            \n              Jones\n              AS , \n            \n              Yu\n              Y , \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA . \n          \n          Repair of root resorption four and eight weeks following the application of continuous light and heavy forces on human premolars for four weeks: a histology study . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2011 In Press ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"189","article-title":"The repair of orthodontic root resorption: an ultrastructural study","volume":"17","author":"Brudvik\n              P ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brudvik\n              P , \n            \n              Rygh\n              P . \n          \n          The repair of orthodontic root resorption: an ultrastructural study . Eur J Orthod . 1995 ;17 :189 \u2013198 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b06","series-title":"Fluoride in Dentistry","first-page":"69","article-title":"Fluoride in teeth and bone","author":"Robinson\n              C ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robinson\n              C , \n            \n              Kirkham\n              J , \n            \n              Weatherell\n              JA . \n          \n          Fluoride in teeth and bone . In : FejerskovOEJ , BurtBA , eds . Fluoride in Dentistry . Copenhagen, Denmark : Munksgaard Textbook ; 1996 :69 \u201383 ."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b07","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"S169","article-title":"Fluoride effects on bone crystals","volume":"5","author":"Grynpas\n              MD .","year":"1990","unstructured":"Grynpas\n              MD . \n          \n          Fluoride effects on bone crystals . J Bone Miner Res . 1990 ;5(suppl 1) :S169 \u2013S175 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b08","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"452","article-title":"Fluoride concentration of surface enamel, cementum, lamina dura, and subperiosteal bone from the mandibular angle of Hebrews","volume":"44","author":"Gedalia\n              I ,","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gedalia\n              I , \n            \n              Nathan\n              H , \n            \n              Schapira\n              J , \n            \n              Haas\n              N , \n            \n              Feldmann\n              J . \n          \n          Fluoride concentration of surface enamel, cementum, lamina dura, and subperiosteal bone from the mandibular angle of Hebrews . J Dent Res . 1965 ;44 :452 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b09","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"697","article-title":"Fluoride concentration of dental alculus, surface enamel and cementum","volume":"8","author":"Yardeni\n              J ,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Yardeni\n              J , \n            \n              Gedalia\n              I , \n            \n              Kohn\n              M . \n          \n          Fluoride concentration of dental alculus, surface enamel and cementum . Arch Oral Biol . 1963 ;8 :697 \u2013701 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b10","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"910","article-title":"Modified diffusion method for analysis of fluoride","volume":"41","author":"Singer\n              L ,","year":"1962","unstructured":"Singer\n              L , \n            \n              Armstrong\n              WD . \n          \n          Modified diffusion method for analysis of fluoride . J Dent Res . 1962 ;41 :910 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b11","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Chemistry of human dental cementum: the effect of age and fluoride exposure on the concentration of ash, fluoride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium","volume":"43","author":"Nakata\n              TM ,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nakata\n              TM , \n            \n              Stepnick\n              RJ , \n            \n              Zipkin\n              I . \n          \n          Chemistry of human dental cementum: the effect of age and fluoride exposure on the concentration of ash, fluoride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium . J Periodontol . 1972 ;43 :115 \u2013124 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b12","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"45","article-title":"The effects of age and fluoride exposure on fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of human cementum","volume":"46","author":"Stepnick\n              RJ ,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Stepnick\n              RJ , \n            \n              Nakata\n              TM , \n            \n              Zipkin\n              I . \n          \n          The effects of age and fluoride exposure on fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of human cementum . J Periodontol . 1975 ;46 :45 \u201350 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b13","series-title":"Science","first-page":"330","article-title":"Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone-forming cells","volume":"222","author":"Farley\n              JR ,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Farley\n              JR , \n            \n              Wergedal\n              JE , \n            \n              Baylink\n              DJ . \n          \n          Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone-forming cells . Science . 1983 ;222 :330 \u2013332 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b14","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"77","article-title":"Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits","volume":"61","author":"Turner\n              CH ,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Turner\n              CH , \n            \n              Garetto\n              LP , \n            \n              Dunipace\n              AJ , \n            et al . \n          Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits . Calcif Tissue Int . 1997 ;61 :77 \u201383 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b15","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"843","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone resorption via a Na-Ca exchange mechanism","volume":"287","author":"Krieger\n              NS ,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Krieger\n              NS , \n            \n              Tashjian\n              AH\n              Jr . \n          \n          Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone resorption via a Na-Ca exchange mechanism . Nature . 1980 ;287 :843 \u2013845 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e299","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 21. Extent of root resorption after the application of 2.5 degrees and 15 degrees tips for 4\u00a0weeks: a microcomputed tomography study","volume":"140","author":"King\n              AD ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"King\n              AD , \n            \n              Turk\n              T , \n            \n              Colak\n              C , \n            \n              Elekdag-Turk\n              S , \n            \n              Jones\n              AS , \n            \n              Petocz\n              P , \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA . \n          \n          Physical properties of root cementum: part 21. Extent of root resorption after the application of 2.5 degrees and 15 degrees tips for 4\u00a0weeks: a microcomputed tomography study . