{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:06:20Z","timestamp":1780067180433,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the position of the upper central incisor roots (U1) relative to the incisive canal (IC) among subjects with maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in various facial growth patterns.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n 240 cone beam computed tomography images of skeletal Class I and II maxillary or bimaxillary protrusive subjects with a mean age of 23.74 \u00b1 3.73 years were enrolled according to their facial growth pattern. The IC volume was measured using Mimics 21 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The U1 inter-root distance, width of IC, and their proximity were estimated using Invivo6 software (Anatomage, San Jose, CA).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The IC volume was slightly greater among the high angle facial group and female patients than the other groups. Overall, the IC width was greater than the U1 inter-root distance in 55.65%, 57.6%, and 65% among the average, low, and high angle facial groups, respectively, and in 56.5% and 62.9% of males and females, respectively. The overall anteroposterior (sagittal) distances between the U1 roots and IC were 4.36 \u00b1 1.18, 4.78 \u00b1 1.17, and 3.83 \u00b1 0.90 mm among the average, low, and high angle facial groups, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The high angle facial group and female patients showed slightly greater IC dimensions than the other groups. The overall maximum sagittal distances between the U1 and IC were around 5.5, 6, and 4.7 mm among the average, low, and high angle facial groups, respectively. The low angle facial group and male patients tended to have greater sagittal distances. Therefore, the present findings could serve as a guideline when a considerable amount of upper incisor retraction is planned for Class I or II maxillary or bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/080721-620.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T12:40:55Z","timestamp":1644237655000},"page":"529-536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Proximity of upper central incisors to incisive canal among subjects with maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in various facial growth patterns:"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Remsh Khaled","family":"Al-Rokhami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim Ahmed","family":"Sakran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged Sultan","family":"Alhammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubarak Ahmed","family":"Mashrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baocheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majedh Abdo Ali","family":"Alsomairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naseem Ali","family":"Al-Worafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"(5)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"327","article-title":"Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines","volume":"67","author":"Ackerman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ackerman\n JL,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t327\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t336."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b02","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"882","article-title":"The limitations of tooth movement within the symphysis, studied with laminagraphy and standardized occlusal films","volume":"10","author":"Mulie","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mulie\n RM,\n \n \n Hoeve\n AT.\n \n \n The limitations of tooth movement within the symphysis, studied with laminagraphy and standardized occlusal films.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t882\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t893."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b03","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed","author":"Proffit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit\n W,\n \n \n Fields\n H,\n \n \n Sarver\n D.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt 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incisors","volume":"20","author":"Levander","year":"1998","unstructured":"Levander\n E,\n \n \n Bajka\n R,\n \n \n Malmgren\n O.\n \n \n Early radiographic diagnosis of apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment: a study of maxillary incisors.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t57\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t63."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"919","article-title":"Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy","volume":"75","author":"Artun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Artun\n J,\n \n \n Smale\n I,\n \n \n Behbehani\n F,\n \n \n Doppel\n D,\n \n \n Van't Hof\n M,\n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman\n AM.\n \n \n Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t919\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t926."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"493","article-title":"Approximation and contact of the maxillary central incisor roots with the incisive canal after maximum retraction with temporary anchorage devices: report of 2 patients","volume":"148","author":"Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung\n CJ,\n \n \n Choi\n YJ,\n \n \n Kim\n KH.\n \n \n Approximation and contact of the maxillary central incisor roots with the incisive canal after maximum retraction with temporary anchorage devices: report of 2 patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t148(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t493\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t502."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"200","article-title":"Contact of the incisive canal and upper central incisors causing root resorption after retraction with orthodontic mini-implants: a CBCT study","volume":"89","author":"Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan\n Y,\n \n \n Chen\n S.\n \n \n Contact of the incisive canal and upper central incisors causing root resorption after retraction with orthodontic mini-implants: a CBCT study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t89(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t200\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t205."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"571","article-title":"Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images","volume":"86","author":"Cho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cho\n EA,\n \n \n Kim\n SJ,\n \n \n Choi\n YJ,\n \n \n Kim\n KH,\n \n \n Chung\n CJ.\n \n \n Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t571\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t576."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b12","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"59","article-title":"Incisive canal remodelling following maximum anterior retraction reduces apical root resorption","volume":"24","author":"Chung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chung\n CJ,\n \n \n Nguyen\n T,\n \n \n Lee\n J-H,\n \n \n Kim\n K-H.\n \n \n Incisive canal remodelling following maximum anterior retraction reduces apical root resorption.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t24Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t59\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t65."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b13","series-title":"J Oral Sci","first-page":"231","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of the association of cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment","volume":"58","author":"Nakada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakada\n T,\n \n \n Motoyoshi\n M,\n \n \n Horinuki\n E,\n \n \n Shimizu\n N.\n \n \n Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of the association of cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t58(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t231\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t236."