{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:54:11Z","timestamp":1789498451500,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To compare tooth movement achieved, time required for alignment, root resorption, and alveolar bone thickness changes during initial dental alignment between groups treated with 0.012-inch preformed heat-activated or customized nickel titanium (NiTi) archwires.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty-two subjects (mean age 19.8 \u00b1 1.7 years) with severe crowding of maxillary anterior teeth had premolar extractions and were randomly allocated into control and experimental groups receiving preformed heat-activated and customized NiTi archwires, respectively. Limited field of view cone-beam computed tomographies were taken initially (T\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n ) and three months after final alignment (T\n F<\/jats:sub>\n ) to evaluate bone changes. Digital model analysis assessed tooth movement at monthly intervals. Time to achieve alignment was assessed in months. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n -tests were used to compare changes within and between groups, as appropriate.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Central incisor tooth movement was significantly different (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .003) between groups at all time points. T\n F<\/jats:sub>\n -T\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n showed labial movement (0.75 \u00b1 1.42 mm) in the control group and palatal movement (\u22120.96 \u00b1 0.41 mm) in the experimental group. The experimental compared to control group showed significantly more canine distal movement (0.60 \u00b1 0.28 mm;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .049), less labial bone thickness changes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .004), less root resorption of the central and lateral incisors (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .007), and a longer time to achieve alignment (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The experimental group exhibited palatal movement of the central incisors, more canine distal movement with less bone thickness changes, and less root resorption but took more time to achieve alignment than the control group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/090317-589.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]],"date-time":"2018-03-21T12:42:26Z","timestamp":1521636146000},"page":"425-434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Tooth and bone changes after initial anterior dental alignment using preformed vs customized nickel titanium archwires in adults: A randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Papatpong","family":"Phermsang-ngarm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Candidate, Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chairat","family":"Charoemratrote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed","author":"Proffit \n WR.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit \n WR.\n \n \n Fields \n HW.\n \n \n Sarver \n DM.\n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier\/Mosby;2013."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"507","article-title":"Load deflection characteristics and force level of nickel titanium initial archwires","volume":"82","author":"Lombardo \n L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lombardo \n L.\n \n \n Marafioti \n M.\n \n \n Stefanoni \n F.\n \n \n Mollica \n F.\n \n \n Siciliani \n G.\n \n \n Load deflection characteristics and force level of nickel titanium initial archwires. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:507\u2013521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b03","series-title":"An introduction to martensite and shape memory. Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys","first-page":"3","author":"Wayman \n CM.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wayman \n CM.\n \n \n Duerig \n TW.\n \n \n An introduction to martensite and shape memory. Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys. London, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd;1990:3\u201320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"186","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces","volume":"127","author":"Chan \n E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan \n E.\n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA.\n \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:186\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b05","series-title":"Common Sense Mechanics in Everyday Orthodontics","author":"Mulligan \n TF.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mulligan \n TF.\n \n \n Common Sense Mechanics in Everyday Orthodontics. Pheonix, Ariz.: CSM Publishing;2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b06","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques. 4th ed","author":"Graber \n TM.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Graber \n TM.\n \n \n Vanarsdall \n RL.\n \n \n Vig \n KWL.\n \n \n Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby;2005."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b07","series-title":"Biomechanics in Orthodontics: Principles and Practice","author":"Nanda \n RS.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nanda \n RS.\n \n \n Tosun \n YS.\n \n \n Biomechanics in Orthodontics: Principles and Practice. Hanover Park, Ill.: Quintessence Publishing Co;2010."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b08","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"16","article-title":"Leveling and aligning: challenges and solutions","volume":"7","author":"Shroff \n B LS.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shroff \n B LS.\n \n \n Leveling and aligning: challenges and solutions. Semin Orthod. 2001;7:16\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman \n B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman \n B.\n \n \n Vig \n KW.\n \n \n Fields \n HW.\n \n \n Shanker \n S.\n \n \n Kaizar \n EE.\n \n \n Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b10","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"285","article-title":"The leveling effectiveness of self-ligating and conventional brackets for complex tooth malalignments","volume":"70","author":"Fansa \n M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fansa \n M.\n \n \n Keilig \n L.\n \n \n Reimann \n S.\n \n \n Jager \n A.\n \n \n Bourauel \n C.\n \n \n The leveling effectiveness of self-ligating and conventional brackets for complex tooth malalignments. J Orofac Orthop. 2009;70:285\u2013296."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"507","article-title":"Force levels in complex tooth alignment with conventional and self-ligating brackets","volume":"143","author":"Montasser \n MA.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Montasser \n MA.\n \n \n El-Bialy \n T.\n \n \n Keilig \n L.\n \n \n Reimann \n S.\n \n \n Jager \n A.\n \n \n Bourauel \n C.\n \n \n Force levels in complex tooth alignment with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:507\u2013514."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"470","article-title":"Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"134","author":"Scott \n P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott \n P.