{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:03:19Z","timestamp":1792047799391,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficiency of molar distalization associated with the second and third molar eruption stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic computerized database search was conducted using several databases. Adaptations of the terms molar distalization and distalizing appliances were used. The reference lists of all the selected articles were also searched for any potential articles that might have been missed in the electronic search. The data provided in the selected publications were grouped and analyzed in terms of molar distalization with respect to various eruption stages of maxillary second and third molars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of the 13 initially identified articles only four fulfilled the final selection criteria. Three of the four studies showed no statistical significance in linear molar distalization based on the eruptive stage of the second and\/or third molars, while one study found that the amount of distal movement of the first molars was significantly greater in the group with unerupted second molars. Only one study found that the amount of molar tipping that occurred as a result of distalization was related to the eruption stage of the maxillary molars. Similarly, three of the four studies found that molar distalization time was not significantly affected by eruption of the second or third molars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of maxillary second and third molar eruption stage on molar distalization\u2014both linear and angular distalization\u2014appears to be minimal. This conclusion is only based on low\u2013level of evidence clinical trials. The large variability in the outcomes should be considered clinically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/081612-658.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T10:57:14Z","timestamp":1353409034000},"page":"735-742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Efficiency of molar distalization associated with second and third molar eruption stage"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Flores-Mir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Head of the Division of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, St Johns, Newfoundland, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giseon","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Department Chair, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"40","article-title":"Distalization of molars with repelling magnets","volume":"22","author":"Gianelly\n              AA,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gianelly\n              AA, \n            \n              Vaitas\n              AS, \n            \n              Thomas\n              WM, \n            \n              Berger\n              OG. \n          \n          Distalization of molars with repelling magnets. J Clin Orthod. 1988;22:40\u201344."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"490","article-title":"Extraoral forces\u2014facts and fallacies","volume":"41","author":"Graber\n              TM.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Graber\n              TM. \n          \n          Extraoral forces\u2014facts and fallacies. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:490\u2013505."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthod","first-page":"8","article-title":"Efficiency of a pendulum appliance for molar distalization related to second and third molar eruption stage","volume":"125","author":"Kinzinger\n              GS,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n              GS, \n            \n              Fritz\n              UB, \n            \n              Sander\n              FG, \n            \n              Diedrich\n              PR. \n          \n          Efficiency of a pendulum appliance for molar distalization related to second and third molar eruption stage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthod. 2004;125:8\u201323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b04","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"272","article-title":"Palatal bar and lip bumper in nonextraction treatment","volume":"19","author":"Ten Hoeve\n              A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ten Hoeve\n              A. \n          \n          Palatal bar and lip bumper in nonextraction treatment. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19:272\u2013291."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Molar distalization by intra-oral force application","volume":"3","author":"Jeckel\n              N,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jeckel\n              N, \n            \n              Rakosi\n              T. \n          \n          Molar distalization by intra-oral force application. Eur J Orthod. 1991;3:43\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b06","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"706","article-title":"The pendulum appliance for Class II non-compliance therapy","volume":"226","author":"Hilgers\n              JJ.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hilgers\n              JJ. \n          \n          The pendulum appliance for Class II non-compliance therapy. J Clin Orthod. 1992;226:706\u2013714."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"189","article-title":"Repelling magnets versus superelastic nickel-titanium coils in the simultaneous distal movement of maxillary first and second molars","volume":"64","author":"Bondemark\n              L,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bondemark\n              L, \n            \n              Kurol\n              J, \n            \n              Bernhold\n              M. \n          \n          Repelling magnets versus superelastic nickel-titanium coils in the simultaneous distal movement of maxillary first and second molars. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:189\u2013198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"66","article-title":"Distal movement of the maxillary molars","volume":"114","author":"Gianelly\n              AA.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gianelly\n              AA. \n          \n          Distal movement of the maxillary molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:66\u201372."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"923","article-title":"Intraoral maxillary molar distalization\u2014movement before and after eruption of second molars","volume":"76","author":"Karlsson\n              I,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karlsson\n              I, \n            \n              Bondemark\n              L. \n          \n          Intraoral maxillary molar distalization\u2014movement before and after eruption of second molars. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:923\u2013929."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"556","article-title":"Molar and incisor changes with Wilson rapid molar distalization","volume":"104","author":"Muse\n              DS,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Muse\n              DS, \n            \n              Fillman\n              MJ, \n            \n              Emmerson\n              WJ. \n            \n          \n          Molar and incisor changes with Wilson rapid molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104:556\u2013565."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"639","article-title":"Evaluation of an intraoral maxillary molar distalization technique","volume":"110","author":"Ghosh\n              J,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ghosh\n              J, \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS. \n          \n          Evaluation of an intraoral maxillary molar distalization technique. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:639\u2013646."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Distal molar movement using the pendulum appliance. Part 1: Clinical and radiological evaluation","volume":"67","author":"Byloff\n              FK,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Byloff\n              FK, \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA. \n          \n          Distal molar movement using the pendulum appliance. Part 1: Clinical and radiological evaluation. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:249\u2013260."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"333","article-title":"Dentoalveolar and skeletal changes associated with the pendulum appliance","volume":"117","author":"Bussick\n              TJ,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bussick\n              TJ, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          Dentoalveolar and skeletal changes associated with the pendulum appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:333\u2013343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b14","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"An evaluation of the pendulum distalizing appliance","volume":"6","author":"Joseph\n              AA,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Joseph\n              AA, \n            \n              Butchart\n              CJ. \n          \n          An evaluation of the pendulum distalizing appliance. Semin Orthod. 