{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:07:13Z","timestamp":1780063633185,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the torque moment that occurs between esthetic brackets and bendable alloy (stainless steel [SS], titanium-molybdenum [Ti-Mo], and titanium-niobium [Ti-Nb]) wires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined ceramic (CR), zirconium oxide (ZC), polycarbonate (PC), and conventional metallic brackets (MT) (upper, 0.018-inch and 0.022-inch slots) combined with SS, Ti-Mo, and Ti-Nb wires using elastic module ligation. The torque moments delivered by various wire and bracket combinations were measured using a torque gauge apparatus. The wire torque angles at 5\u201340\u00b0 were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The torque value increased in the order of CR, ZC, MT, and PC brackets for both 0.018-inch and 0.022-inch slots. The fracture points of the CR and ZC brackets combined with SS and Ti-Mo wires were approximately more than 30\u00b0 and 35\u00b0, respectively. No fracture points were detected in the combination of ZC brackets and Ti-Nb wires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study identified the material characteristics of CR, ZR, and PC brackets during torque tooth movements. The present results demonstrate a characteristic combined effect between different esthetic brackets and bendable alloy wires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/081820-729.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T18:52:48Z","timestamp":1617735168000},"page":"656-663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of torque moment in esthetic brackets from bendable alloy wires"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Taiji","family":"Nakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Osada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Namura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Yoneyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Motoyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"287","article-title":"Fracture resistance of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion","volume":"99","author":"Holt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holt\n              MH,\n            \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Duncanson\n              MG\n              Jr.\n            \n          \n          Fracture resistance of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t99:\n\t\t\t\t\t287\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b02","series-title":"J Clin Exp Dent","first-page":"e783","article-title":"Comparison of torque expression in esthetic brackets","volume":"11","author":"Martelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martelli\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Freitas\n              KM,\n            \n            \n              Negreiros\n              PO,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Comparison of torque expression in esthetic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Exp Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t11:\n\t\t\t\t\te783\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te789."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b03","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"26","article-title":"Torque deformation characteristics of plastic brackets: a comparative study","volume":"65","author":"Sadat-Khonsari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sadat-Khonsari\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Moshtaghy\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Schlegel\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Kahl-Nieke\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Moller\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Bauss\n              O.\n            \n          \n          Torque deformation characteristics of plastic brackets: a comparative study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t65:\n\t\t\t\t\t26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"265","article-title":"In vitro torque-deformation characteristics of orthodontic polycarbonate brackets","volume":"106","author":"Feldner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Feldner\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Sarkar\n              NK,\n            \n            \n              Sheridan\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              Lancaster\n              DM.\n            \n          \n          In vitro torque-deformation characteristics of orthodontic polycarbonate brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t106:\n\t\t\t\t\t265\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"42","article-title":"Evaluation of esthetic brackets' resistance to torsional forces from the archwire","volume":"135","author":"Nishio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nishio\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Mendes Ade\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Almeida\n              MA,\n            \n            \n              Tanaka\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Tanne\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Elias\n              CN.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of esthetic brackets' resistance to torsional forces from the archwire.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t135:\n\t\t\t\t\t42\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t48."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"435","article-title":"Torque capacity of metal and polycarbonate brackets with and without a metal slot","volume":"26","author":"Harzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harzer\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Gmyrek\n              H.\n            \n          \n          Torque capacity of metal and polycarbonate brackets with and without a metal slot.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t26:\n\t\t\t\t\t435\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t441."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"326","article-title":"Measurement of plastic and elastic deformation due to third-order torque in self-ligated orthodontic brackets","volume":"140","author":"Major","year":"2011","unstructured":"Major\n              TW,\n            \n            \n              Carey\n              JP,\n            \n            \n              Nobes\n              DS,\n            \n            \n              Heo\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              PW.\n            \n          \n          Measurement of plastic and elastic deformation due to third-order torque in self-ligated orthodontic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t140:\n\t\t\t\t\t326\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t339."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"Torque expression of self-ligating brackets compared with conventional metallic, ceramic, and plastic brackets","volume":"30","author":"Morina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morina\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Eliades\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Pandis\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Jager\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Torque expression of self-ligating brackets compared with conventional metallic, ceramic, and plastic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t30:\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t238."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"290","article-title":"Ceramic bracket bonding: a comparison of shear, tensile, and torsional bond strengths of ceramic brackets","volume":"106","author":"Merrill","year":"1994","unstructured":"Merrill\n              SW,\n            \n            \n              Oesterle\n              LJ,\n            \n            \n              Hermesch\n              CB.