{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:01:14Z","timestamp":1785852074956,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To describe the correlation between the skeletal changes induced by maxillary protraction treatment and the sagittal airway dimension associated with tongue, soft palate, and hyoid bone position in skeletal Class III children.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Twenty Class III patients (5 boys, 15 girls; mean age, 9.4 \u00b1 1.8\u00a0years) treated with a maxillary protraction appliance were included in this study. Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs were analyzed; linear and angular measurements were performed by an expert orthodontist. The correlation between treatment changes in craniofacial morphology and those in upper airway, tongue, soft palate, and hyoid position was evaluated by Pearson's correlation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>A significant increase in maxillary forward displacement, inhibition of mandibular forward growth, and clockwise rotation of the mandible were observed. Simultaneously, nasopharyngeal airway measurements PNS-ad1 and PNS-ad2 significantly increased by 1.4\u00a0mm and 1.9\u00a0mm, respectively. A correlation analysis revealed that maxillary protraction had a positive relationship with PNS-ad1 and PNS-ad2.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The nasopharyngeal airway dimensions can be improved in the short term with maxillary protraction in skeletal Class III children.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/082610-499.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,7]],"date-time":"2011-02-07T15:46:16Z","timestamp":1297093576000},"page":"426-432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Correlation between skeletal changes by maxillary protraction and upper airway dimensions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ji-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Student, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Guk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"47","article-title":"Protraction of the maxillofacial complex.","volume":"98","author":"Mermigos, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mermigos, J., C. A.Full, and G.Andreasen. Protraction of the maxillofacial complex.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1990. 98:47\u201355."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"204","article-title":"Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups.","volume":"113","author":"Kapust, A. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kapust, A. J., P. M.Sinclair, and P. K.Turley. Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:204\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"333","article-title":"Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy.","volume":"113","author":"Bacetti, T.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bacetti, T., J. S.McGill, L.Franchi, J. A.McNamaraJr, and I.Tollaro. Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:333\u2013343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"612","article-title":"Maxillary protraction: treatment and posttreatment effects.","volume":"113","author":"Gallagher, R. W.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gallagher, R. W., F.Miranda, and P. H.Buschang. Maxillary protraction: treatment and posttreatment effects.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:612\u2013619."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"559","article-title":"Early and late facemask therapy.","volume":"23","author":"Y\u00fcksel, S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel, S., T. T.U\u00e7em, and A.Keykubat. Early and late facemask therapy.Eur J Orthod2001. 23:559\u2013568."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b06","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"851","article-title":"Treatment effect of protraction head gear on skeletal Class III malocclusion.","volume":"24","author":"Hwang, C. J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hwang, C. J., S. H.Kyung, and J. K.Lim. Treatment effect of protraction head gear on skeletal Class III malocclusion.Korean J Orthod1994. 24:851\u2013860."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b07","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"349","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction on growth in Class III malocclusion.","volume":"24","author":"Baik, H. S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baik, H. S. and S. J.Sung. Effects of maxillary protraction on growth in Class III malocclusion.Korean J Orthod1994. 24:349\u2013366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction on craniofacial structures and upper-airway dimension.","volume":"72","author":"Hiyama, S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hiyama, S., N.Suda, M.Ishii-Suzuki, S.Tsuiki, M.Ogawa, S.Suzuki, and T.Kuroda. Effects of maxillary protraction on craniofacial structures and upper-airway dimension.Angle Orthod2002. 72:43\u201347."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"184","article-title":"Sagittal airway dimension following maxillary protraction: a pilot study.","volume":"28","author":"Sayinsu, K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sayinsu, K., F.Isik, and T.Arun. Sagittal airway dimension following maxillary protraction: a pilot study.Eur J Orthod2006. 28:184\u2013189."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions of protraction and rapid palatal expansion in Class III malocclusion subjects.","volume":"30","author":"Kilin\u00e7, A. S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilin\u00e7, A. S., S. G.Arslan, J. D.Kama, T.\u00d6zer, and O.Dari. Effects on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions of protraction and rapid palatal expansion in Class III malocclusion subjects.Eur J Orthod2008. 30:61\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"209","article-title":"Maxillary protraction appliance effect on the size of the upper airway passage.","volume":"78","author":"Oktay, H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oktay, H. and E.Ulukaya. Maxillary protraction appliance effect on the size of the upper airway passage.Angle Orthod2008. 