{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:07:39Z","timestamp":1780070859979,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To compare the pattern and amount of stress and displacement during maxillary sagittal distraction osteogenesis (DO) between a patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and a noncleft patient.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Three-dimensional finite element models for both skulls were constructed. Displacements of the surface landmarks and stress distributions in the circummaxillary sutures were analyzed after an anterior displacement of 6\u00a0mm was loaded to the elements where the inferior plates of the distractor were assumed to be fixed and were below the Le Fort I osteotomy line.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n In sagittal plane, more forward movement was found on the noncleft side in the UCLP model (\u22126.401\u00a0mm on cleft side and \u22126.651\u00a0mm on noncleft side for the central incisor region). However, similar amounts of forward movement were seen in the control model. In the vertical plane, a clockwise rotation occurred in the UCLP model, whereas a counterclockwise rotation was seen in the control model. The mathematical UCLP model also showed higher stress values on the sutura nasomaxillaris, frontonasalis, and zygomatiomaxillaris on the cleft side than on the normal side.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Not only did the sagittal distraction forces produce advancement forces at the intermaxillary sutures, but more stress was also present on the sutura nasomaxillaris, sutura frontonasalis, and sutura zygomaticomaxillaris on the cleft side than on the noncleft side.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/080613-586.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]],"date-time":"2014-02-19T10:58:48Z","timestamp":1392807528000},"page":"815-824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biomechanical evaluation of sagittal maxillary internal distraction osteogenesis in unilateral cleft lip and palate patient and noncleft patients: A three-dimensional finite element analysis"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Sultan","family":"Olmez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servet","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmut","family":"Pekedis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b01","series-title":"Cleft Palate J","first-page":"5","article-title":"Treatment variables affecting facial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"24","author":"Ross\n RB.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ross\n RB. \n \n Treatment variables affecting facial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate J. 1987;24:5\u201377."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b02","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"14","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cleft maxillary osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Cheung\n LK,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cheung\n LK, \n \n Chua\n HDP. \n \n A meta-analysis of cleft maxillary osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:14\u201324."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b03","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"265","article-title":"A retrospective study of the stability of midface osteotomies in cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"27","author":"Adlam\n DM,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Adlam\n DM, \n \n Yau\n CK, \n \n Banks\n P. \n \n A retrospective study of the stability of midface osteotomies in cleft lip and palate patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;27:265\u2013276."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b04","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"267","article-title":"Cumulative operative procedures in patients aged 14\u00a0years and older with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"96","author":"Cohen\n SR,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cohen\n SR, \n \n Corrigan\n MBA, \n \n Wilmot\n J, \n \n Trotman\n CA. \n \n Cumulative operative procedures in patients aged 14\u00a0years and older with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:267\u2013271."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b05","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"317","article-title":"Stability after Le Fort I osteotomy in cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"13","author":"Saelen\n R,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saelen\n R, \n \n Tornes\n K, \n \n Halse\n A. \n \n Stability after Le Fort I osteotomy in cleft lip and palate patients. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998;13:317\u2013323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b06","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"951","article-title":"Maxillary distraction: aesthetic and functional benefits in cleft lip-palate and prognathic patients during mixed dentition","volume":"101","author":"Molina\n F,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Molina\n F, \n \n Monasterio\n F, \n \n Aguliar\n M. \n \n Maxillary distraction: aesthetic and functional benefits in cleft lip-palate and prognathic patients during mixed dentition. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101:951\u2013963."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b07","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"207","article-title":"Stability of Le Fort I osteotomy in maxillary advancement: review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Costa\n F,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Costa\n F, \n \n Robiony\n M, \n \n Politi\n M. \n \n Stability of Le Fort I osteotomy in maxillary advancement: review of the literature. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1999;14:207\u2013213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2641","article-title":"Comparative study of different osteotomy modalities in maxillary distraction osteogenesis for cleft lip and palate","volume":"70","author":"Yu\n H,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu\n H, \n \n Wang\n X, \n \n Fang\n B, \n \n Shen\n SG. \n \n Comparative study of different osteotomy modalities in maxillary distraction osteogenesis for cleft lip and palate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:2641\u20132647."