2000;6:129\u2013125."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b15","unstructured":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Checklist (2009), Available at: http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/. Accessed October 8, 2012."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Maxillary molar distalization with noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in Class II malocclusion\u2014a systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Antonarakis\n              GS,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Antonarakis\n              GS, \n            \n              Kiliaridis\n              S. \n          \n          Maxillary molar distalization with noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in Class II malocclusion\u2014a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:1133\u20131140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"40","article-title":"Distalization of molars with repelling magnets","volume":"22","author":"Gianelly\n              AA,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gianelly\n              AA, \n            \n              Vaitas\n              AS, \n            \n              Thomas\n              WM, \n            \n              Berger\n              OG. \n          \n          Distalization of molars with repelling magnets. J Clin Orthod. 1988;22:40\u201344."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"490","article-title":"Extraoral forces\u2014facts and fallacies","volume":"41","author":"Graber\n              TM.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Graber\n              TM. \n          \n          Extraoral forces\u2014facts and fallacies. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:490\u2013505."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthod","first-page":"8","article-title":"Efficiency of a pendulum appliance for molar distalization related to second and third molar eruption stage","volume":"125","author":"Kinzinger\n              GS,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n              GS, \n            \n              Fritz\n              UB, \n            \n              Sander\n              FG, \n            \n              Diedrich\n              PR. \n          \n          Efficiency of a pendulum appliance for molar distalization related to second and third molar eruption stage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthod. 2004;125:8\u201323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b04","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"272","article-title":"Palatal bar and lip bumper in nonextraction treatment","volume":"19","author":"Ten Hoeve\n              A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ten Hoeve\n              A. \n          \n          Palatal bar and lip bumper in nonextraction treatment. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19:272\u2013291."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Molar distalization by intra-oral force application","volume":"3","author":"Jeckel\n              N,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jeckel\n              N, \n            \n              Rakosi\n              T. \n          \n          Molar distalization by intra-oral force application. Eur J Orthod. 1991;3:43\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b06","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"706","article-title":"The pendulum appliance for Class II non-compliance therapy","volume":"226","author":"Hilgers\n              JJ.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hilgers\n              JJ. \n          \n          The pendulum appliance for Class II non-compliance therapy. J Clin Orthod. 1992;226:706\u2013714."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"189","article-title":"Repelling magnets versus superelastic nickel-titanium coils in the simultaneous distal movement of maxillary first and second molars","volume":"64","author":"Bondemark\n              L,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bondemark\n              L, \n            \n              Kurol\n              J, \n            \n              Bernhold\n              M. \n          \n          Repelling magnets versus superelastic nickel-titanium coils in the simultaneous distal movement of maxillary first and second molars. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:189\u2013198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"66","article-title":"Distal movement of the maxillary molars","volume":"114","author":"Gianelly\n              AA.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gianelly\n              AA. \n          \n          Distal movement of the maxillary molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:66\u201372."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"923","article-title":"Intraoral maxillary molar distalization\u2014movement before and after eruption of second molars","volume":"76","author":"Karlsson\n              I,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karlsson\n              I, \n            \n              Bondemark\n              L. \n          \n          Intraoral maxillary molar distalization\u2014movement before and after eruption of second molars. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:923\u2013929."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"556","article-title":"Molar and incisor changes with Wilson rapid molar distalization","volume":"104","author":"Muse\n              DS,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Muse\n              DS, \n            \n              Fillman\n              MJ, \n            \n              Emmerson\n              WJ. \n            \n          \n          Molar and incisor changes with Wilson rapid molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104:556\u2013565."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"639","article-title":"Evaluation of an intraoral maxillary molar distalization technique","volume":"110","author":"Ghosh\n              J,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ghosh\n              J, \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS. \n          \n          Evaluation of an intraoral maxillary molar distalization technique. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:639\u2013646."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Distal molar movement using the pendulum appliance. Part 1: Clinical and radiological evaluation","volume":"67","author":"Byloff\n              FK,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Byloff\n              FK, \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA. \n          \n          Distal molar movement using the pendulum appliance. Part 1: Clinical and radiological evaluation. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:249\u2013260."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"333","article-title":"Dentoalveolar and skeletal changes associated with the pendulum appliance","volume":"117","author":"Bussick\n              TJ,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bussick\n              TJ, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          Dentoalveolar and skeletal changes associated with the pendulum appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:333\u2013343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b14","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"An evaluation of the pendulum distalizing appliance","volume":"6","author":"Joseph\n              AA,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Joseph\n              AA, \n            \n              Butchart\n              CJ. \n          \n          An evaluation of the pendulum distalizing appliance. Semin Orthod. 2000;6:129\u2013125."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b15","unstructured":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Checklist (2009), Available at: http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/. Accessed October 8, 2012."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-735-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Maxillary molar distalization with noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in Class II malocclusion\u2014a systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Antonarakis\n              GS,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Antonarakis\n              GS, \n            \n              Kiliaridis\n              S. \n          \n          Maxillary molar distalization with noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in Class II malocclusion\u2014a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:1133\u20131140."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/83\/4\/article-p735.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/83\/4\/735\/1394671\/081612-658_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/83\/4\/article-p735.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/83\/4\/article-p735.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:11:33Z","timestamp":1780071093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/83\/4\/article-p735.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/081612-658.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}