{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:46:01Z","timestamp":1790178361643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate short- and long-term mandibular dental arch changes in patients treated with a lip bumper during the mixed dentition followed by fixed appliances, compared with a matched control sample.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n Dental casts and lateral cephalograms obtained from 31 consecutively treated patients before (T\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n ) and after (T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n ) lip bumper, after fixed appliances (T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), and a minimum of 3 years after fixed appliances (T\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) were analyzed. The control group was matched as closely as possible. Arch width, arch perimeter, arch length, and incisor proclination were evaluated. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze changes in measurements over all four time points between treatment and control groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n Arch widths and crowding were always significantly different except at T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n . At T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212T\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n , only crowding decreased 3.2 mm while intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths increased by 3.8, 3.3, and 3.9 mm, respectively. Changes at T\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212T\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n showed a significant decrease of 2.1 mm for crowding and an increase of 3.5, 2.9, 2.7, and 0.8 mm for intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths and arch perimeter, respectively. Finally, at T\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n \u2212T\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n , the reduction in crowding of 5.03 mm was significant and clinically important in the treated group. The differences between intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths were also significant (2.1, 3.8, and 3.6 mm, respectively). All those differences favored the treated group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Mandibular dental arch dimensions were significantly changed after lip bumper treatment. At follow-up, all arch widths were slightly decreased, generating an increase of 0.4 mm in crowding, considered clinically irrelevant. Overall changes remained stable after an average 6.3-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/073015-519.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T11:59:33Z","timestamp":1452859173000},"page":"753-760","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Short- and long-term evaluation of mandibular dental arch dimensional changes in patients treated with a lip bumper during mixed dentition followed by fixed appliances"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Gaetana","family":"Raucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Orthodontic Student, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Pach\u00eaco-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Elyasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, Orthodontic Graduate Program, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"d\u2019Apuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Flores-Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Orthodontic Graduate Program Director, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Perillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Head of Orthodontic Unit and Chair of Postgraduate Program, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r1","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"67","article-title":"Stability of Class II subdivision malocclusion treatment with 3 and 4 premolar extractions","volume":"15","author":"Janson\n G,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janson\n G, \n \n Araki\n J, \n \n Estelita\n S, \n \n Camardella\n LT.\n \n \n Stability of Class II subdivision malocclusion treatment with 3 and 4 premolar extractions. Prog Orthod. 2014;15:67."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"Long-term stability of lip bumper therapy followed by fixed appliance","volume":"76","author":"Solomon\n MJ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Solomon\n MJ, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Magness\n WB, \n \n McKee\n CJ.\n \n \n Long-term stability of lip bumper therapy followed by fixed appliance. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:36\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment","volume":"113","author":"O\u2019Donnell\n S,","year":"1998","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell\n S, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Ghosh\n J.\n \n \n Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:247\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"52","article-title":"The effects of lip bumper therapy in the mixed dentition","volume":"111","author":"Davidovitch\n M,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davidovitch\n M, \n \n McInnis\n D, \n \n Lindauer\n SJ.\n \n \n The effects of lip bumper therapy in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:52\u201358."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r5","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"18","article-title":"Non extraction short-term arch changes","volume":"5","author":"Ferro\n F,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferro\n F, \n \n Perillo\n L, \n \n Ferro\n A.\n \n \n Non extraction short-term arch changes. Prog Orthod. 2004;5:18\u201343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"57","article-title":"An evaluation of buccal shield treatment: a clinical and cephalometric study","volume":"77","author":"Moin\n K,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moin\n K, \n \n Bishara\n SE.\n \n \n An evaluation of buccal shield treatment: a clinical and cephalometric study. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:57\u201363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"396","article-title":"A longitudinal study of incremental expansion using a mandibular lip bumper","volume":"73","author":"Murphy\n CC,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murphy\n CC, \n \n Magness\n WB, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Frazier-Bowers\n SA, \n \n Salas\n AM.\n \n \n A longitudinal study of incremental expansion using a mandibular lip bumper. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:396\u2013400."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r8","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"25","article-title":"The effect of a maxillary lip bumper on tooth position","volume":"22","author":"Hasler\n R,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hasler\n R, \n \n Ingervall\n B.