{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:03:44Z","timestamp":1787508224326,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To quantify the intensity and duration of pain experience in adults over the initial three visits of fixed appliance\u2013based orthodontic treatment. A secondary objective was to assess the relationship between pain experience and analgesic use, dental irregularity, gender, and age.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A prospective longitudinal study design was adopted. Fifty-eight adults undergoing fixed appliance treatment in five orthodontic practices recorded pain experience at four time points (4 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days) following the initial bond-up appointment (T0) and first (T1) and second (T2) routine follow-up adjustment appointments using a visual analogue scale. In addition, subjects recorded the dosage and frequency of analgesic use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A slightly greater proportion of women (57%) were recruited, with a mean sample age of 34.69 (SD 12.11) years. Peak pain was experienced between 24 hours and 3 days following appliance placement (T0) and subsequent adjustments (T1 and T2). The highest mean pain score arose at T0 followed by T2 and T1 adjustments, with the difference between pain levels at these appointment intervals being statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). The use of analgesics following each appointment mirrored pain experience, with pain score, appointment, and time point all being significant predictors of analgesic consumption. The level of dental irregularity, gender, or age did not predict pain levels reported.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Adults undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy should be advised that they are most likely to experience increased levels of pain for 1 to 3 days following placement of their appliance and subsequent adjustment visits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/082317-570.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T09:14:47Z","timestamp":1520327687000},"page":"292-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pain experience in adults undergoing treatment: A longitudinal evaluation"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Ama","family":"Johal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Centre for Orobioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma B","family":"Ashari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Registrar, Centre for Orobioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom and Trainee Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kebangsaan, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Alamiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Registrar, Centre for Orobioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom and Trainee Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kebangsaan, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padhraig S.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reader, Centre for Orobioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Centre for Orobioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Centre for Orobioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern Medical Faculty Dental School, Bern, Switzerland, and Private Practice, Corfu, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"516","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in controlling pain after orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"135","author":"Salmassian \n R,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salmassian \n R, \n \n \n Oesterle \n LJ, \n \n \n Shellhart \n WC, \n \n \n Newman \n SM. \n \n \n Comparison of the efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in controlling pain after orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:516\u2013521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"170","article-title":"Orthodontic pain: from causes to management\u2014a review","volume":"29","author":"Krishnan \n V.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krishnan \n V. \n \n \n Orthodontic pain: from causes to management\u2014a review. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:170\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"403","article-title":"A comparison of pain experienced by patients treated with labial and lingual orthodontic appliances","volume":"32","author":"Wu \n AKY,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu \n AKY, \n \n \n McGrath \n C, \n \n \n Wong \n RWK, \n \n \n Wiechmann \n D, \n \n \n Rabie \n ABM. \n \n \n A comparison of pain experienced by patients treated with labial and lingual orthodontic appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:403\u2013407."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b04","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"79","article-title":"Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"26","author":"Erdin\u00e7 \n A,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erdin\u00e7 \n A, \n \n \n Din\u00e7er \n B. \n \n \n Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26:79\u201385. Available at: http:\/\/ejo.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/26\/1\/79.short."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"523","article-title":"Age effects on orthodontic treatment: adolescents contrasted with adults","volume":"100","author":"Dyer \n GS,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dyer \n GS, \n \n \n Harris \n EF, \n \n \n Vaden \n JL. \n \n \n Age effects on orthodontic treatment: adolescents contrasted with adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:523\u2013530."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b06","series-title":"Dent Update","first-page":"427","article-title":"An update in adult orthodontics","volume":"34","author":"Scott \n P,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scott \n P, \n \n \n Fleming \n P, \n \n \n DiBiase \n A. \n \n \n An update in adult orthodontics. Dent Update. 2010;34:427\u2013438."