\n \n \n DiBiase \n AT.\n \n \n Sherriff \n M.\n \n \n Cobourne \n MT.\n \n \n Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:470."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n RM.\n \n \n The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b14","series-title":"Bidimensional Technique: Theory and Practice","first-page":"121","author":"Gianelly \n AA.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gianelly \n AA.\n \n \n Bidimensional Technique: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: GAC International Inc;2000:121."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"447","article-title":"A novel method for the assessment of three-dimensional tooth movement during orthodontic treatment","volume":"79","author":"Jang \n I.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jang \n I.\n \n \n Tanaka \n M.\n \n \n Koga \n Y.\n \n et al. \n A novel method for the assessment of three-dimensional tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:447\u2013453."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"497","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of palatal superimposition of three-dimensional digital models","volume":"80","author":"Choi \n DS.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi \n DS.\n \n \n Jeong \n YM.\n \n \n Jang \n I.\n \n \n Jost-Brinkmann \n PG.\n \n \n Cha \n BK.\n \n \n Accuracy and reliability of palatal superimposition of three-dimensional digital models. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:497\u2013503."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"15","article-title":"Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth","volume":"122","author":"Sarikaya \n S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarikaya \n S.\n \n \n Haydar \n B.\n \n \n Ciger \n S.\n \n \n Ariyurek \n M.\n \n \n Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:15\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"196","article-title":"Apical root resorption due to orthodontic treatment detected by cone beam computed tomography","volume":"83","author":"Castro \n IO.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castro \n IO.\n \n \n Alencar \n AHG.\n \n \n Valladares-Neto \n J.\n \n \n Estrela \n C.\n \n \n Apical root resorption due to orthodontic treatment detected by cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:196\u2013203."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b19","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","author":"Dahlberg \n G.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg \n G.\n \n \n Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. London, UK: Allen and Unwin;1940."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"340","article-title":"Comparison of mandibular arch changes during alignment and leveling with 2 preadjusted edgewise appliances","volume":"136","author":"Fleming \n PS.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fleming \n PS.\n \n \n DiBiase \n AT.\n \n \n Sarri \n G.\n \n \n Lee \n RT.\n \n \n Comparison of mandibular arch changes during alignment and leveling with 2 preadjusted edgewise appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:340\u2013347."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b21","series-title":"Systemized Orthodontic Treatment Mechanics","author":"McLaughlin \n RP.","year":"2001","unstructured":"McLaughlin \n RP.\n \n \n Bennett \n JC.\n \n \n Trevisi \n HJ.\n \n \n Systemized Orthodontic Treatment Mechanics. UK: Mosby Edinburgh;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"394","article-title":"Factors related to alveolar bone thickness during upper incisor retraction","volume":"83","author":"Yodthong \n N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yodthong \n N.\n \n \n Charoemratrote \n C.\n \n \n Leethanakul \n C.\n \n \n Factors related to alveolar bone thickness during upper incisor retraction. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:394\u2013401."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"578","article-title":"Root resorption during orthodontic tooth movements","volume":"31","author":"Ramanathan \n C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramanathan \n C.\n \n \n Hofman \n Z.\n \n \n Root resorption during orthodontic tooth movements. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:578\u2013583."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"196","article-title":"Root resorption diagnosed with cone beam computed tomography after 6 months of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance and the relation to risk factors","volume":"82","author":"Makedonas \n D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Makedonas \n D.\n \n \n Lund \n H.\n \n \n Grondahl \n K.\n \n \n Hansen \n K.\n \n \n Root resorption diagnosed with cone beam computed tomography after 6 months of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance and the relation to risk factors. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:196\u2013201."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed","author":"Proffit \n WR.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit \n WR.\n \n \n Fields \n HW.\n \n \n Sarver \n DM.\n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier\/Mosby;2013."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"507","article-title":"Load deflection characteristics and force level of nickel titanium initial archwires","volume":"82","author":"Lombardo \n L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lombardo \n L.\n \n \n Marafioti \n M.\n \n \n Stefanoni \n F.\n \n \n Mollica \n F.\n \n \n Siciliani \n G.\n \n \n Load deflection characteristics and force level of nickel titanium initial archwires. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:507\u2013521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b03","series-title":"An introduction to martensite and shape memory. Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys","first-page":"3","author":"Wayman \n CM.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wayman \n CM.\n \n \n Duerig \n TW.\n \n \n An introduction to martensite and shape memory. Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys. London, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd;1990:3\u201320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"186","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces","volume":"127","author":"Chan \n E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan \n E.\n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA.\n \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:186\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b05","series-title":"Common Sense Mechanics in Everyday Orthodontics","author":"Mulligan \n TF.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mulligan \n TF.\n \n \n Common Sense Mechanics in Everyday Orthodontics. Pheonix, Ariz.: CSM Publishing;2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b06","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques. 4th ed","author":"Graber \n TM.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Graber \n TM.\n \n \n Vanarsdall \n RL.\n \n \n Vig \n KWL.\n \n \n Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby;2005."