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment","volume":"34","author":"Schudy","year":"1964","unstructured":"Schudy\n FF.\n \n \n Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1964;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t75\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Facial pattern differences in long faced children and adults","volume":"85","author":"Fields","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fields\n HW,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Nixon\n WL,\n \n \n Phillips\n C,\n \n \n Stanek\n E.\n \n \n Facial pattern differences in long faced children and adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984;\n\t\t\t\t\t85(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t217\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t223."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b16","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"71","article-title":"Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption","volume":"7","author":"Segal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Segal\n GR,\n \n \n Schiffman\n PH,\n \n \n Tuncay\n OC.\n \n \n Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t7(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t71\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t78."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b17","series-title":"Implant Dent","first-page":"221","article-title":"Location of incisive canal in relation to central incisor 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changes of the incisive canal and its proximity to maxillary incisor roots after anterior tooth movement","author":"Yu","unstructured":"Yu\n JH,\n \n \n Nguyen\n T,\n \n \n Kim\n Y,\n \n \n Hwang\n S,\n \n \n Kim\n K,\n \n \n Chung\n CJ.\n \n \n Morphologic changes of the incisive canal and its proximity to maxillary incisor roots after anterior tooth movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.In Press.(https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.08.022)."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"327","article-title":"Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines","volume":"67","author":"Ackerman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ackerman\n JL,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t327\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t336."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b02","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"882","article-title":"The limitations of tooth movement within the symphysis, studied with laminagraphy and standardized occlusal films","volume":"10","author":"Mulie","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mulie\n RM,\n \n \n Hoeve\n AT.\n \n \n The limitations of tooth movement within the symphysis, studied with laminagraphy and standardized occlusal films.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t882\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t893."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b03","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed","author":"Proffit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit\n W,\n \n \n Fields\n H,\n \n \n Sarver\n D.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt Louis:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier;2013."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption","volume":"114","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horiuchi\n A,\n \n \n Hotokezaka\n H,\n \n \n Kobayashi\n K.\n \n \n Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t114(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t311\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t318."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b05","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cone beam computed tomography assessment of the maxillary incisive canal and foramen: Considerations of anatomical variations when placing immediate implants","volume":"10","author":"Al-Amery","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Amery\n SM,\n \n \n Nambiar\n P,\n \n \n Jamaludin\n M,\n \n \n John\n J,\n \n \n Ngeow\n WC.\n \n \n Cone beam computed tomography assessment of the maxillary incisive canal and foramen: Considerations of anatomical variations when placing immediate implants.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t10(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t16."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"408","article-title":"Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment \u2013 a retrospective study","volume":"29","author":"Apajalahti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Apajalahti\n S,\n \n \n Peltola\n JS.\n \n \n Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment \u2013 a retrospective study.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t408\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t412."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"57","article-title":"Early radiographic diagnosis of apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment: a study of maxillary incisors","volume":"20","author":"Levander","year":"1998","unstructured":"Levander\n E,\n \n \n Bajka\n R,\n \n \n Malmgren\n O.\n \n \n Early radiographic diagnosis of apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment: a study of maxillary incisors.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t57\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t63."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"919","article-title":"Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy","volume":"75","author":"Artun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Artun\n J,\n \n \n Smale\n I,\n \n \n Behbehani\n F,\n \n \n Doppel\n D,\n \n \n Van't Hof\n M,\n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman\n AM.\n \n \n Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t919\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t926."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"493","article-title":"Approximation and contact of the maxillary central incisor roots with the incisive canal after maximum retraction with temporary anchorage devices: report of 2 patients","volume":"148","author":"Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung\n CJ,\n \n \n Choi\n YJ,\n \n \n Kim\n KH.\n \n \n Approximation and contact of the maxillary central incisor roots with the incisive canal after maximum retraction with temporary anchorage devices: report of 2 patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t148(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t493\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t502."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"200","article-title":"Contact of the incisive canal and upper central incisors causing root resorption after retraction with orthodontic mini-implants: a CBCT study","volume":"89","author":"Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan\n Y,\n \n \n Chen\n S.\n \n \n Contact of the incisive canal and upper central incisors causing root resorption after retraction with orthodontic mini-implants: a CBCT study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t89(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t200\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t205."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"571","article-title":"Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images","volume":"86","author":"Cho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cho\n EA,\n \n \n Kim\n SJ,\n \n \n Choi\n YJ,\n \n \n Kim\n KH,\n \n \n Chung\n CJ.\n \n \n Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t571\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t576."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1945-7103-92-4-529-b12","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"59","article-title":"Incisive canal remodelling following maximum anterior retraction reduces apical root resorption","volume":"24","author":"Chung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chung\n 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