{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:56:59Z","timestamp":1781744219097,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mechanical compression of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is a key trigger of orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR). Although PDL compression during the early phase of orthodontic force application correlates strongly with OIRR severity, associated cellular events remain insufficiently defined. This study aimed at elucidating mechanisms underlying the initiation of OIRR, focusing on PDL compression and associated cellular responses, and identifying cellular targets through which lithium exerts inhibitory effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-seven 10-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to lithium-treated and saline groups. Daily intraperitoneal injections were administered, and a 25 cN mesial orthodontic force was applied to the maxillary first molar for 14 days. PDL thickness was evaluated using microcomputed tomography. Histological analyses quantified the OIRR area, apoptotic cell count, and odontoclast number.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both groups, early PDL compression ratios showed strong positive correlations with OIRR area and early apoptotic cell counts. Lithium significantly reduced OIRR but did not alter PDL compression compared with saline. At comparable PDL compression ratios, the lithium group exhibited consistently smaller OIRR areas and fewer early apoptotic cells. The early odontoclast numbers remained low and showed no intergroup differences. These findings suggest that the protective effect of lithium was primarily mediated by the suppression of early apoptosis, cellular response to PDL compression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early PDL compression and apoptosis play pivotal roles in OIRR initiation and are potential predictive markers. Lithium attenuated OIRR by suppressing early apoptosis without altering PDL compression, highlighting early apoptosis as a promising therapeutic target for OIRR prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/082825-731.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T01:08:06Z","timestamp":1773623286000},"page":"461-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early apoptosis predicts orthodontically induced root resorption: inhibitory effects of lithium in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Iuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Hotokezaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Hotokezaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Funaki-Dohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Ohama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukako","family":"Nashiro-Oyakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kie","family":"Nishioka-Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"235","article-title":"Root resorption in bicuspid intrusion. A scanning electron microscope study","volume":"52","author":"Harry","year":"1982","unstructured":"Harry MR,\nSims MR. Root resorption in bicuspid intrusion. A scanning electron microscope study. Angle Orthod. 1982;52:235\u2013258."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"350","article-title":"Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors","volume":"34","author":"Motokawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Motokawa M,\nSasamoto T,\nKaku M, et al. Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:350\u2013356."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman B,\nVig KWL,\nFields HW,\nShanker S,\nKaizar EE. Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b04","series-title":"Nordisk Tandl\u00e4kare Tidskrift","first-page":"236","article-title":"Einige Beitr\u00e4age zur Theorie der Zahnregulierung","volume":"5","author":"Sandstedt","year":"1904","unstructured":"Sandstedt C. Einige Beitr\u00e4age zur Theorie der Zahnregulierung. Nordisk Tandl\u00e4kare Tidskrift. 1904;5:236\u2013256."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik P,\nRygh P. The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik P,\nRygh P. Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"492","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 14. The amount of root resorption after force application for 12 weeks on maxillary and mandibular premolars: a microcomputed-tomography study","volume":"136","author":"Paetyangkul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paetyangkul A,\nT\u00fcrk T,\nElekda\u011f-T\u00fcrk S,\nJones AS,\nPetocz P,\nDarendeliler MA. Physical properties of root cementum: part 14. The amount of root resorption after force application for 12 weeks on maxillary and mandibular premolars: a microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:492."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b08","series-title":"Int J Orthod Oral Surg. Radiogr","first-page":"331","article-title":"Tissue changes incidental to orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"18","author":"Schwarz","year":"1932","unstructured":"Schwarz AM. Tissue changes incidental to orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Orthod Oral Surg. Radiogr. 1932;18:331\u2013352."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b09","series-title":"Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology","first-page":"198","article-title":"The microcirculation and lymphatic system: capillary fluid exchange, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow","author":"Hall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hall JE,\nHall ME. The microcirculation and lymphatic system: capillary fluid exchange, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow. In: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:198."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"703","article-title":"An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar","volume":"79","author":"Gonzales","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzales C,\nHotokezaka H,\nArai Y, et al. An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(4):703\u2013714."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"240","article-title":"Early-stage periodontal ligament compression predicts orthodontically induced root resorption in rats","volume":"94","author":"Nakamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakamura T,\nHotokezaka Y,\nKaradeniz C, et al. Early-stage periodontal ligament compression predicts orthodontically induced root resorption in rats. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:240\u2013246."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b12","series-title":"Exp Ther Med","first-page":"468","article-title":"Lithium chloride attenuates root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y,\nGao S,\nJiang H, et al. Lithium chloride attenuates root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7:468\u2013472."