{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1780484474373,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Objective: To assess the position of the glenoid fossa in subjects with Class II malocclusion associated with mandibular retrusion and normal mandibular size in the mixed dentition.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Materials and Methods: A sample of 30 subjects (16 male, 14 female), age 9 years \u00b1 6 months, with skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion associated with mandibular retrusion, normal skeletal vertical relationships, and normal mandibular dimensions, was compared with a matched group of 37 subjects (18 male, 19 female) with skeletal and dental Class I relationships. The comparisons between the Class II group and the control group on the cephalometric measures for the assessment of glenoid fossa position were performed by means of a nonparametric test for independent samples (Mann-Whitney U-test, P &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Subjects with Class II malocclusion presented with a significantly more distal position of the glenoid fossa, when compared with the control group as measured by means of three parameters (GF-S on FH, GF-Ptm on FH, and GF-FMN).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions: A posteriorly displaced glenoid fossa is a possible diagnostic feature of Class II malocclusion associated with mandibular retrusion. An effective cephalometric measurement to evaluate glenoid fossa position is the distance from the glenoid fossa to the frontomaxillonasal suture (GF-FMN).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/073007-353.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]],"date-time":"2008-02-25T21:16:19Z","timestamp":1203974179000},"page":"808-812","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Glenoid Fossa Position in Class II Malocclusion Associated with Mandibular Retrusion"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Veronica","family":"Giuntini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a\u2009Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura De","family":"Toffol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"b\u2009Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Franchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"c\u2009Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Baccetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"d\u2009Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b1","article-title":"Handbook of Orthodontics. 4th ed.","author":"Moyers"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b2","first-page":"250","article-title":"The cranial base as an etiological factor in malocclusion.","volume":"38","author":"Hopkin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(72)90177-7","article-title":"Some relationships between the glenoid fossa position and various skeletal discrepancies.","volume":"61","author":"Droel","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/24.1.55","article-title":"Glenoid fossa position in different facial types: a cephalometric study.","volume":"24","author":"Baccetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b5","first-page":"154","article-title":"Research studies on the temporomandibular joint: their interpretation and application to clinical practice.","volume":"22","author":"Boman","year":"1952","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90411-2","article-title":"The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodelling.","volume":"92","author":"Woodside","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70166-0","article-title":"Long-term TMJ effects of Herbst treatment: a clinical and MRI study.","volume":"114","author":"Ruf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b8","first-page":"647","article-title":"The effect of mandibular protrusive (activator) appliances on articular eminence morphology.","volume":"73","author":"Katsavrias","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.6.657","article-title":"Morphological changes of the TMJ condyles of 100 patients treated with the Herbst appliance in the period of puberty to adulthood: a long-term radiographic study.","volume":"19","author":"Paulsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(55)90005-1","article-title":"Cranial base development.","volume":"41","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b11","first-page":"37","article-title":"Correlations among craniofacial angles and dimensions in Class I and Class II malocclusions.","volume":"59","author":"Anderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330770209","article-title":"Cranial base and jaw relationship.","volume":"77","author":"Kerr","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/14.3.224","article-title":"The cranial base in subjects with dental and skeletal Class II.","volume":"14","author":"Bacon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b14","first-page":"577","article-title":"An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion.","volume":"76","author":"Reyes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035968","article-title":"The relation between mandibular configuration and the shape of the glenoid fossa in the human.","volume":"11","author":"Kantomaa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b16","article-title":"A Manual of Facial Growth.","author":"Bathia"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b17","article-title":"Timing of Class II treatment: rationale, methods and early results of an ongoing randomized clinical trial.","author":"Keeling"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(76)90318-3","article-title":"Application of the \u201cWits\u201d appraisal.","volume":"70","author":"Jacobson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b19","first-page":"97","article-title":"The assessment of anteroposterior dysplasia.","volume":"17","author":"Wylie","year":"1947","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120434425900_i0003-3219-078-05-0808-b20","article-title":"Functional analysis.","author":"Graber"}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/78\/5\/808\/1388988\/073007-353_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/78\/5\/808\/1388988\/073007-353_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T16:03:00Z","timestamp":1746633780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/78\/5\/article-p808.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/073007-353.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]}}}