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b07","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Adults seeking orthodontic treatment: expectations, periodontal and TMD issues","volume":"218","author":"Christensen \n L,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christensen \n L, \n \n \n Luther \n F. \n \n \n Adults seeking orthodontic treatment: expectations, periodontal and TMD issues. Br Dent J. 2015;218:111\u2013117."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b08","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"178","article-title":"A prospective longitudinal controlled assessment of pain experience and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment","volume":"17","author":"Johal \n A,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johal \n A, \n \n \n Fleming \n PS, \n \n \n Al Jawad \n FA. \n \n \n A prospective longitudinal controlled assessment of pain experience and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014;17:178\u2013186."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"227","article-title":"Perception of discomfort during initial orthodontic tooth alignment using a self-ligating or conventional bracket system: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Scott \n P,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott \n P, \n \n \n Sherriff \n M, \n \n \n Dibiase \n AT, \n \n \n Cobourne \n MT. \n \n \n Perception of discomfort during initial orthodontic tooth alignment using a self-ligating or conventional bracket system: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:227\u2013232."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Pain experience during initial alignment with three types of nickel-titanium archwires: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Abdelrahman \n RS,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdelrahman \n RS, \n \n \n Al-Nimri \n KS, \n \n \n Al Maaitah \n EF. \n \n \n Pain experience during initial alignment with three types of nickel-titanium archwires: a prospective clinical trial. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:1021\u20131026."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"A multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare a self-ligating bracket with a conventional bracket in a UK population. Part 2: pain perception","volume":"86","author":"Rahman \n S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rahman \n S, \n \n \n Spencer \n RJ, \n \n \n Littlewood \n SJ, \n \n \n O'Dywer \n L, \n \n \n Barber \n SK, \n \n \n Russell \n JS. \n \n \n A multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare a self-ligating bracket with a conventional bracket in a UK population. Part 2: pain perception. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:149\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"302.e1","article-title":"A comparison of treatment impacts between Invisalign aligner and fixed appliance therapy during the first week of treatment","volume":"131","author":"Miller \n KB,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller \n KB, \n \n \n McGorray, \n SP, \n \n \n Womack \n R, \n \n et al. \n A comparison of treatment impacts between Invisalign aligner and fixed appliance therapy during the first week of treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:302.e1\u2013302.e9."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"349","article-title":"The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treatment of preadolescents, adolescents, and adults","volume":"100","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brown D Brown DF, Moerenhout RG. The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treatment of preadolescents, adolescents, and adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:349\u2013356."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b14","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","article-title":"Initial arch wires for tooth alignment during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","author":"Jian \n F,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jian \n F, \n \n \n Lai \n W, \n \n \n Furness \n S, \n \n \n Gt \n M, \n \n \n Dt \n M, \n \n \n Hickman \n J, \n \n \n Wang \n Y. \n \n \n Initial arch wires for tooth alignment during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(4):CD007859."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"575","article-title":"Self-ligating brackets in orthodontics: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Fleming \n PS,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fleming \n PS, \n \n \n Johal \n A. \n \n \n Self-ligating brackets in orthodontics: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:575\u2013584."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b16","series-title":"AmJ Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The Irregularity Index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n RM. \n \n \n The Irregularity Index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. AmJ Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Evaluation of preemptive valdecoxib therapy on initial archwire placement discomfort in adults","volume":"76","author":"Young \n AN,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Young \n AN, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW, \n \n \n Taylo \n SE, \n \n \n Linnebur \n SA, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Evaluation of preemptive valdecoxib therapy on initial archwire placement discomfort in adults. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:251\u2013259."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b18","series-title":"Int Assoc Study Pain","first-page":"95","article-title":"The visual analogue pain intensity scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres?","volume":"72","author":"Collins \n SL,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Collins \n SL, \n \n \n Moore \n RA, \n \n \n Mcquay \n HJ. \n \n \n The visual analogue pain intensity scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres?\n Int Assoc Study Pain. 1997;72:95\u201397."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"20","article-title":"The effect of preemptive and\/or postoperative ibuprofen therapy for orthodontic pain","volume":"120","author":"Bernhardt \n MK,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bernhardt \n MK, \n \n \n Southard \n KA, \n \n \n Batterson \n KD, \n \n \n Logan \n HL, \n \n \n Baker \n KA, \n \n \n Jakobsen \n JR. \n \n \n The effect of preemptive and\/or postoperative ibuprofen therapy for orthodontic pain. