{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:08:05Z","timestamp":1790197685053,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To test the hypothesis that twin-block and Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV (MPA-IV) are not effective in improving the pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimensions among Class II malocclusion subjects with a retrognathic mandible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Eighty-three subjects ranging in age from 8 to 14\u00a0years were divided into four groups. Group I included 30 Class I malocclusion subjects (healthy controls); group II consisted of 16 Class II malocclusion subjects (Class II controls); group III had 16 subjects in whom Class II malocclusion was treated by MPA-IV; and the remaining 21 subjects formed group IV, whose Class II malocclusions were corrected by twin-block appliance. Lateral cephalograms recorded at the beginning of orthodontic treatment in group I subjects and at the beginning and end of follow-up\/treatment with functional appliance in group II, III, and IV subjects were analyzed to determine the PAP dimensions. Paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey tests were applied for statistical analysis, and a\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value .05 was considered statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Soft palate length was decreased significantly in group III (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05) and group IV (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) subjects. Soft palate thickness in group IV subjects was increased significantly as compared to group II (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05) and group III (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01) subjects. The improvement in soft palate inclination in group III and group IV subjects was significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). The oropharynx depth was increased significantly in group III (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05) and group IV (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) subjects. The depth of the hypopharynx was increased significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01) in group IV subjects.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The twin-block appliance was more efficient than the MPA-IV in the improvement of PAP dimensions among Class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/083112-702.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T09:21:30Z","timestamp":1355476890000},"page":"728-734","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Effectiveness of twin-block and Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV in the improvement of pharyngeal airway passage dimensions in Class II malocclusion subjects with a retrognathic mandible"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Jena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Unit of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satinder Pal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Additional Professor, Unit of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Utreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Unit of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b01","series-title":"Swiss Med Wkly","first-page":"689","article-title":"Sleep and respiration in children: time to wake up!","volume":"137","author":"Wildhaber\n JH,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wildhaber\n JH, \n \n Moeller\n A. \n \n Sleep and respiration in children: time to wake up!. Swiss Med Wkly. 2007;137:689\u2013694."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"69","article-title":"A study on the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns","volume":"108","author":"Ceylan\n I,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ceylan\n I, \n \n Oktay\n H. \n \n A study on the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:69\u201375."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b03","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"997","article-title":"Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction: a developmental perspective","volume":"27","author":"Arens\n R,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arens\n R, \n \n Marcus\n CL. \n \n Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction: a developmental perspective. Sleep. 2004;27:997\u20131019."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b04","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"555","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction and sleep disorders in children with craniofacial anomalies","volume":"9","author":"Schafer\n ME.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schafer\n ME. \n \n Upper airway obstruction and sleep disorders in children with craniofacial anomalies. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:555\u2013567."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"133","article-title":"Natural head posture, upper airway anatomy and obstructive sleep apnea severity in adults","volume":"20","author":"Ozbek\n MM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozbek\n MM, \n \n Miyamoto\n K, \n \n Lowe\n AA, \n \n Fleetham\n JA. \n \n Natural head posture, upper airway anatomy and obstructive sleep apnea severity in adults. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:133\u2013143."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Upper airway dimensions in Class II malocclusion. Effects of headgear treatment","volume":"77","author":"Kirjavainen\n M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kirjavainen\n M, \n \n Kirjavainen\n T. \n \n Upper airway dimensions in Class II malocclusion. Effects of headgear treatment. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:1046\u20131053."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage","volume":"80","author":"Jena\n AK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jena\n AK, \n \n Singh\n SP, \n \n Utreja\n AK. \n \n Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:1061\u20131067."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b08","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"541","article-title":"Glossoptosis due to atresia and hypotrophy of the mandible","volume":"48","author":"Robin\n P.","year":"1934","unstructured":"Robin\n P. \n \n Glossoptosis due to atresia and hypotrophy of the mandible. Am J Dis Child. 1934;48:541\u2013547."