\n            \n          \n          Ceramic bracket bonding: a comparison of shear, tensile, and torsional bond strengths of ceramic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t106:\n\t\t\t\t\t290\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t297."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"The fracture strength of ceramic brackets: a comparative study","volume":"60","author":"Flores","year":"1990","unstructured":"Flores\n              DA,\n            \n            \n              Caruso\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Scott\n              GE,\n            \n            \n              Jeiroudi\n              MT.\n            \n          \n          The fracture strength of ceramic brackets: a comparative study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1990;\n\t\t\t\t\t60:\n\t\t\t\t\t269\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t276."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"22","article-title":"Fracture strength of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion","volume":"109","author":"Aknin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aknin\n              PC,\n            \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Duncanson\n              MG\n              Jr,\n            \n            \n              Currier\n              GF,\n            \n            \n              Sinha\n              PK.\n            \n          \n          Fracture strength of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t109:\n\t\t\t\t\t22\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t27."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b12","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"241","article-title":"Mechanical properties of different esthetic and conventional orthodontic wires in bending tests: an in vitro study","volume":"78","author":"Alobeid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alobeid\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Dirk\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Reimann\n              S,\n            \n            \n              El-Bialy\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Jager\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Mechanical properties of different esthetic and conventional orthodontic wires in bending tests: an in vitro study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\t241\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"602","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of frictional force of a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire","volume":"88","author":"Takada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takada\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Nakajima\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Kuroda\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Horiuchi\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Shimizu\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Tanaka\n              E.\n            \n          \n          In vitro evaluation of frictional force of a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t602\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t610."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"374","article-title":"Measurements of the torque moment in various archwire-bracket-ligation combinations","volume":"34","author":"Hirai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hirai\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Nakajima\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Kawai\n              N,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Measurements of the torque moment in various archwire-bracket-ligation combinations.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t374\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t380."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b15","series-title":"Dent Mater J","first-page":"363","article-title":"Evaluation of torque moment in a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire","volume":"33","author":"Kuroda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuroda\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Watanabe\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Nakajima\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Shimizu\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Tanaka\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of torque moment in a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire.\n\t\t\t\t\tDent Mater J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t363\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t367."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"125","article-title":"Torsional strength of computer-aided design\/computer-aided manufacturing-fabricated esthetic orthodontic brackets","volume":"87","author":"Alrejaye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alrejaye\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Pober\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Giordano\n              R.\n              Ii\n            \n          \n          Torsional strength of computer-aided design\/computer-aided manufacturing-fabricated esthetic orthodontic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t87:\n\t\t\t\t\t125\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t130."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"610","article-title":"Torque expression of 0.018 and 0.022 inch conventional brackets","volume":"35","author":"Sifakakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sifakakis\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Pandis\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Makou\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Eliades\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Katsaros\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Torque expression of 0.018 and 0.022 inch conventional brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t610\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t614."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"Torque efficiency of different archwires in 0.018- and 0.022-inch conventional brackets","volume":"84","author":"Sifakakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sifakakis\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Pandis\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Makou\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Eliades\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Katsaros\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Torque efficiency of different archwires in 0.018- and 0.022-inch conventional brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t84:\n\t\t\t\t\t149\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t154."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"278","article-title":"Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate","volume":"64","author":"Wainwright","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wainwright\n              WM.\n            \n          \n          Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1973;\n\t\t\t\t\t64:\n\t\t\t\t\t278\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t302."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b20","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"238","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement, Part I: tipping and bodily movement","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee\n              BW.\n            \n          \n          The force requirements for tooth movement, Part I: tipping and bodily movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t238\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t248."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b21","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"34","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement. Part II: uprighting and root torque","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee\n              BW.\n            \n          \n          The force requirements for tooth movement. Part II: uprighting and root torque.