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b09","series-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc","first-page":"313","article-title":"The effect of head trauma on fracture healing: biomechanical testing and finite element analysis","volume":"44","author":"Ozan\n F,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ozan\n F, \n \n Y\u0131ld\u0131z\n H, \n \n Bora\n OA, \n \n Pekedis\n M, \n \n Co\u015fkun\n GA, \n \n G\u00f6re\n O. \n \n The effect of head trauma on fracture healing: biomechanical testing and finite element analysis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2010;44:313\u2013321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"200","article-title":"Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial complex: a study using the finite element method","volume":"95","author":"Tanne\n K,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tanne\n K, \n \n Hiraga\n J, \n \n Kakiuchi\n K, \n \n Yamagata\n Y, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial complex: a study using the finite element method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95:200\u2013207."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b11","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines","volume":"21","author":"Hiraga\n MJ,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hiraga\n MJ, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Nakamura\n S. \n \n Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines. Br J Orthod. 1994;21:343\u2013348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b12","series-title":"Anat Rec Part A","first-page":"962","article-title":"Material properties of the dentate maxilla","volume":"288A","author":"Peterson\n J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peterson\n J, \n \n Wang\n Q, \n \n Dechow\n PC. \n \n Material properties of the dentate maxilla. Anat Rec Part A. 2006;288A:962\u2013972."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b13","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Experimental and finite element study of a human mandible","volume":"28","author":"Vollmer\n D,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vollmer\n D, \n \n Meyer\n U, \n \n Joos\n U, \n \n Vegh\n A, \n \n Piffko\n J. \n \n Experimental and finite element study of a human mandible. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2000;28:91\u201396."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b14","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"14","article-title":"The evaluation of maxillary advancement technique using internal distraction osteogenesis in unilateral cleft lip and palate patient with finite element analysis","volume":"44","author":"Olmez\n S,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olmez\n S, \n \n Do\u011fan\n S, \n \n Pekedis\n M, \n \n Yildiz\n H. \n \n The evaluation of maxillary advancement technique using internal distraction osteogenesis in unilateral cleft lip and palate patient with finite element analysis. J Biomech. 2011;44(suppl 1):14."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b15","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines","volume":"21","author":"Miyasaka-Hiraga\n J,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miyasaka-Hiraga\n J, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Nakamura\n S. \n \n Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines. Br J Orthod. 1994;21:343\u2013348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b16","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"347","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the craniofacial skeleton studied by the finite element method","volume":"20","author":"Iseri\n H,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Iseri\n H, \n \n Tekkaya\n AE, \n \n Oztan\n O, \n \n Bilgic\n S. \n \n Biomechanical effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the craniofacial skeleton studied by the finite element method. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:347\u2013356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"280","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of maxillary expansion in CLP patients","volume":"77","author":"Holberg\n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holberg\n C, \n \n Holberg\n N, \n \n Schwenzer\n K, \n \n Wichelhaus\n A, \n \n Rudzki-Janson\n I. \n \n Biomechanical analysis of maxillary expansion in CLP patients. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:280\u2013287."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"586","article-title":"Analysis of sutural strain in maxillary protraction therapy","volume":"77","author":"Holberg\n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holberg\n C, \n \n Mahaini\n L, \n \n Rudzki\n I. \n \n Analysis of sutural strain in maxillary protraction therapy. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:586\u2013594."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b19","article-title":"Structural Analysis with Meshfree Methods [M.Sc. thesis]","author":"Pekedis\n M.","unstructured":"Pekedis\n M. \n \n Structural Analysis with Meshfree Methods [M.Sc. thesis]. Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; 2008."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b20","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Comparison of treatment outcome and stability between distraction osteogenesis and LeFort I osteotomy in cleft patients with maxillary hypoplasia","volume":"18","author":"Baek\n SH,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baek\n SH, \n \n Lee\n JK, \n \n Lee\n JH, \n \n Kim\n MJ, \n \n Kim\n JR. \n \n Comparison of treatment outcome and stability between distraction osteogenesis and LeFort I osteotomy in cleft patients with maxillary hypoplasia. J Craniofac Surg. 2007;18:1209\u20131215."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b21","series-title":"Med Eng Physics","first-page":"409","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of rapid maxillary expansion in the UCLP patient","volume":"31","author":"Wang\n D,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang\n D, \n \n Cheng\n L, \n \n Wang\n C, \n \n Qian\n Y, \n \n Pan\n X. \n \n Biomechanical analysis of rapid maxillary expansion in the UCLP patient. Med Eng Physics. 