\n \n \n The effect of a maxillary lip bumper on tooth position. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:25\u201332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"175","article-title":"Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth","volume":"48","author":"Profitt\n WR.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Profitt\n WR.\n \n \n Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth. Angle Orthod. 1978;48:175\u2013186."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions","volume":"135","author":"Hashish\n DI,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hashish\n DI, \n \n Mostafa\n YA.\n \n \n Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;135:106\u2013109."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"13","article-title":"Skeletodental changes in the adolescent accruing from use of the lip bumper","volume":"64","author":"Werner\n SP,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Werner\n SP, \n \n Shivapuja\n PK, \n \n Harris\n EF.\n \n \n Skeletodental changes in the adolescent accruing from use of the lip bumper. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:13\u201322."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Treatment effects and short-term relapse of maxillomandibular expansion during the early to mid mixed dentition","volume":"131","author":"Vargo\n J,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vargo\n J, \n \n Buschang\n PH, \n \n Boley\n JC, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Behrents\n RG, \n \n Owen\n AH\n III. \n \n Treatment effects and short-term relapse of maxillomandibular expansion during the early to mid mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:456\u2013463."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310","article-title":"Long-term stability of combined rapid palatal expansion-lip bumper therapy followed by full fixed appliances","volume":"128","author":"Ferris\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferris\n T, \n \n Alexander\n RG, \n \n Boley\n J, \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Long-term stability of combined rapid palatal expansion-lip bumper therapy followed by full fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:310\u2013325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"683","article-title":"Maxillary arch changes with transpalatal arch treatment followed by full fixed appliances","volume":"85","author":"Raucci\n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raucci\n G, \n \n Pach\u00eaco-Pereira\n C, \n \n Grassia\n V, \n \n d\u2019Apuzzo\n F, \n \n Flores-Mir\n C, \n \n Perillo\n L.\n \n \n Maxillary arch changes with transpalatal arch treatment followed by full fixed appliances. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:683\u2013689."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r15","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"94","article-title":"Predictors of long-term stability of maxillary dental arch dimensions in patients treated with a transpalatal arch followed by fixed appliances","volume":"16","author":"Raucci\n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raucci\n G, \n \n Elyasi\n M, \n \n Pach\u00eaco-Pereira\n C, \n et al\n . Predictors of long-term stability of maxillary dental arch dimensions in patients treated with a transpalatal arch followed by fixed appliances. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:94."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little\n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little\n RM.\n \n \n The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r17","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopaedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopaedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"194","article-title":"Arch perimeter changes on rapid palatal expansion","volume":"97","author":"Adkins\n MD,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Adkins\n MD, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Currier\n GF.\n \n \n Arch perimeter changes on rapid palatal expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;97:194\u2013199."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"10","article-title":"Arch width development in Class II patients treated with the Frankel appliance","volume":"82","author":"McDougall\n PD,","year":"1982","unstructured":"McDougall\n PD, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr, \n \n Dierkes\n MJ.\n \n \n Arch width development in Class II patients treated with the Frankel appliance. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:10\u201322."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r20","series-title":"Am J Orthod and Oral Surg","first-page":"175","article-title":"The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle in orthodontic diagnosis, classification, treatment planning, and prognosis","volume":"32","author":"Tweed\n CH.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Tweed\n CH.\n \n \n The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle in orthodontic diagnosis, classification, treatment planning, and prognosis. Am J Orthod and Oral Surg. 1946;32:175\u2013230."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r1","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"67","article-title":"Stability of Class II subdivision malocclusion treatment with 3 and 4 premolar extractions","volume":"15","author":"Janson\n G,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janson\n G, \n \n Araki\n J, \n \n Estelita\n S, \n \n Camardella\n LT.\n \n \n Stability of Class II subdivision malocclusion treatment with 3 and 4 premolar extractions. Prog Orthod. 2014;15:67."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"Long-term stability of lip bumper therapy followed by fixed appliance","volume":"76","author":"Solomon\n MJ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Solomon\n MJ, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Magness\n WB, \n \n McKee\n CJ.\n \n \n Long-term stability of lip bumper therapy followed by fixed appliance. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:36\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment","volume":"113","author":"O\u2019Donnell\n S,","year":"1998","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell\n S, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Ghosh\n J.\n \n \n Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:247\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"52","article-title":"The effects of lip bumper therapy in the mixed dentition","volume":"111","author":"Davidovitch\n M,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davidovitch\n M, \n \n McInnis\n D, \n \n Lindauer\n SJ.