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t14:\n\t\t\t\t\t34\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t39."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b22","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"93","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement. Part III: the pressure hypothesis tested","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lee\n              BW.\n            \n          \n          The force requirements for tooth movement. Part III: the pressure hypothesis tested.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t14:\n\t\t\t\t\t93\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t97."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"287","article-title":"Fracture resistance of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion","volume":"99","author":"Holt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holt\n              MH,\n            \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Duncanson\n              MG\n              Jr.\n            \n          \n          Fracture resistance of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t99:\n\t\t\t\t\t287\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b02","series-title":"J Clin Exp Dent","first-page":"e783","article-title":"Comparison of torque expression in esthetic brackets","volume":"11","author":"Martelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martelli\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Freitas\n              KM,\n            \n            \n              Negreiros\n              PO,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Comparison of torque expression in esthetic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Exp Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t11:\n\t\t\t\t\te783\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te789."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b03","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"26","article-title":"Torque deformation characteristics of plastic brackets: a comparative study","volume":"65","author":"Sadat-Khonsari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sadat-Khonsari\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Moshtaghy\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Schlegel\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Kahl-Nieke\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Moller\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Bauss\n              O.\n            \n          \n          Torque deformation characteristics of plastic brackets: a comparative study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t65:\n\t\t\t\t\t26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"265","article-title":"In vitro torque-deformation characteristics of orthodontic polycarbonate brackets","volume":"106","author":"Feldner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Feldner\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Sarkar\n              NK,\n            \n            \n              Sheridan\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              Lancaster\n              DM.\n            \n          \n          In vitro torque-deformation characteristics of orthodontic polycarbonate brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t106:\n\t\t\t\t\t265\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"42","article-title":"Evaluation of esthetic brackets' resistance to torsional forces from the archwire","volume":"135","author":"Nishio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nishio\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Mendes Ade\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Almeida\n              MA,\n            \n            \n              Tanaka\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Tanne\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Elias\n              CN.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of esthetic brackets' resistance to torsional forces from the archwire.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t135:\n\t\t\t\t\t42\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t48."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"435","article-title":"Torque capacity of metal and polycarbonate brackets with and without a metal slot","volume":"26","author":"Harzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harzer\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Gmyrek\n              H.\n            \n          \n          Torque capacity of metal and polycarbonate brackets with and without a metal slot.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t26:\n\t\t\t\t\t435\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t441."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"326","article-title":"Measurement of plastic and elastic deformation due to third-order torque in self-ligated orthodontic brackets","volume":"140","author":"Major","year":"2011","unstructured":"Major\n              TW,\n            \n            \n              Carey\n              JP,\n            \n            \n              Nobes\n              DS,\n            \n            \n              Heo\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              PW.\n            \n          \n          Measurement of plastic and elastic deformation due to third-order torque in self-ligated orthodontic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t140:\n\t\t\t\t\t326\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t339."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"Torque expression of self-ligating brackets compared with conventional metallic, ceramic, and plastic brackets","volume":"30","author":"Morina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morina\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Eliades\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Pandis\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Jager\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Torque expression of self-ligating brackets compared with conventional metallic, ceramic, and plastic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t30:\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t238."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"290","article-title":"Ceramic bracket bonding: a comparison of shear, tensile, and torsional bond strengths of ceramic brackets","volume":"106","author":"Merrill","year":"1994","unstructured":"Merrill\n              SW,\n            \n            \n              Oesterle\n              LJ,\n            \n            \n              Hermesch\n              CB.\n            \n          \n          Ceramic bracket bonding: a comparison of shear, tensile, and torsional bond strengths of ceramic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t106:\n\t\t\t\t\t290\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t297."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"The fracture strength of ceramic brackets: a comparative study","volume":"60","author":"Flores","year":"1990","unstructured":"Flores\n              DA,\n            \n            \n              Caruso\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Scott\n              GE,\n            \n            \n              Jeiroudi\n              MT.\n            \n          \n          The fracture strength of ceramic brackets: a comparative study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1990;\n\t\t\t\t\t60:\n\t\t\t\t\t269\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t276."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"22","article-title":"Fracture strength of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion","volume":"109","author":"Aknin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aknin\n              PC,\n            \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Duncanson\n              MG\n              Jr,\n            \n            \n              Currier\n              GF,\n            \n            \n              Sinha\n              PK.