78:209\u2013213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"660","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway.","volume":"79","author":"Kaygisiz, E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaygisiz, E., B. B.Tuncer, S.Y\u00fcksel, C.Tuncer, and C.Yildiz. Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway.Angle Orthod2009. 79:660\u2013667."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"777","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction with or without expansion on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in Class III subjects.","volume":"135","author":"Mucedero, M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mucedero, M., T.Baccetti, L.Franchi, and P.Cozza. Effects of maxillary protraction with or without expansion on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in Class III subjects.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2009. 135:777\u2013781."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"327","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway dimensions and functional-orthopedic treatment in skeletal Class II cases.","volume":"68","author":"\u00d6zbek, M. M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"\u00d6zbek, M. M., T. U. T.Memikoglu, H.Gogen, A. A.Lowe, and E.Caspian. Oropharyngeal airway dimensions and functional-orthopedic treatment in skeletal Class II cases.Angle Orthod1998. 68:327\u2013336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"69","article-title":"A study of the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns.","volume":"108","author":"Ceylan, I.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ceylan, I. and H.Oktay. A study of the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1995. 108:69\u201375."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"521","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of soft palate and nasopharyngeal airway relations in different rotation types.","volume":"72","author":"Akcam, M. O.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akcam, M. O., U.Toygar, and T.Wada. Longitudinal investigation of soft palate and nasopharyngeal airway relations in different rotation types.Angle Orthod2002. 72:521\u2013526."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b17","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2283","article-title":"The effect of maxillary multidirectional movement on nasal respiration.","volume":"67","author":"Ghoreishian, M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghoreishian, M. and R.Gheisari. The effect of maxillary multidirectional movement on nasal respiration.J Oral Maxillofac Surg2009. 67:2283\u20132286."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"393","article-title":"Soft tissue growth of the oropharynx.","volume":"66","author":"Taylor, M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taylor, M., M. G.Hans, K. P.Strohl, S.Nelson, and B. H.Broadbent. Soft tissue growth of the oropharynx.Angle Orthod1996. 66:393\u2013400."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"589","article-title":"Cephalometric and computed tomographic predictors of obstructive sleep apnea severity.","volume":"107","author":"Lowe, A. A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lowe, A. A., J. A.Fleetham, S.Adachi, and C. F.Ryan. Cephalometric and computed tomographic predictors of obstructive sleep apnea severity.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1995. 107:589\u2013595."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"513","article-title":"Reproducibility of airway dimensions and tongue and hyoid positions on lateral cephalograms.","volume":"128","author":"Malko\u00e7, S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Malko\u00e7, S., S.\u00dcs\u00fcmez, M.Nur, and C. E.Donaghy. Reproducibility of airway dimensions and tongue and hyoid positions on lateral cephalograms.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2005. 128:513\u2013516."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"63","article-title":"Upright and supine cephalometric evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and snoring subjects.","volume":"64","author":"Pracharktam, N.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pracharktam, N., M. G.Hans, K. P.Strohl, and S.Redline. Upright and supine cephalometric evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and snoring subjects.Angle Orthod1994. 64:63\u201374."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b22","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"72","article-title":"The structural change in the hyoid bone and upper airway after orthognathic surgery for skeletal Class III anterior open bite patients using 3-dimensional computed tomography.","volume":"39","author":"Lee, Y. S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee, Y. S., H. S.Baik, K. J.Lee, and H. S.Yu. The structural change in the hyoid bone and upper airway after orthognathic surgery for skeletal Class III anterior open bite patients using 3-dimensional computed tomography.Korean J Orthod2009. 39:72\u201382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-3-426-b23","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"136","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway analysis of different craniofacial morphology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).","volume":"39","author":"Kim, Y. I.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim, Y. I., S. S.Kim, W. S.Son, and S. B.Park. Pharyngeal airway analysis of different craniofacial morphology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Korean J Orthod2009. 39:136\u2013145."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/81\/3\/article-p426.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/81\/3\/article-p426.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/81\/3\/article-p426.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:53:04Z","timestamp":1747356784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/81\/3\/article-p426.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/082610-499.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}}}