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120:20\u201327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"214","article-title":"Pain control during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy","volume":"75","author":"Polat \n O,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polat \n O, \n \n \n Karaman \n AI. \n \n \n Pain control during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:214\u2013219."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b21","series-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin","first-page":"27","article-title":"Cytokines, inflammation and pain","volume":"45","author":"Zhang \n JM,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang \n JM, \n \n \n An \n J. \n \n \n Cytokines, inflammation and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;45:27\u201337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"596","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta levels, pain intensity, and tooth movement using two different magnitudes of continuous orthodontic force","volume":"32","author":"Luppanapornlarp \n S,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luppanapornlarp \n S, \n \n \n Kajii \n TS, \n \n \n Surarit \n R, \n \n \n Iida \n J. \n \n \n Interleukin-1beta levels, pain intensity, and tooth movement using two different magnitudes of continuous orthodontic force. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:596\u2013601."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"349","article-title":"The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treatment of preadolescents, adolescents, and adults","volume":"100","author":"Brown \n DF,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brown \n DF, \n \n \n Moerenhout \n RG. \n \n \n The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treatment of preadolescents, adolescents, and adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:349\u2013356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"86","article-title":"Patient discomfort: a comparison between lingual and labial fixed appliances","volume":"75","author":"Caniklioglu \n C,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caniklioglu \n C, \n \n \n Ozyurk \n Y. \n \n \n Patient discomfort: a comparison between lingual and labial fixed appliances. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:86\u201391."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b25","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"46","article-title":"Pain experience during initial alignment with a self-ligating and a conventional fixed orthodontic appliance system: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Fleming \n PS,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fleming \n PS, \n \n \n Dibiase \n AT, \n \n \n Sarri \n G, \n \n \n Lee \n RT. \n \n \n Pain experience during initial alignment with a self-ligating and a conventional fixed orthodontic appliance system: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:46\u201350."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"111","article-title":"Initial tooth movement: force application and pain\u2014a relationship?","volume":"88","author":"Jones \n ML,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jones \n ML, \n \n \n Richmond \n S. \n \n \n Initial tooth movement: force application and pain\u2014a relationship?\n Am J Orthod. 1985;88(2):111\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b27","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"7","article-title":"The importance of interbracket width in orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"10","author":"Creekmore \n TD.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Creekmore \n TD. \n \n \n The importance of interbracket width in orthodontic tooth movement. J Clin Orthod. 2016;10:7\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b28","series-title":"Prim Dent Care","first-page":"53","article-title":"The value and use of \u201cquality of life\u201d measures in the primary dental care setting","volume":"6","author":"McGrath \n C,","year":"1999","unstructured":"McGrath \n C, \n \n \n Bed \n R. \n \n \n The value and use of \u201cquality of life\u201d measures in the primary dental care setting. Prim Dent Care. 1999;6:53\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"516","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in controlling pain after orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"135","author":"Salmassian \n R,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salmassian \n R, \n \n \n Oesterle \n LJ, \n \n \n Shellhart \n WC, \n \n \n Newman \n SM. \n \n \n Comparison of the efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in controlling pain after orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:516\u2013521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"170","article-title":"Orthodontic pain: from causes to management\u2014a review","volume":"29","author":"Krishnan \n V.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krishnan \n V. \n \n \n Orthodontic pain: from causes to management\u2014a review. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:170\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"403","article-title":"A comparison of pain experienced by patients treated with labial and lingual orthodontic appliances","volume":"32","author":"Wu \n AKY,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu \n AKY, \n \n \n McGrath \n C, \n \n \n Wong \n RWK, \n \n \n Wiechmann \n D, \n \n \n Rabie \n ABM. \n \n \n A comparison of pain experienced by patients treated with labial and lingual orthodontic appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:403\u2013407."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b04","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"79","article-title":"Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"26","author":"Erdin\u00e7 \n A,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erdin\u00e7 \n A, \n \n \n Din\u00e7er \n B. \n \n \n Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26:79\u201385. Available at: http:\/\/ejo.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/26\/1\/79.short."