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b09","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"240","article-title":"Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances: an update for 2005","volume":"29","author":"Kushida\n CA,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kushida\n CA, \n \n Morgenthaler\n TI, \n \n Littner\n MR. \n \n . Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances: an update for 2005. Sleep. 2006;29:240\u2013243."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b10","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1511","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjustable oral appliance and comparison with continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Holley\n AB,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holley\n AB, \n \n Lettieri\n CJ, \n \n Shah\n AA. \n \n Efficacy of an adjustable oral appliance and comparison with continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 2011;140:1511\u20131516."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"327","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway dimensions and functional-orthopedic treatment in skeletal Class II cases","volume":"68","author":"Ozbek\n MM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozbek\n MM, \n \n Memikoglu\n UT, \n \n Gogen\n H, \n \n Lowe\n AA, \n \n Baspinar\n E. \n \n Oropharyngeal airway dimensions and functional-orthopedic treatment in skeletal Class II cases. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:327\u2013336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions following activator-headgear and fixed appliance treatment","volume":"30","author":"H\u00e4nggi\n MP,","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00e4nggi\n MP, \n \n Teuscher\n UM, \n \n Roos\n M, \n \n Peltom\u00e4ki\n TA. \n \n Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions following activator-headgear and fixed appliance treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:598\u2013605."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b13","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"287","article-title":"Changes of tongue position and oropharynx following treatment with functional appliance","volume":"31","author":"Yassaei\n S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yassaei\n S, \n \n Bahrololoomi\n Z, \n \n Sorush\n M. \n \n Changes of tongue position and oropharynx following treatment with functional appliance. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2007;31:287\u2013290."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b14","series-title":"J Exp Clin Med","first-page":"93","article-title":"Changes in the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone after treatment with a modified bionator in growing patients with retrognathia","volume":"3","author":"Lin\n Y,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin\n Y, \n \n Lin\n HC, \n \n Tsai\n HH. \n \n Changes in the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone after treatment with a modified bionator in growing patients with retrognathia. J Exp Clin Med. 2011;3:93\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b15","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"588","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway dimensions after treatment with functional appliances in Class II retrognathic children","volume":"38","author":"Restrepo\n C,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Restrepo\n C, \n \n Santamar\u00eda\n A, \n \n Pel\u00e1ez\n S, \n \n Tapias\n A. \n \n Oropharyngeal airway dimensions after treatment with functional appliances in Class II retrognathic children. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38:588\u2013594."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b16","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"301","article-title":"Effects of fixed appliances in correcting Angle Class-II on the depth of the posterior airway space","volume":"72","author":"Kinzinger\n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n G, \n \n Czapka\n K, \n \n Ludwig\n B, \n \n Glasl\n B, \n \n Gross\n U, \n \n Lisson\n J. \n \n Effects of fixed appliances in correcting Angle Class-II on the depth of the posterior airway space. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:301\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"222","article-title":"Class-II correction improves nocturnal breathing in adolescents","volume":"81","author":"Schutz\n TCB,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schutz\n TCB, \n \n Dominguez\n GC, \n \n Hallinan\n MP, \n \n Cunha\n TCA, \n \n Tufik\n S. \n \n Class-II correction improves nocturnal breathing in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:222\u2013228."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b18","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"18","article-title":"Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV","volume":"35","author":"Coelho Filho\n CM.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coelho Filho\n CM. \n \n Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV. J Clin Orthod. 2001;35:18\u201324."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b19","series-title":"Eur Resp J","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The effect of age, sex, obesity and posture on upper airway size","volume":"10","author":"Martin\n SE,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin\n SE, \n \n Mathur\n R, \n \n Marshall\n I, \n \n Douglas\n NJ. \n \n The effect of age, sex, obesity and posture on upper airway size. Eur Resp J. 1997;10:2087\u20132090."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"367","article-title":"Surgical mandibular advancement and changes in uvuloglossopharyngeal morphology and head posture: a short- and long-term cephalometric study in males","volume":"22","author":"Achilleos\n S,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Achilleos\n S, \n \n Krogstad\n O, \n \n Lyberg\n T. \n \n Surgical mandibular advancement and changes in uvuloglossopharyngeal morphology and head posture: a short- and long-term cephalometric study in males. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:367\u2013381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b21","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"634","article-title":"Frontal and lateral cephalometry in patients with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"111","author":"Finkelstein\n Y,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Finkelstein\n Y, \n \n Wexler\n D, \n \n Horowitz\n E. \n \n . Frontal and lateral cephalometry in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:634\u2013641."