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2011 ;140 :e299 \u2013e305 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"34","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 9. Effect of systemic fluoride intake on root resorption in rats","volume":"131","author":"Foo\n              M ,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foo\n              M , \n            \n              Jones\n              A , \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA . \n          \n          Physical properties of root cementum: part 9. Effect of systemic fluoride intake on root resorption in rats . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2007 ;131 :34 \u20133 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"196","article-title":"Effects of fluoride intake on orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption","volume":"139","author":"Gonzales\n              C ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gonzales\n              C , \n            \n              Hotokezaka\n              H , \n            \n              Karadeniz\n              EI , \n            \n              Miyazaki\n              T , \n            \n              Kobayashi\n              E , \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA , \n            \n              Yoshida\n              N . \n          \n          Effects of fluoride intake on orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2011 ;139 :196 \u2013205 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e193","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 15. Analysis of elemental composition by using proton-induced x-ray and gamma-ray emissions in orthodontically induced root resorption craters of rat molar cementum after exposure to systemic fluoride","volume":"139","author":"Lim\n              E ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lim\n              E , \n            \n              Belton\n              D , \n            \n              Petocz\n              P , \n            \n              Arora\n              M , \n            \n              Cheng\n              LL , \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA . \n          \n          Physical properties of root cementum: part 15. Analysis of elemental composition by using proton-induced x-ray and gamma-ray emissions in orthodontically induced root resorption craters of rat molar cementum after exposure to systemic fluoride . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2011 ;139 :e193 \u2013e202 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Orthodontic root resorption studied by electron microscopy","volume":"47","author":"Rygh\n              P .","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rygh\n              P . \n          \n          Orthodontic root resorption studied by electron microscopy . Angle Orthod . 1977 ;47 :1 \u201316 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b21","series-title":"Int J Orthod","first-page":"331","article-title":"Tissue changes incident to orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"18","author":"Schwartz\n              AM .","year":"1932","unstructured":"Schwartz\n              AM . \n          \n          Tissue changes incident to orthodontic tooth movement . Int J Orthod . 1932 ;18 :331 \u2013352 ."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"320.e1","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 13. Repair of root resorption 4 and 8\u00a0weeks after the application of continuous light and heavy forces for 4\u00a0weeks: a microcomputed-tomography study","volume":"136","author":"Cheng\n              LL ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng\n              LL , \n            \n              Turk\n              T , \n            \n              Elekdag-Turk\n              S , \n            \n              Jones\n              AS , \n            \n              Petocz\n              P , \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA . \n          \n          Physical properties of root cementum: part 13. Repair of root resorption 4 and 8\u00a0weeks after the application of continuous light and heavy forces for 4\u00a0weeks: a microcomputed-tomography study . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2009 ;136(3) :320.e1 \u2013e10; discussion 20\u201321 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b23","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques","first-page":"145","article-title":"Tissue reactions in orthodontics","author":"Thilander\n              B ,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thilander\n              B , \n            \n              Rygh\n              P , \n            \n              Reitan\n              K . \n          \n          Tissue reactions in orthodontics . In : GraberT , VanarsdallRL , eds . Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques . St Louis, Mo : Mosby ; 2005 :145 \u2013219 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"223","article-title":"The effects of pregnancy and fluoride on orthodontic tooth movements in rats","volume":"13","author":"Hellsing\n              E ,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hellsing\n              E , \n            \n              Hammarstrom\n              L . \n          \n          The effects of pregnancy and fluoride on orthodontic tooth movements in rats . Eur J Orthod . 1991 ;13 :223 \u2013230 ."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b25","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"S115","article-title":"The effects of sodium fluoride on the resorptive activity of isolated osteoclasts","volume":"5","author":"Okuda\n              A ,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Okuda\n              A , \n            \n              Kanehisa\n              J , \n            \n              Heersche\n              JN . \n          \n          The effects of sodium fluoride on the resorptive activity of isolated osteoclasts . J Bone Miner Res . 1990 ;5(suppl 1) :S115 \u2013S120 ."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b26","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"S121","article-title":"The effect of fluoride on the resorption of dentine by osteoclasts in vitro","volume":"5","author":"Taylor\n              ML ,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Taylor\n              ML , \n            \n              Maconnachie\n              E , \n            \n              Frank\n              K , \n            \n              Boyde\n              A , \n            \n              Jones\n              SJ . \n          \n          The effect of fluoride on the resorption of dentine by osteoclasts in vitro . J Bone Miner Res . 1990 ;5(suppl 1) :S121 \u2013S130 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Transition and determinants of orthodontic root resorption-repair sequence","volume":"17","author":"Brudvik\n              P ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brudvik\n              P , \n            \n              Rygh\n              P . \n          \n          Transition and determinants of orthodontic root resorption-repair sequence . Eur J Orthod . 