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"474","article-title":"Lithium chloride reduces orthodontically induced root resorption and affects tooth root movement in rats","volume":"88","author":"Ino-Kondo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ino-Kondo A,\nHotokezaka H,\nKondo T, et al. Lithium chloride reduces orthodontically induced root resorption and affects tooth root movement in rats. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:474\u2013482."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"547","article-title":"Lithium reduces orthodontically induced root resorption by suppressing cell death, hyalinization, and odontoclast formation in rats","volume":"92","author":"Ueda-Ichinose","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ueda-Ichinose Y,\nHotokezaka H,\nMiyazaki T, et al. Lithium reduces orthodontically induced root resorption by suppressing cell death, hyalinization, and odontoclast formation in rats. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:547\u2013554."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"323","article-title":"Importance of the early phase of orthodontic force application in the induction of root resorption","volume":"95","author":"Funaki-Dohi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Funaki-Dohi M,\nHotokezaka Y,\nHotokezaka H, et al. Importance of the early phase of orthodontic force application in the induction of root resorption. Angle Orthod. 2025;95:323\u2013331."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"416","article-title":"Cementocyte cell death occurs in rat cellular cementum during orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"87","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matsuzawa H,\nToriya N,\nNakao Y, et al. Cementocyte cell death occurs in rat cellular cementum during orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:416\u2013422."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b17","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"118","article-title":"Cell proliferation and cell death in periodontal ligaments during orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"37","author":"Mabuchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mabuchi R,\nMatsuzaka K,\nShimoto M. Cell proliferation and cell death in periodontal ligaments during orthodontic tooth movement. J Periodontal Res. 2002;37:118\u2013124."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b18","series-title":"Oral Dis","first-page":"287","article-title":"Apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells induced by mechanical stress during tooth movement","volume":"7","author":"Hatai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hatai T,\nYokozeki M,\nFunato N. Apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells induced by mechanical stress during tooth movement. Oral Dis. 2001;7:287\u2013290."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b19","series-title":"Biochem J","first-page":"1","article-title":"GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery","volume":"359","author":"Frame","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frame S,\nCohen P. GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery. Biochem J. 2001;359:1\u201316."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b20","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"441","article-title":"Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Jope","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jope RS. Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:441\u2013443."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b21","series-title":"Cell Death Differ","first-page":"1505","article-title":"\u03b1NAC depletion as an initiator of ER stress-induced apoptosis in hypoxia","volume":"16","author":"Hotokezaka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hotokezaka Y,\nVan Leyen K,\nLo EH, et al. \u03b1NAC depletion as an initiator of ER stress-induced apoptosis in hypoxia. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16:1505\u20131514."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b22","series-title":"Cell Death Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2-dependent downregulation of \u03b3-taxilin and \u03b1NAC merge to regulate ER stress responses","volume":"6","author":"Hotokezaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hotokezaka Y,\nKatayama I,\nVan Leyen K,\nNakamura T. GSK-3\u03b2-dependent downregulation of \u03b3-taxilin and \u03b1NAC merge to regulate ER stress responses. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:1\u201310."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b23","series-title":"Cell Death Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lithium reduces apoptosis and autophagy after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li Q,\nLi H,\nRoughton K, et al. Lithium reduces apoptosis and autophagy after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Cell Death Dis. 2010;1:1\u20139."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"235","article-title":"Root resorption in bicuspid intrusion. A scanning electron microscope study","volume":"52","author":"Harry","year":"1982","unstructured":"Harry MR,\nSims MR. Root resorption in bicuspid intrusion. A scanning electron microscope study. Angle Orthod. 1982;52:235\u2013258."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"350","article-title":"Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors","volume":"34","author":"Motokawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Motokawa M,\nSasamoto T,\nKaku M, et al. Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:350\u2013356."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman B,\nVig KWL,\nFields HW,\nShanker S,\nKaizar EE. Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b04","series-title":"Nordisk Tandl\u00e4kare Tidskrift","first-page":"236","article-title":"Einige Beitr\u00e4age zur Theorie der Zahnregulierung","volume":"5","author":"Sandstedt","year":"1904","unstructured":"Sandstedt C. Einige Beitr\u00e4age zur Theorie der Zahnregulierung. Nordisk Tandl\u00e4kare Tidskrift. 1904;5:236\u2013256."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik P,\nRygh P. The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik P,\nRygh P. Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"492","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 14. The amount of root resorption after force application for 12 weeks on maxillary and mandibular premolars: a microcomputed-tomography study","volume":"136","author":"Paetyangkul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paetyangkul A,\nT\u00fcrk T,\nElekda\u011f-T\u00fcrk S,\nJones AS,\nPetocz P,\nDarendeliler MA. Physical properties of root cementum: part 14. The amount of root resorption after force application for 12 weeks on maxillary and mandibular premolars: a microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:492."