2009;31:409\u2013417."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b22","series-title":"Orthod Craniofacial Res","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on the upper-airway size and nasal resistance in subjects with cleft lip and palate","volume":"7","author":"Mochida\n M,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mochida\n M, \n \n Ono\n T, \n \n Saito\n K, \n \n Tsuiki\n S, \n \n Ohyama\n K. \n \n Effects of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on the upper-airway size and nasal resistance in subjects with cleft lip and palate. Orthod Craniofacial Res. 2004;7:189\u2013197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b23","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1876","article-title":"The assessment of midface distraction osteogenesis in treatment of upper airway obstruction","volume":"2009;20(suppl 2)","author":"Xu\n H,","unstructured":"Xu\n H, \n \n Yu\n Z, \n \n Mu\n X. \n \n The assessment of midface distraction osteogenesis in treatment of upper airway obstruction. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(suppl 2):1876\u20131881."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b24","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e133","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway changes associated with maxillary distraction osteogenesis in adult cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"70","author":"Aksu\n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aksu\n M, \n \n Taner\n T, \n \n Sahin-Veske\n P, \n \n Kocadereli\n \u0130, \n \n Konas\n E, \n \n Mavili\n ME. \n \n Pharyngeal airway changes associated with maxillary distraction osteogenesis in adult cleft lip and palate patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:e133\u2013e140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"345","article-title":"Stress and displacement between maxillary protraction with miniplates placed at the infrazygomatic crest and the lateral nasal wall: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis","volume":"141","author":"Lee\n NK,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee\n NK, \n \n Baek\n SH. \n \n Stress and displacement between maxillary protraction with miniplates placed at the infrazygomatic crest and the lateral nasal wall: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:345\u2013351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b01","series-title":"Cleft Palate J","first-page":"5","article-title":"Treatment variables affecting facial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"24","author":"Ross\n RB.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ross\n RB. \n \n Treatment variables affecting facial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate J. 1987;24:5\u201377."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b02","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"14","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cleft maxillary osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Cheung\n LK,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cheung\n LK, \n \n Chua\n HDP. \n \n A meta-analysis of cleft maxillary osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:14\u201324."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b03","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"265","article-title":"A retrospective study of the stability of midface osteotomies in cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"27","author":"Adlam\n DM,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Adlam\n DM, \n \n Yau\n CK, \n \n Banks\n P. \n \n A retrospective study of the stability of midface osteotomies in cleft lip and palate patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;27:265\u2013276."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b04","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"267","article-title":"Cumulative operative procedures in patients aged 14\u00a0years and older with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"96","author":"Cohen\n SR,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cohen\n SR, \n \n Corrigan\n MBA, \n \n Wilmot\n J, \n \n Trotman\n CA. \n \n Cumulative operative procedures in patients aged 14\u00a0years and older with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:267\u2013271."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b05","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"317","article-title":"Stability after Le Fort I osteotomy in cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"13","author":"Saelen\n R,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saelen\n R, \n \n Tornes\n K, \n \n Halse\n A. \n \n Stability after Le Fort I osteotomy in cleft lip and palate patients. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998;13:317\u2013323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b06","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"951","article-title":"Maxillary distraction: aesthetic and functional benefits in cleft lip-palate and prognathic patients during mixed dentition","volume":"101","author":"Molina\n F,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Molina\n F, \n \n Monasterio\n F, \n \n Aguliar\n M. \n \n Maxillary distraction: aesthetic and functional benefits in cleft lip-palate and prognathic patients during mixed dentition. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101:951\u2013963."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b07","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"207","article-title":"Stability of Le Fort I osteotomy in maxillary advancement: review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Costa\n F,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Costa\n F, \n \n Robiony\n M, \n \n Politi\n M. \n \n Stability of Le Fort I osteotomy in maxillary advancement: review of the literature. