{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:49:31Z","timestamp":1771667371688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>\n          <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To examine the effects of face mask therapy in adolescent and young adult female subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusion characterized by maxillary retrognathism.<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>\n          <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> The material consisted of pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 28 subjects with Class III malocclusions treated with a face mask. Twenty-eight patients age 10 to 16 years were divided into two groups: the adolescent group (15 female patients) and the young adult group (13 female patients). Within group and between group comparisons were made by paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test and Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>\n          <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Forward displacement of the maxilla and clockwise rotation of the mandible occurred in both the adolescent and young adult groups. Maxillary-mandibular relationship exhibited an increase in the ANB angle and Wits appraisal, and the soft-tissue changes resulted in a more convex profile. The maxillary incisors moved forward while the mandibular incisors moved backward.<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>\n          <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Face mask therapy improves skeletal Class III malocclusions by a combination of skeletal and dental changes. Although early treatment may be most effective, face mask treatment can provide a viable option for older children as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/090308-462.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T18:46:14Z","timestamp":1239821174000},"page":"842-848","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Face Mask Therapy Effects in Two Skeletal Maturation Groups of Female Subjects with Skeletal Class III Malocclusions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"\u0130brahim","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aAssociate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atat\u00fcrk University, Kamp\u00fcs-\u00dcniversite, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koray","family":"Hal\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"bResearch Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Atat\u00fcrk University, Kamp\u00fcs-\u00dcniversite, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cProfessor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atat\u00fcrk University, Kamp\u00fcs-\u00dcniversite, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b1","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"140","article-title":"Mandibular prognathism.","volume":"66","author":"Jacobson, A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Jacobson, A., W. B.Evans, C. B.Preston, and P. L.Sadowsky. Mandibular prognathism.Am J Orthod1974. 66:140\u2013171."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b2","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"An orthopaedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients.","volume":"21","author":"McNamara\n              Jr., J. A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"McNamara\n              Jr., J. A.\n          \n          An orthopaedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients.\n          J Clin Orthod\n          1987. 21:598\u2013608."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b3","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"26","article-title":"Skeletal changes of maxillary protraction in patients exhibiting skeletal Class III malocclusion: a comparison of three skeletal maturation groups.","volume":"73","author":"Cha, K. S.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cha, K. S.\n          \n          Skeletal changes of maxillary protraction in patients exhibiting skeletal Class III malocclusion: a comparison of three skeletal maturation groups.\n          Angle Orthod\n          2003. 73:26\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b4","article-title":"A Study of Orthopedic Force in Angle Class III Malocclusion in 5 to 7-Year-Old Boys and Girls [master's thesis].","author":"Graber, L. W.","unstructured":"Graber, L. W.\n          \n          A Study of Orthopedic Force in Angle Class III Malocclusion in 5 to 7-Year-Old Boys and Girls [master's thesis].\n          Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University; 1974."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b5","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"345","article-title":"A possibility for physiologic orthodontic movement.","volume":"30","author":"Oppenheim, A.","year":"1944","unstructured":"Oppenheim, A.\n          \n          A possibility for physiologic orthodontic movement.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1944. 30:345\u2013368."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b6","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"509","article-title":"A preliminary study of anterior maxillary displacement.","volume":"63","author":"Dellinger, E. L.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Dellinger, E. L.\n          \n          A preliminary study of anterior maxillary displacement.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1973. 63:509\u2013516."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"Zygomaticomaxillary suture adaptations incident to anteriorly-directed force in rhesus monkeys.","volume":"54","author":"Nanda, R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nanda, R.\n          \n          Zygomaticomaxillary suture adaptations incident to anteriorly-directed force in rhesus monkeys.\n          Angle Orthod\n          1984. 54:199\u2013210."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b8","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"341","article-title":"A roentgenocephalometric study of skeletal changes during and after chin cup treatment.","volume":"85","author":"Sakamoto, T.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sakamoto, T., I.Iwase, A.Uka, and S.Nakamura. A roentgenocephalometric study of skeletal changes during and after chin cup treatment.Am J Orthod1984. 