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b08","series-title":"Int J Orthod Oral Surg. Radiogr","first-page":"331","article-title":"Tissue changes incidental to orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"18","author":"Schwarz","year":"1932","unstructured":"Schwarz AM. Tissue changes incidental to orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Orthod Oral Surg. Radiogr. 1932;18:331\u2013352."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b09","series-title":"Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology","first-page":"198","article-title":"The microcirculation and lymphatic system: capillary fluid exchange, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow","author":"Hall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hall JE,\nHall ME. The microcirculation and lymphatic system: capillary fluid exchange, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow. In: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:198."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"703","article-title":"An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar","volume":"79","author":"Gonzales","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzales C,\nHotokezaka H,\nArai Y, et al. An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(4):703\u2013714."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"240","article-title":"Early-stage periodontal ligament compression predicts orthodontically induced root resorption in rats","volume":"94","author":"Nakamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakamura T,\nHotokezaka Y,\nKaradeniz C, et al. Early-stage periodontal ligament compression predicts orthodontically induced root resorption in rats. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:240\u2013246."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b12","series-title":"Exp Ther Med","first-page":"468","article-title":"Lithium chloride attenuates root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y,\nGao S,\nJiang H, et al. Lithium chloride attenuates root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7:468\u2013472."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"474","article-title":"Lithium chloride reduces orthodontically induced root resorption and affects tooth root movement in rats","volume":"88","author":"Ino-Kondo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ino-Kondo A,\nHotokezaka H,\nKondo T, et al. Lithium chloride reduces orthodontically induced root resorption and affects tooth root movement in rats. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:474\u2013482."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"547","article-title":"Lithium reduces orthodontically induced root resorption by suppressing cell death, hyalinization, and odontoclast formation in rats","volume":"92","author":"Ueda-Ichinose","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ueda-Ichinose Y,\nHotokezaka H,\nMiyazaki T, et al. Lithium reduces orthodontically induced root resorption by suppressing cell death, hyalinization, and odontoclast formation in rats. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:547\u2013554."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"323","article-title":"Importance of the early phase of orthodontic force application in the induction of root resorption","volume":"95","author":"Funaki-Dohi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Funaki-Dohi M,\nHotokezaka Y,\nHotokezaka H, et al. Importance of the early phase of orthodontic force application in the induction of root resorption. Angle Orthod. 2025;95:323\u2013331."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"416","article-title":"Cementocyte cell death occurs in rat cellular cementum during orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"87","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matsuzawa H,\nToriya N,\nNakao Y, et al. Cementocyte cell death occurs in rat cellular cementum during orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:416\u2013422."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b17","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"118","article-title":"Cell proliferation and cell death in periodontal ligaments during orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"37","author":"Mabuchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mabuchi R,\nMatsuzaka K,\nShimoto M. Cell proliferation and cell death in periodontal ligaments during orthodontic tooth movement. J Periodontal Res. 2002;37:118\u2013124."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b18","series-title":"Oral Dis","first-page":"287","article-title":"Apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells induced by mechanical stress during tooth movement","volume":"7","author":"Hatai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hatai T,\nYokozeki M,\nFunato N. Apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells induced by mechanical stress during tooth movement. Oral Dis. 2001;7:287\u2013290."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b19","series-title":"Biochem J","first-page":"1","article-title":"GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery","volume":"359","author":"Frame","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frame S,\nCohen P. GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery. Biochem J. 2001;359:1\u201316."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b20","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"441","article-title":"Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Jope","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jope RS. Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:441\u2013443."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b21","series-title":"Cell Death Differ","first-page":"1505","article-title":"\u03b1NAC depletion as an initiator of ER stress-induced apoptosis in hypoxia","volume":"16","author":"Hotokezaka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hotokezaka Y,\nVan Leyen K,\nLo EH, et al. \u03b1NAC depletion as an initiator of ER stress-induced apoptosis in hypoxia. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16:1505\u20131514."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b22","series-title":"Cell Death Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2-dependent downregulation of \u03b3-taxilin and \u03b1NAC merge to regulate ER stress responses","volume":"6","author":"Hotokezaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hotokezaka Y,\nKatayama I,\nVan Leyen K,\nNakamura T. GSK-3\u03b2-dependent downregulation of \u03b3-taxilin and \u03b1NAC merge to regulate ER stress responses. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:1\u201310."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-461-b23","series-title":"Cell Death Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lithium reduces apoptosis and autophagy after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li Q,\nLi H,\nRoughton K, et al. Lithium reduces apoptosis and autophagy after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. 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