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b07","series-title":"Biomechanics in Orthodontics: Principles and Practice","author":"Nanda \n RS.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nanda \n RS.\n \n \n Tosun \n YS.\n \n \n Biomechanics in Orthodontics: Principles and Practice. Hanover Park, Ill.: Quintessence Publishing Co;2010."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b08","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"16","article-title":"Leveling and aligning: challenges and solutions","volume":"7","author":"Shroff \n B LS.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shroff \n B LS.\n \n \n Leveling and aligning: challenges and solutions. Semin Orthod. 2001;7:16\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman \n B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman \n B.\n \n \n Vig \n KW.\n \n \n Fields \n HW.\n \n \n Shanker \n S.\n \n \n Kaizar \n EE.\n \n \n Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b10","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"285","article-title":"The leveling effectiveness of self-ligating and conventional brackets for complex tooth malalignments","volume":"70","author":"Fansa \n M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fansa \n M.\n \n \n Keilig \n L.\n \n \n Reimann \n S.\n \n \n Jager \n A.\n \n \n Bourauel \n C.\n \n \n The leveling effectiveness of self-ligating and conventional brackets for complex tooth malalignments. J Orofac Orthop. 2009;70:285\u2013296."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"507","article-title":"Force levels in complex tooth alignment with conventional and self-ligating brackets","volume":"143","author":"Montasser \n MA.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Montasser \n MA.\n \n \n El-Bialy \n T.\n \n \n Keilig \n L.\n \n \n Reimann \n S.\n \n \n Jager \n A.\n \n \n Bourauel \n C.\n \n \n Force levels in complex tooth alignment with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:507\u2013514."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"470","article-title":"Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"134","author":"Scott \n P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott \n P.\n \n \n DiBiase \n AT.\n \n \n Sherriff \n M.\n \n \n Cobourne \n MT.\n \n \n Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:470."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n RM.\n \n \n The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b14","series-title":"Bidimensional Technique: Theory and Practice","first-page":"121","author":"Gianelly \n AA.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gianelly \n AA.\n \n \n Bidimensional Technique: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: GAC International Inc;2000:121."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"447","article-title":"A novel method for the assessment of three-dimensional tooth movement during orthodontic treatment","volume":"79","author":"Jang \n I.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jang \n I.\n \n \n Tanaka \n M.\n \n \n Koga \n Y.\n \n et al. \n A novel method for the assessment of three-dimensional tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:447\u2013453."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"497","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of palatal superimposition of three-dimensional digital models","volume":"80","author":"Choi \n DS.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi \n DS.\n \n \n Jeong \n YM.\n \n \n Jang \n I.\n \n \n Jost-Brinkmann \n PG.\n \n \n Cha \n BK.\n \n \n Accuracy and reliability of palatal superimposition of three-dimensional digital models. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:497\u2013503."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"15","article-title":"Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth","volume":"122","author":"Sarikaya \n S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarikaya \n S.\n \n \n Haydar \n B.\n \n \n Ciger \n S.\n \n \n Ariyurek \n M.\n \n \n Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:15\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"196","article-title":"Apical root resorption due to orthodontic treatment detected by cone beam computed tomography","volume":"83","author":"Castro \n IO.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castro \n IO.\n \n \n Alencar \n AHG.\n \n \n Valladares-Neto \n J.\n \n \n Estrela \n C.\n \n \n Apical root resorption due to orthodontic treatment detected by cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:196\u2013203."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b19","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","author":"Dahlberg \n G.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg \n G.\n \n \n Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. London, UK: Allen and Unwin;1940."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"340","article-title":"Comparison of mandibular arch changes during alignment and leveling with 2 preadjusted edgewise appliances","volume":"136","author":"Fleming \n PS.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fleming \n PS.\n \n \n DiBiase \n AT.\n \n \n Sarri \n G.\n \n \n Lee \n RT.\n \n \n Comparison of mandibular arch changes during alignment and leveling with 2 preadjusted edgewise appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:340\u2013347."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b21","series-title":"Systemized Orthodontic Treatment Mechanics","author":"McLaughlin \n RP.","year":"2001","unstructured":"McLaughlin \n RP.\n \n \n Bennett \n JC.\n \n \n Trevisi \n HJ.\n \n \n Systemized Orthodontic Treatment Mechanics. UK: Mosby Edinburgh;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"394","article-title":"Factors related to alveolar bone thickness during upper incisor retraction","volume":"83","author":"Yodthong \n N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yodthong \n N.\n \n \n Charoemratrote \n C.\n \n \n Leethanakul \n C.\n \n \n Factors related to alveolar bone thickness during upper incisor retraction. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:394\u2013401."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"578","article-title":"Root resorption during orthodontic tooth movements","volume":"31","author":"Ramanathan \n C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramanathan \n C.\n \n \n Hofman \n Z.\n \n \n Root resorption during orthodontic tooth movements. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:578\u2013583."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-425-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"196","article-title":"Root resorption diagnosed with cone beam computed tomography after 6 months of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance and the relation to risk factors","volume":"82","author":"Makedonas \n D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Makedonas \n D.\n \n \n Lund \n H.\n \n \n Grondahl \n K.\n \n \n Hansen \n K.\n \n \n Root resorption diagnosed with cone beam computed tomography after 6 months of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance and the relation to risk factors. 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