85:341\u2013350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b9","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"The effects of chin-cup therapy on the mandible: a longitudinal study.","volume":"87","author":"Wendel, P. D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wendel, P. D., R.Nanda, T.Sakamoto, and S.Nakamura. The effects of chin-cup therapy on the mandible: a longitudinal study.Am J Orthod1985. 87:265\u2013274."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"454","article-title":"Effects of chincup force on the timing and amount of mandibular growth associated with anterior reserved occlusion (Class III malocclusion) during puberty.","volume":"90","author":"Mitani, H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mitani, H. and H.Fukazawa. Effects of chincup force on the timing and amount of mandibular growth associated with anterior reserved occlusion (Class III malocclusion) during puberty.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1986. 90:454\u2013463."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"127","article-title":"Long-term effects of chin-cup therapy on skeletal profile in mandibular prognathism.","volume":"98","author":"Sugawara, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sugawara, J., T.Asano, N.Endo, and H.Mitani. Long-term effects of chin-cup therapy on skeletal profile in mandibular prognathism.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1990. 98:127\u2013133."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus.","volume":"71","author":"Kambara, T.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kambara, T.\n          \n          Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1977. 71:249\u2013277."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"Protraction of maxilla in rhesus monkeys by controlled extraoral forces.","volume":"74","author":"Nanda, R.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nanda, R.\n          \n          Protraction of maxilla in rhesus monkeys by controlled extraoral forces.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1978. 74:121\u2013141."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b14","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"295","article-title":"Components of adult Class III malocclusion.","volume":"42","author":"Ellis\n              III, E.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ellis\n              III, E. and J. A.McNamaraJr.. Components of adult Class III malocclusion.J Oral Maxillofac Surg1984. 42:295\u2013305."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"302","article-title":"The morphology of the potential Class III skeletal pattern in the growing child.","volume":"89","author":"Williams, S.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Williams, S. and C. E.Anderson. The morphology of the potential Class III skeletal pattern in the growing child.Am J Orthod1986. 89:302\u2013311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"7","article-title":"Components of Class III malocclusion in juveniles and adolescents.","volume":"56","author":"Guyer, E. C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Guyer, E. C., E. E.EllisIII, J. A.McNamaraJr, and R. G.Behrents. Components of Class III malocclusion in juveniles and adolescents.Angle Orthod1986. 56:7\u201330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"139","article-title":"Craniofacial pattern of Class III deciduous dentition.","volume":"62","author":"Chang, H-P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chang, H-P., Z.Kinoshita, and T.Kavamoto. Craniofacial pattern of Class III deciduous dentition.Angle Orthod1992. 62:139\u2013144."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"351","article-title":"Changes following the use of protraction headgear for early correction of Class III malocclusion.","volume":"66","author":"Chong, Y. H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chong, Y. H., J. C.Ive, and J.\u00c5rtun. Changes following the use of protraction headgear for early correction of Class III malocclusion.Angle Orthod1996. 66:351\u2013362."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"492","article-title":"Assessment of skeletal and dental changes by maxillary protraction.","volume":"114","author":"Sung, S. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sung, S. J. and H. S.Baik. Assessment of skeletal and dental changes by maxillary protraction.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 114:492\u2013502."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b20","article-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics.","author":"Proffit, W. R.","unstructured":"Proffit, W. R.\n          \n          Contemporary Orthodontics.\n          St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1992:91\u201392, 229\u2013244."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"The postnatal development of palatomaxillary region studied on human autopsy material.","volume":"82","author":"Melsen, B.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Melsen, B. and F.Melsen. The postnatal development of palatomaxillary region studied on human autopsy material.Am J Orthod1982. 82:329\u2013342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"439","article-title":"The effects of face mask therapy (abstract).","volume":"82","author":"Simonsen, R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Simonsen, R.\n          \n          The effects of face mask therapy (abstract).\n          Am J Orthod\n          1982. 82:439."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"211","article-title":"Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal.","volume":"15","author":"Takada, K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Takada, K., S.Petdachai, and M.Sakuda. Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal.Eur J Orthod1993. 15:211\u2013221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"583","article-title":"Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children.","volume":"108","author":"Baik, H. S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baik, H. S.\n          \n          Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children.\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n          1995. 108:583\u2013592."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b25","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"559","article-title":"Early and late facemask therapy.","volume":"23","author":"Y\u00fcksel, S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel, S., T. T.