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1999;14:207\u2013213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2641","article-title":"Comparative study of different osteotomy modalities in maxillary distraction osteogenesis for cleft lip and palate","volume":"70","author":"Yu\n H,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu\n H, \n \n Wang\n X, \n \n Fang\n B, \n \n Shen\n SG. \n \n Comparative study of different osteotomy modalities in maxillary distraction osteogenesis for cleft lip and palate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:2641\u20132647."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b09","series-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc","first-page":"313","article-title":"The effect of head trauma on fracture healing: biomechanical testing and finite element analysis","volume":"44","author":"Ozan\n F,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ozan\n F, \n \n Y\u0131ld\u0131z\n H, \n \n Bora\n OA, \n \n Pekedis\n M, \n \n Co\u015fkun\n GA, \n \n G\u00f6re\n O. \n \n The effect of head trauma on fracture healing: biomechanical testing and finite element analysis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2010;44:313\u2013321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"200","article-title":"Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial complex: a study using the finite element method","volume":"95","author":"Tanne\n K,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tanne\n K, \n \n Hiraga\n J, \n \n Kakiuchi\n K, \n \n Yamagata\n Y, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial complex: a study using the finite element method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95:200\u2013207."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b11","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines","volume":"21","author":"Hiraga\n MJ,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hiraga\n MJ, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Nakamura\n S. \n \n Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines. Br J Orthod. 1994;21:343\u2013348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b12","series-title":"Anat Rec Part A","first-page":"962","article-title":"Material properties of the dentate maxilla","volume":"288A","author":"Peterson\n J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peterson\n J, \n \n Wang\n Q, \n \n Dechow\n PC. \n \n Material properties of the dentate maxilla. Anat Rec Part A. 2006;288A:962\u2013972."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b13","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Experimental and finite element study of a human mandible","volume":"28","author":"Vollmer\n D,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vollmer\n D, \n \n Meyer\n U, \n \n Joos\n U, \n \n Vegh\n A, \n \n Piffko\n J. \n \n Experimental and finite element study of a human mandible. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2000;28:91\u201396."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b14","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"14","article-title":"The evaluation of maxillary advancement technique using internal distraction osteogenesis in unilateral cleft lip and palate patient with finite element analysis","volume":"44","author":"Olmez\n S,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olmez\n S, \n \n Do\u011fan\n S, \n \n Pekedis\n M, \n \n Yildiz\n H. \n \n The evaluation of maxillary advancement technique using internal distraction osteogenesis in unilateral cleft lip and palate patient with finite element analysis. J Biomech. 2011;44(suppl 1):14."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b15","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines","volume":"21","author":"Miyasaka-Hiraga\n J,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miyasaka-Hiraga\n J, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Nakamura\n S. \n \n Finite element analysis for stresses in the craniofacial sutures produced by maxillary protraction forces applied at the upper canines. Br J Orthod. 1994;21:343\u2013348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b16","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"347","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the craniofacial skeleton studied by the finite element method","volume":"20","author":"Iseri\n H,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Iseri\n H, \n \n Tekkaya\n AE, \n \n Oztan\n O, \n \n Bilgic\n S. \n \n Biomechanical effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the craniofacial skeleton studied by the finite element method. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:347\u2013356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"280","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of maxillary expansion in CLP patients","volume":"77","author":"Holberg\n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holberg\n C, \n \n Holberg\n N, \n \n Schwenzer\n K, \n \n Wichelhaus\n A, \n \n Rudzki-Janson\n I. \n \n Biomechanical analysis of maxillary expansion in CLP patients. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:280\u2013287."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"586","article-title":"Analysis of sutural strain in maxillary protraction therapy","volume":"77","author":"Holberg\n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holberg\n C, \n \n Mahaini\n L, \n \n Rudzki\n I. \n \n Analysis of sutural strain in maxillary protraction therapy. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:586\u2013594."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b19","article-title":"Structural Analysis with Meshfree Methods [M.Sc. thesis]","author":"Pekedis\n M.","unstructured":"Pekedis\n M. \n \n Structural Analysis with Meshfree Methods [M.Sc. thesis]. Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; 2008."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-815-b20","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Comparison of treatment outcome and stability between distraction osteogenesis and LeFort I osteotomy in cleft patients with maxillary hypoplasia","volume":"18","author":"Baek\n SH,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baek\n SH, \n \n Lee\n JK, \n \n Lee\n JH, \n \n Kim\n MJ, \n \n Kim\n JR. \n \n Comparison of treatment outcome and stability between distraction osteogenesis and LeFort I osteotomy in cleft patients with maxillary hypoplasia. 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