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"353","article-title":"A cephalometric comparison of subjects with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"22","author":"Battagel\n JM,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Battagel\n JM, \n \n Johal\n A, \n \n Kotecha\n B. \n \n A cephalometric comparison of subjects with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:353\u2013365."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"513","article-title":"Reproducibility of airway dimensions and tongue and hyoid positions on lateral cephalograms","volume":"128","author":"Malkoc\n S,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Malkoc\n S, \n \n Usumez\n S, \n \n Nur\n M, \n \n Donaghy\n CE. \n \n Reproducibility of airway dimensions and tongue and hyoid positions on lateral cephalograms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:513\u2013516."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"485","article-title":"Treatment effects of twin-block and Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV (MPA-IV) in the correction of Class II malocclusion","volume":"80","author":"Jena\n AK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jena\n AK, \n \n Duggal\n R. \n \n Treatment effects of twin-block and Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV (MPA-IV) in the correction of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:485\u2013491."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b25","series-title":"J Dent Med","first-page":"51","article-title":"Changes of hyoid bone position following treatment of Class II div 1 malocclusion with Farmand functional appliance","volume":"19","author":"Yassaei\n S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yassaei\n S, \n \n Soroush\n MM. \n \n Changes of hyoid bone position following treatment of Class II div 1 malocclusion with Farmand functional appliance. J Dent Med. 2007;19:51\u201356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b26","series-title":"Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"123","article-title":"The analysis of the changes of tongue shape and position, hyoid position in Class II, division 1 malocclusion treated with functional appliances (FR-I)","volume":"18","author":"Zhou\n L,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhou\n L, \n \n Zhao\n Z, \n \n Lu\n D. \n \n The analysis of the changes of tongue shape and position, hyoid position in Class II, division 1 malocclusion treated with functional appliances (FR-I). Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000;18:123\u2013125."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b27","series-title":"Int J Orthod Milwaukee","first-page":"9","article-title":"Stability of pharyngeal airway dimensions: tongue and hyoid changes after treatment with a functional appliance","volume":"23","author":"Yassaei\n S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yassaei\n S, \n \n Tabatabaei\n Z, \n \n Ghafurifard\n R. \n \n Stability of pharyngeal airway dimensions: tongue and hyoid changes after treatment with a functional appliance. Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2012;23:9\u201315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b01","series-title":"Swiss Med Wkly","first-page":"689","article-title":"Sleep and respiration in children: time to wake up!","volume":"137","author":"Wildhaber\n JH,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wildhaber\n JH, \n \n Moeller\n A. \n \n Sleep and respiration in children: time to wake up!. Swiss Med Wkly. 2007;137:689\u2013694."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"69","article-title":"A study on the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns","volume":"108","author":"Ceylan\n I,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ceylan\n I, \n \n Oktay\n H. \n \n A study on the pharyngeal size in different skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:69\u201375."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b03","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"997","article-title":"Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction: a developmental perspective","volume":"27","author":"Arens\n R,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arens\n R, \n \n Marcus\n CL. \n \n Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction: a developmental perspective. Sleep. 2004;27:997\u20131019."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b04","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"555","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction and sleep disorders in children with craniofacial anomalies","volume":"9","author":"Schafer\n ME.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schafer\n ME. \n \n Upper airway obstruction and sleep disorders in children with craniofacial anomalies. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:555\u2013567."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"133","article-title":"Natural head posture, upper airway anatomy and obstructive sleep apnea severity in adults","volume":"20","author":"Ozbek\n MM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozbek\n MM, \n \n Miyamoto\n K, \n \n Lowe\n AA, \n \n Fleetham\n JA. \n \n Natural head posture, upper airway anatomy and obstructive sleep apnea severity in adults. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:133\u2013143."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Upper airway dimensions in Class II malocclusion. Effects of headgear treatment","volume":"77","author":"Kirjavainen\n M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kirjavainen\n M, \n \n Kirjavainen\n T. \n \n Upper airway dimensions in Class II malocclusion. Effects of headgear treatment. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:1046\u20131053."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage","volume":"80","author":"Jena\n AK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jena\n AK, \n \n Singh\n SP, \n \n Utreja\n AK. \n \n Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:1061\u20131067."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b08","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"541","article-title":"Glossoptosis due to atresia and hypotrophy of the mandible","volume":"48","author":"Robin\n P.","year":"1934","unstructured":"Robin\n P. \n \n Glossoptosis due to atresia and hypotrophy of the mandible. Am J Dis Child. 1934;48:541\u2013547."