\u00dc\u00e7em, and A.Keykubat. Early and late facemask therapy.Eur J Orthod2001. 23:559\u2013568."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"88","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation: a clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films.","volume":"52","author":"Fishman, L. S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fishman, L. S.\n          \n          Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation: a clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films.\n          Angle Orthod\n          1982. 52:88\u2013112."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b27","article-title":"Adaptation following accelerated facial mask therapy.","author":"Petit, H. P.","unstructured":"Petit, H. P.\n          \n          Adaptation following accelerated facial mask therapy.\n          In: McNamara JA Jr, Ribbens KA, Howe RP, eds. Clinical Alteration of the Growing Face. Monograph 14, Craniofacial Growth Series. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; 1983."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"382","article-title":"The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements.","volume":"83","author":"Houston, W. J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Houston, W. J.\n          \n          The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1983. 83:382\u2013390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"125","article-title":"Biomechanical and clinical considerations of a modified protraction headgear.","volume":"78","author":"Nanda, R.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Nanda, R.\n          \n          Biomechanical and clinical considerations of a modified protraction headgear.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1980. 78:125\u2013139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"304","article-title":"Treatment effect of combined maxillary protraction and chincup appliance in severe skeletal Class III cases.","volume":"92","author":"Ishii, H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ishii, H., S.Morita, Y.Takeuchi, and S.Nakamura. Treatment effect of combined maxillary protraction and chincup appliance in severe skeletal Class III cases.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1987. 92:304\u2013312."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b31","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"197","article-title":"Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion.","volume":"23","author":"Ngan, P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ngan, P., S. H.Wei, U.Hagg, C.Yiu, D.Merwin, and B.Stickel. Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion.Quintessence Int1992. 23:197\u2013207."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"38","article-title":"Soft tissue and dentoskeletal profile changes associated with maxillary expansion and protraction headgear treatment.","volume":"109","author":"Ngan, P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ngan, P., H.Urban, C.Yiu, D.Merwin, and S. H.Wei. Soft tissue and dentoskeletal profile changes associated with maxillary expansion and protraction headgear treatment.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1996. 109:38\u201349."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b33","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"47","article-title":"Protraction of the maxillofacial complex.","volume":"98","author":"Mermigos, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mermigos, J., C. A.Full, and G.Andreasen. Protraction of the maxillofacial complex.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop1990. 98:47\u201355."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b34","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"204","article-title":"Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups.","volume":"113","author":"Kapust, A. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kapust, A. J., P. M.Sinclair, and P. K.Turley. Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:204\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b35","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear.","volume":"22","author":"Turley, P. K.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Turley, P. K.\n          \n          Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear.\n          J Clin Orthod\n          1988. 22:314\u2013325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b36","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Cephalometric effects of combined palatal expansion and face mask therapy on Class III malocclusion.","volume":"68","author":"Nartallo-Turley, P. E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nartallo-Turley, P. E. and P. K.Turley. Cephalometric effects of combined palatal expansion and face mask therapy on Class III malocclusion.Angle Orthod1998. 68:217\u2013224."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b37","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"675","article-title":"The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis.","volume":"115","author":"Kim, J. H.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim, J. H., M. A. G.Viana, T. M.Graber, F. F.Omerza, and E. A.BeGole. The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1999. 115:675\u2013685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-079-05-0842-b38","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"333","article-title":"Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face mask therapy.","volume":"113","author":"Baccetti, T.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baccetti, T., J. S.McGill, L.Franchi, J. A.McNamaraJr, and I.Tollaro. Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face mask therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:333\u2013343."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/79\/5\/article-p842.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/79\/5\/842\/1390082\/090308-462_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/79\/5\/article-p842.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/79\/5\/article-p842.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:48:14Z","timestamp":1747356494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/79\/5\/article-p842.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/090308-462.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}}}