\n            \n          \n          Fracture strength of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t109:\n\t\t\t\t\t22\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t27."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b12","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"241","article-title":"Mechanical properties of different esthetic and conventional orthodontic wires in bending tests: an in vitro study","volume":"78","author":"Alobeid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alobeid\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Dirk\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Reimann\n              S,\n            \n            \n              El-Bialy\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Jager\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Mechanical properties of different esthetic and conventional orthodontic wires in bending tests: an in vitro study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\t241\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"602","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of frictional force of a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire","volume":"88","author":"Takada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takada\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Nakajima\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Kuroda\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Horiuchi\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Shimizu\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Tanaka\n              E.\n            \n          \n          In vitro evaluation of frictional force of a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t602\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t610."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"374","article-title":"Measurements of the torque moment in various archwire-bracket-ligation combinations","volume":"34","author":"Hirai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hirai\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Nakajima\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Kawai\n              N,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Measurements of the torque moment in various archwire-bracket-ligation combinations.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t374\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t380."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b15","series-title":"Dent Mater J","first-page":"363","article-title":"Evaluation of torque moment in a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire","volume":"33","author":"Kuroda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuroda\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Watanabe\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Nakajima\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Shimizu\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Tanaka\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of torque moment in a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire.\n\t\t\t\t\tDent Mater J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t363\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t367."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"125","article-title":"Torsional strength of computer-aided design\/computer-aided manufacturing-fabricated esthetic orthodontic brackets","volume":"87","author":"Alrejaye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alrejaye\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Pober\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Giordano\n              R.\n              Ii\n            \n          \n          Torsional strength of computer-aided design\/computer-aided manufacturing-fabricated esthetic orthodontic brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t87:\n\t\t\t\t\t125\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t130."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"610","article-title":"Torque expression of 0.018 and 0.022 inch conventional brackets","volume":"35","author":"Sifakakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sifakakis\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Pandis\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Makou\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Eliades\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Katsaros\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Torque expression of 0.018 and 0.022 inch conventional brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t610\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t614."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"Torque efficiency of different archwires in 0.018- and 0.022-inch conventional brackets","volume":"84","author":"Sifakakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sifakakis\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Pandis\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Makou\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Eliades\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Katsaros\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Bourauel\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Torque efficiency of different archwires in 0.018- and 0.022-inch conventional brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t84:\n\t\t\t\t\t149\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t154."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"278","article-title":"Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate","volume":"64","author":"Wainwright","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wainwright\n              WM.\n            \n          \n          Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1973;\n\t\t\t\t\t64:\n\t\t\t\t\t278\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t302."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b20","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"238","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement, Part I: tipping and bodily movement","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee\n              BW.\n            \n          \n          The force requirements for tooth movement, Part I: tipping and bodily movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t238\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t248."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b21","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"34","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement. Part II: uprighting and root torque","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee\n              BW.\n            \n          \n          The force requirements for tooth movement. Part II: uprighting and root torque.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t14:\n\t\t\t\t\t34\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t39."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-656-b22","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"93","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement. Part III: the pressure hypothesis tested","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lee\n              BW.\n            \n          \n          The force requirements for tooth movement. Part III: the pressure hypothesis tested.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t14:\n\t\t\t\t\t93\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t97."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/91\/5\/article-p656.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/91\/5\/656\/2887886\/i0003-3219-91-5-656.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/91\/5\/article-p656.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/91\/5\/article-p656.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:23:50Z","timestamp":1780061030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/91\/5\/article-p656.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/081820-729.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}