{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T18:35:11Z","timestamp":1788028511930,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To investigate the comparative amount of root shortening between two-step and en masse space closure procedures.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Fifty-two patients were selected from a pool of patients satisfying the following inclusion criteria: no evidence of resorption on the pretreatment panoramic radiographs; no dental trauma; no dilacerations of incisor roots, anodontia, or impacted canines; complete root formation at the start of treatment; intact and caries-free incisors; no endodontically treated incisors; Angle Class I or II malocclusion; extraction of four first premolars; and space closure with moderate anchorage. Patients received treatment with either a two-step or an en masse procedure to close the extraction spaces after alignment and leveling with the same preadjusted appliances. Root shortening of the maxillary and mandibular incisors was evaluated on panoramic radiographs, taken before and after space closure, and measured in millimeters. Distortion of measurements caused by panoramic radiographs was corrected by using special metal rods ligated to brackets. Statistical comparisons of root shortening between space closure procedures were investigated with the two-sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>No difference was found in the amount of root shortening between space closure procedures. The average root shortening of maxillary central and lateral incisors was 0.43 \u00b1 0.12 mm and 0.58 \u00b1 0.10 mm, respectively, and that of mandibular central and lateral incisors was 0.23 \u00b1 0.07 mm and 0.22 \u00b1 0.06 mm, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>No difference should be expected in root resorption between two-step and en masse space closure procedure.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/082409-479.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T15:19:40Z","timestamp":1262704780000},"page":"492-497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Root Shortening in Patients Treated with Two-step and En Masse Space Closure Procedures with Sliding Mechanics"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Graduate MS student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b01","series-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med","first-page":"115","article-title":"Genetic factors in external apical root resorption and orthodontic treatment.","volume":"15","author":"Hartsfield\n              Jr, J. K.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hartsfield\n              Jr, J. K., E. T.Everett, and R. A.Al-Qawasmi. Genetic factors in external apical root resorption and orthodontic treatment.Crit Rev Oral Biol Med2004. 15:115\u2013122."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"505","article-title":"Predicting and preventing root resorption: part I. Diagnostic factors.","volume":"119","author":"Sameshima, G. T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sameshima, G. T. and P. M.Sinclair. Predicting and preventing root resorption: part I. Diagnostic factors.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2001. 119:505\u2013510."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"919","article-title":"Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy.","volume":"75","author":"\u00c5rtun, J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"\u00c5rtun, J., I.Smale, F.Behbehani, D.Doppel, M.Van't Hof, and A. 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Treatment factors.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2001. 119:511\u2013515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"143.e15","article-title":"Evaluation of root resorption after open bite treatment with and without extractions.","volume":"132","author":"de Freitas, M. R.","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Freitas, M. R., R. T.Beltr\u00e3o, G.Janson, J. F.Henriques, and K.Chiqueto. Evaluation of root resorption after open bite treatment with and without extractions.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2007. 132:143.e15\u2013143.e22."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"912","article-title":"Root resorption after orthodontic intrusion and extrusion: an intra-individual study.","volume":"75","author":"Han, G.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han, G., S.Huang, J. W.Von den Hoff, X.Zeng, and A. M.Kuijpers-Jagtman. 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Apical root resorption of upper incisors during the torquing stage of the tip-edge technique.Eur J Orthod2007. 29:583\u2013588."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b28","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit, W. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Proffit, W. R. and H. W.Fields. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd ed.St Louis, MOMosby. 1999."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b29","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"185","article-title":"Assessment of root resorption and root shape: periapical vs panoramic films.","volume":"71","author":"Sameshima, G. T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sameshima, G. T. and K. O.Asgarifar. Assessment of root resorption and root shape: periapical vs panoramic films.Angle Orthod2001. 71:185\u2013189."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"151","article-title":"External apical root resorption in Class II malocclusion: a retrospective review of 1- versus 2-phase treatment.","volume":"124","author":"Brin, I.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brin, I., J. F. C.Tulloch, L.Koroluk, and C.Philips. External apical root resorption in Class II malocclusion: a retrospective review of 1- versus 2-phase treatment.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 124:151\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"698.e19","article-title":"Flaws in root resorption assessment algorithms: role of tooth shape.","volume":"130","author":"Katona, T. R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Katona, T. R.\n          \n          Flaws in root resorption assessment algorithms: role of tooth shape.\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n          2006. 130:698.e19\u2013698.e27."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-3-492-b32","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"780","article-title":"The use of an individual jig in measuring tooth length changes.","volume":"74","author":"Brezniak, N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brezniak, N., S.Goren, R.Zoizner, A.Dinbar, A.Arad, A.Wasserstein, and M.Heller. 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