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b09","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"240","article-title":"Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances: an update for 2005","volume":"29","author":"Kushida\n CA,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kushida\n CA, \n \n Morgenthaler\n TI, \n \n Littner\n MR. \n \n . Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances: an update for 2005. Sleep. 2006;29:240\u2013243."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b10","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1511","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjustable oral appliance and comparison with continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Holley\n AB,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holley\n AB, \n \n Lettieri\n CJ, \n \n Shah\n AA. \n \n Efficacy of an adjustable oral appliance and comparison with continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 2011;140:1511\u20131516."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"327","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway dimensions and functional-orthopedic treatment in skeletal Class II cases","volume":"68","author":"Ozbek\n MM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozbek\n MM, \n \n Memikoglu\n UT, \n \n Gogen\n H, \n \n Lowe\n AA, \n \n Baspinar\n E. \n \n Oropharyngeal airway dimensions and functional-orthopedic treatment in skeletal Class II cases. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:327\u2013336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions following activator-headgear and fixed appliance treatment","volume":"30","author":"H\u00e4nggi\n MP,","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00e4nggi\n MP, \n \n Teuscher\n UM, \n \n Roos\n M, \n \n Peltom\u00e4ki\n TA. \n \n Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions following activator-headgear and fixed appliance treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:598\u2013605."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b13","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"287","article-title":"Changes of tongue position and oropharynx following treatment with functional appliance","volume":"31","author":"Yassaei\n S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yassaei\n S, \n \n Bahrololoomi\n Z, \n \n Sorush\n M. \n \n Changes of tongue position and oropharynx following treatment with functional appliance. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2007;31:287\u2013290."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b14","series-title":"J Exp Clin Med","first-page":"93","article-title":"Changes in the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone after treatment with a modified bionator in growing patients with retrognathia","volume":"3","author":"Lin\n Y,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin\n Y, \n \n Lin\n HC, \n \n Tsai\n HH. \n \n Changes in the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone after treatment with a modified bionator in growing patients with retrognathia. J Exp Clin Med. 2011;3:93\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b15","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"588","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway dimensions after treatment with functional appliances in Class II retrognathic children","volume":"38","author":"Restrepo\n C,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Restrepo\n C, \n \n Santamar\u00eda\n A, \n \n Pel\u00e1ez\n S, \n \n Tapias\n A. \n \n Oropharyngeal airway dimensions after treatment with functional appliances in Class II retrognathic children. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38:588\u2013594."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b16","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"301","article-title":"Effects of fixed appliances in correcting Angle Class-II on the depth of the posterior airway space","volume":"72","author":"Kinzinger\n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n G, \n \n Czapka\n K, \n \n Ludwig\n B, \n \n Glasl\n B, \n \n Gross\n U, \n \n Lisson\n J. \n \n Effects of fixed appliances in correcting Angle Class-II on the depth of the posterior airway space. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:301\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"222","article-title":"Class-II correction improves nocturnal breathing in adolescents","volume":"81","author":"Schutz\n TCB,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schutz\n TCB, \n \n Dominguez\n GC, \n \n Hallinan\n MP, \n \n Cunha\n TCA, \n \n Tufik\n S. \n \n Class-II correction improves nocturnal breathing in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:222\u2013228."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b18","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"18","article-title":"Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV","volume":"35","author":"Coelho Filho\n CM.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coelho Filho\n CM. \n \n Mandibular Protraction Appliance-IV. J Clin Orthod. 2001;35:18\u201324."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b19","series-title":"Eur Resp J","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The effect of age, sex, obesity and posture on upper airway size","volume":"10","author":"Martin\n SE,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin\n SE, \n \n Mathur\n R, \n \n Marshall\n I, \n \n Douglas\n NJ. \n \n The effect of age, sex, obesity and posture on upper airway size. Eur Resp J. 1997;10:2087\u20132090."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"367","article-title":"Surgical mandibular advancement and changes in uvuloglossopharyngeal morphology and head posture: a short- and long-term cephalometric study in males","volume":"22","author":"Achilleos\n S,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Achilleos\n S, \n \n Krogstad\n O, \n \n Lyberg\n T. \n \n Surgical mandibular advancement and changes in uvuloglossopharyngeal morphology and head posture: a short- and long-term cephalometric study in males. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:367\u2013381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-4-728-b21","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"634","article-title":"Frontal and lateral cephalometry in patients with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"111","author":"Finkelstein\n Y,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Finkelstein\n Y, \n \n Wexler\n D, \n \n Horowitz\n E. \n \n . Frontal and lateral cephalometry in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. 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