1995 ;17 :177 \u2013188 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"120","article-title":"Repair process of external root resorption subsequent to palatal expansion treatment","volume":"103","author":"Vardimon\n              AD ,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vardimon\n              AD , \n            \n              Graber\n              TM , \n            \n              Pitaru\n              S . \n          \n          Repair process of external root resorption subsequent to palatal expansion treatment . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1993 ;103 :120 \u2013130 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"630","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion and external root resorption in man: a scanning electron microscope study","volume":"79","author":"Barber\n              AF ,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barber\n              AF , \n            \n              Sims\n              MR . \n          \n          Rapid maxillary expansion and external root resorption in man: a scanning electron microscope study . Am J Orthod . 1981 ;79 :630 \u2013652 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","article-title":"Repair of root resorption four and eight weeks following the application of continuous light and heavy forces on human premolars for four weeks: a histology study","author":"Cheng\n              LL ,","year":"2011 In Press","unstructured":"Cheng\n              LL , \n            \n              Turk\n              T , \n            \n              Elekdag-Turk\n              S , \n            \n              Jones\n              AS , \n            \n              Yu\n              Y , \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA . \n          \n          Repair of root resorption four and eight weeks following the application of continuous light and heavy forces on human premolars for four weeks: a histology study . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2011 In Press ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"189","article-title":"The repair of orthodontic root resorption: an ultrastructural study","volume":"17","author":"Brudvik\n              P ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brudvik\n              P , \n            \n              Rygh\n              P . \n          \n          The repair of orthodontic root resorption: an ultrastructural study . Eur J Orthod . 1995 ;17 :189 \u2013198 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b06","series-title":"Fluoride in Dentistry","first-page":"69","article-title":"Fluoride in teeth and bone","author":"Robinson\n              C ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robinson\n              C , \n            \n              Kirkham\n              J , \n            \n              Weatherell\n              JA . \n          \n          Fluoride in teeth and bone . In : FejerskovOEJ , BurtBA , eds . Fluoride in Dentistry . Copenhagen, Denmark : Munksgaard Textbook ; 1996 :69 \u201383 ."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b07","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"S169","article-title":"Fluoride effects on bone crystals","volume":"5","author":"Grynpas\n              MD .","year":"1990","unstructured":"Grynpas\n              MD . \n          \n          Fluoride effects on bone crystals . J Bone Miner Res . 1990 ;5(suppl 1) :S169 \u2013S175 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b08","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"452","article-title":"Fluoride concentration of surface enamel, cementum, lamina dura, and subperiosteal bone from the mandibular angle of Hebrews","volume":"44","author":"Gedalia\n              I ,","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gedalia\n              I , \n            \n              Nathan\n              H , \n            \n              Schapira\n              J , \n            \n              Haas\n              N , \n            \n              Feldmann\n              J . \n          \n          Fluoride concentration of surface enamel, cementum, lamina dura, and subperiosteal bone from the mandibular angle of Hebrews . J Dent Res . 1965 ;44 :452 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b09","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"697","article-title":"Fluoride concentration of dental alculus, surface enamel and cementum","volume":"8","author":"Yardeni\n              J ,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Yardeni\n              J , \n            \n              Gedalia\n              I , \n            \n              Kohn\n              M . \n          \n          Fluoride concentration of dental alculus, surface enamel and cementum . Arch Oral Biol . 1963 ;8 :697 \u2013701 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b10","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"910","article-title":"Modified diffusion method for analysis of fluoride","volume":"41","author":"Singer\n              L ,","year":"1962","unstructured":"Singer\n              L , \n            \n              Armstrong\n              WD . \n          \n          Modified diffusion method for analysis of fluoride . J Dent Res . 1962 ;41 :910 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b11","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Chemistry of human dental cementum: the effect of age and fluoride exposure on the concentration of ash, fluoride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium","volume":"43","author":"Nakata\n              TM ,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nakata\n              TM , \n            \n              Stepnick\n              RJ , \n            \n              Zipkin\n              I . \n          \n          Chemistry of human dental cementum: the effect of age and fluoride exposure on the concentration of ash, fluoride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium . J Periodontol . 1972 ;43 :115 \u2013124 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b12","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"45","article-title":"The effects of age and fluoride exposure on fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of human cementum","volume":"46","author":"Stepnick\n              RJ ,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Stepnick\n              RJ , \n            \n              Nakata\n              TM , \n            \n              Zipkin\n              I . \n          \n          The effects of age and fluoride exposure on fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of human cementum . J Periodontol . 1975 ;46 :45 \u201350 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b13","series-title":"Science","first-page":"330","article-title":"Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone-forming cells","volume":"222","author":"Farley\n              JR ,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Farley\n              JR , \n            \n              Wergedal\n              JE , \n            \n              Baylink\n              DJ . \n          \n          Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone-forming cells . Science . 1983 ;222 :330 \u2013332 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-418-b14","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"77","article-title":"Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits","volume":"61","author":"Turner\n              CH ,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Turner\n              CH , \n            \n              Garetto\n              LP , \n            \n              Dunipace\n              AJ , \n            et al . \n          Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits . 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