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"523","article-title":"Age effects on orthodontic treatment: adolescents contrasted with adults","volume":"100","author":"Dyer \n GS,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dyer \n GS, \n \n \n Harris \n EF, \n \n \n Vaden \n JL. \n \n \n Age effects on orthodontic treatment: adolescents contrasted with adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:523\u2013530."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b06","series-title":"Dent Update","first-page":"427","article-title":"An update in adult orthodontics","volume":"34","author":"Scott \n P,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scott \n P, \n \n \n Fleming \n P, \n \n \n DiBiase \n A. \n \n \n An update in adult orthodontics. Dent Update. 2010;34:427\u2013438."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b07","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Adults seeking orthodontic treatment: expectations, periodontal and TMD issues","volume":"218","author":"Christensen \n L,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christensen \n L, \n \n \n Luther \n F. \n \n \n Adults seeking orthodontic treatment: expectations, periodontal and TMD issues. Br Dent J. 2015;218:111\u2013117."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b08","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"178","article-title":"A prospective longitudinal controlled assessment of pain experience and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment","volume":"17","author":"Johal \n A,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johal \n A, \n \n \n Fleming \n PS, \n \n \n Al Jawad \n FA. \n \n \n A prospective longitudinal controlled assessment of pain experience and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014;17:178\u2013186."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"227","article-title":"Perception of discomfort during initial orthodontic tooth alignment using a self-ligating or conventional bracket system: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Scott \n P,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott \n P, \n \n \n Sherriff \n M, \n \n \n Dibiase \n AT, \n \n \n Cobourne \n MT. \n \n \n Perception of discomfort during initial orthodontic tooth alignment using a self-ligating or conventional bracket system: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:227\u2013232."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Pain experience during initial alignment with three types of nickel-titanium archwires: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Abdelrahman \n RS,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdelrahman \n RS, \n \n \n Al-Nimri \n KS, \n \n \n Al Maaitah \n EF. \n \n \n Pain experience during initial alignment with three types of nickel-titanium archwires: a prospective clinical trial. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:1021\u20131026."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"A multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare a self-ligating bracket with a conventional bracket in a UK population. Part 2: pain perception","volume":"86","author":"Rahman \n S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rahman \n S, \n \n \n Spencer \n RJ, \n \n \n Littlewood \n SJ, \n \n \n O'Dywer \n L, \n \n \n Barber \n SK, \n \n \n Russell \n JS. \n \n \n A multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare a self-ligating bracket with a conventional bracket in a UK population. Part 2: pain perception. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:149\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"302.e1","article-title":"A comparison of treatment impacts between Invisalign aligner and fixed appliance therapy during the first week of treatment","volume":"131","author":"Miller \n KB,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller \n KB, \n \n \n McGorray, \n SP, \n \n \n Womack \n R, \n \n et al. \n A comparison of treatment impacts between Invisalign aligner and fixed appliance therapy during the first week of treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:302.e1\u2013302.e9."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"349","article-title":"The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treatment of preadolescents, adolescents, and adults","volume":"100","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brown D Brown DF, Moerenhout RG. The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treatment of preadolescents, adolescents, and adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:349\u2013356."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b14","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","article-title":"Initial arch wires for tooth alignment during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","author":"Jian \n F,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jian \n F, \n \n \n Lai \n W, \n \n \n Furness \n S, \n \n \n Gt \n M, \n \n \n Dt \n M, \n \n \n Hickman \n J, \n \n \n Wang \n Y. \n \n \n Initial arch wires for tooth alignment during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(4):CD007859."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"575","article-title":"Self-ligating brackets in orthodontics: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Fleming \n PS,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fleming \n PS, \n \n \n Johal \n A. \n \n \n Self-ligating brackets in orthodontics: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:575\u2013584."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b16","series-title":"AmJ Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The Irregularity Index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n RM. \n \n \n The Irregularity Index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. AmJ Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-3-292-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Evaluation of preemptive valdecoxib therapy on initial archwire placement discomfort in adults","volume":"76","author":"Young \n AN,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Young \n AN, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW, \n \n \n Taylo \n SE, \n \n \n Linnebur \n SA, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Evaluation of preemptive valdecoxib therapy on initial archwire placement discomfort in adults. 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