\n \n \n The effects of lip bumper therapy in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:52\u201358."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r5","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"18","article-title":"Non extraction short-term arch changes","volume":"5","author":"Ferro\n F,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferro\n F, \n \n Perillo\n L, \n \n Ferro\n A.\n \n \n Non extraction short-term arch changes. Prog Orthod. 2004;5:18\u201343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"57","article-title":"An evaluation of buccal shield treatment: a clinical and cephalometric study","volume":"77","author":"Moin\n K,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moin\n K, \n \n Bishara\n SE.\n \n \n An evaluation of buccal shield treatment: a clinical and cephalometric study. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:57\u201363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"396","article-title":"A longitudinal study of incremental expansion using a mandibular lip bumper","volume":"73","author":"Murphy\n CC,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murphy\n CC, \n \n Magness\n WB, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Frazier-Bowers\n SA, \n \n Salas\n AM.\n \n \n A longitudinal study of incremental expansion using a mandibular lip bumper. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:396\u2013400."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r8","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"25","article-title":"The effect of a maxillary lip bumper on tooth position","volume":"22","author":"Hasler\n R,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hasler\n R, \n \n Ingervall\n B.\n \n \n The effect of a maxillary lip bumper on tooth position. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:25\u201332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"175","article-title":"Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth","volume":"48","author":"Profitt\n WR.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Profitt\n WR.\n \n \n Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth. Angle Orthod. 1978;48:175\u2013186."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions","volume":"135","author":"Hashish\n DI,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hashish\n DI, \n \n Mostafa\n YA.\n \n \n Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;135:106\u2013109."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"13","article-title":"Skeletodental changes in the adolescent accruing from use of the lip bumper","volume":"64","author":"Werner\n SP,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Werner\n SP, \n \n Shivapuja\n PK, \n \n Harris\n EF.\n \n \n Skeletodental changes in the adolescent accruing from use of the lip bumper. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:13\u201322."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Treatment effects and short-term relapse of maxillomandibular expansion during the early to mid mixed dentition","volume":"131","author":"Vargo\n J,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vargo\n J, \n \n Buschang\n PH, \n \n Boley\n JC, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Behrents\n RG, \n \n Owen\n AH\n III. \n \n Treatment effects and short-term relapse of maxillomandibular expansion during the early to mid mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:456\u2013463."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310","article-title":"Long-term stability of combined rapid palatal expansion-lip bumper therapy followed by full fixed appliances","volume":"128","author":"Ferris\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferris\n T, \n \n Alexander\n RG, \n \n Boley\n J, \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Long-term stability of combined rapid palatal expansion-lip bumper therapy followed by full fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:310\u2013325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"683","article-title":"Maxillary arch changes with transpalatal arch treatment followed by full fixed appliances","volume":"85","author":"Raucci\n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raucci\n G, \n \n Pach\u00eaco-Pereira\n C, \n \n Grassia\n V, \n \n d\u2019Apuzzo\n F, \n \n Flores-Mir\n C, \n \n Perillo\n L.\n \n \n Maxillary arch changes with transpalatal arch treatment followed by full fixed appliances. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:683\u2013689."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r15","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"94","article-title":"Predictors of long-term stability of maxillary dental arch dimensions in patients treated with a transpalatal arch followed by fixed appliances","volume":"16","author":"Raucci\n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raucci\n G, \n \n Elyasi\n M, \n \n Pach\u00eaco-Pereira\n C, \n et al\n . Predictors of long-term stability of maxillary dental arch dimensions in patients treated with a transpalatal arch followed by fixed appliances. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:94."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little\n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little\n RM.\n \n \n The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r17","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopaedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopaedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"194","article-title":"Arch perimeter changes on rapid palatal expansion","volume":"97","author":"Adkins\n MD,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Adkins\n MD, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Currier\n GF.\n \n \n Arch perimeter changes on rapid palatal expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;97:194\u2013199."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"10","article-title":"Arch width development in Class II patients treated with the Frankel appliance","volume":"82","author":"McDougall\n PD,","year":"1982","unstructured":"McDougall\n PD, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr, \n \n Dierkes\n MJ.\n \n \n Arch width development in Class II patients treated with the Frankel appliance. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:10\u201322."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-753-r20","series-title":"Am J Orthod and Oral Surg","first-page":"175","article-title":"The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle in orthodontic diagnosis, classification, treatment planning, and prognosis","volume":"32","author":"Tweed\n CH.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Tweed\n CH.\n \n \n The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle in orthodontic diagnosis, classification, treatment planning, and prognosis. 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