{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:07:27Z","timestamp":1780063647328,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes between intraoral light force application and extraoral heavy force application in growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and<\/jats:title>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n A retrospective study was conducted with pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalometric data from 50 subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusion. In the first group (15 boys, 10 girls; 8.67 \u00b1 2.13 years old), each subject wore a biocreative horseshoe appliance (CHS) with two Class III elastics that exerted a force of 200 g. In the second group (13 boys, 12 girls; 8.96 \u00b1 1.82 years old), each subject wore a Petit-type facemask and a lingual arch with hooks fixed to the maxillary arch with a total force of 700 g. Both groups of patients were instructed to wear the appliance approximately 14 hours a day, and 22 linear measurements and 8 angular measurements were evaluated. Changes of measurements from each group were compared by paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests, considering a 5% significance level.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Forward growth of the maxilla, improvement of the maxilla\u2013mandible relationship, and upper incisor flaring were achieved in both groups without any statistically significant difference between them. Lateral cephalometric analysis also showed that U1 exposure, IMPA (Angle between mandibular plane and mandibular incisor axis), FMIA (Angle between FH plan and mandibular incisor axis), and L1-APog (Angle formed by the intersection of tooth axis of lower incisor and A-Pog line, Distance from lower incisor edge to A-Pog line) showed statistically significant differences. Lower incisors were inclined lingually in the CHS group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n During treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion, the CHS with light Class III intermaxillary elastics therapy exhibits similar orthopedic changes to the maxillary complex and more dental changes to the lower anterior teeth compared with facemask therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/090320-768.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T11:29:57Z","timestamp":1613388597000},"page":"449-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Treatment outcomes of various force applications in growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion:"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Li-In","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Won","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Rhim","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"211","article-title":"Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age","volume":"81","author":"Wolfe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolfe\n SM,\n \n \n Araujo\n E,\n \n \n Behrents\n RG,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t81:\n\t\t\t\t\t211\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t216."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"577","article-title":"An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion","volume":"76","author":"Reyes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reyes\n BC,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr.\n \n \n An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t76:\n\t\t\t\t\t577\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t584."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b03","series-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)","first-page":"8105163","article-title":"Treatment options for Class III malocclusion in growing patients with emphasis on maxillary protraction","volume":"2016","author":"Azamian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azamian\n Z,\n \n \n Shirban\n F.\n \n \n Treatment options for Class III malocclusion in growing patients with emphasis on maxillary protraction.\n\t\t\t\t\tScientifica (Cairo)2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t8105163."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"409","article-title":"The functional regulator (FR-3) of Fr\u00e4nkel","volume":"88","author":"McNamara","year":"1985","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr,\n \n \n Huge\n SA.\n \n \n The functional regulator (FR-3) of Fr\u00e4nkel.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod1985;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t409\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t424."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"28","article-title":"Early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Woon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woon\n SC,\n \n \n Thiruvenkatachari\n B.\n \n \n Early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t151:\n\t\t\t\t\t28\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t52."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b06","series-title":"Monograph 14","first-page":"253","article-title":"Adaptation following accelerated facial mask therapy. Clinical alteration of the growing face","author":"Petit","year":"1983","unstructured":"Petit\n H.\n \n \n Adaptation following accelerated facial mask therapy. Clinical alteration of the growing face.\n\t\t\t\t\tMonograph 141983:\n\t\t\t\t\t253\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b07","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients","volume":"21","author":"McNamara","year":"1987","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr.\n \n \n An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod1987;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t598\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t608."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b08","series-title":"Removable Orthodontic Appliances","author":"Schwarz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwarz\n AM,\n \n \n Gratzinger\n M.\n \n \n \n Removable Orthodontic Appliances\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia, Pa:\n\t\t\t\t\tSaunders;1996."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b09","series-title":"Orthodontic Treatment by Horseshoe Appliance","author":"Chung","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chung\n KR,\n \n \n Park\n YG,\n \n \n Lee\n YJ,\n \n \n Ko\n SJ.\n \n \n \n Orthodontic Treatment by Horseshoe Appliance\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSeoul, Korea:\n\t\t\t\t\tMyungmoon;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b10","series-title":"J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent","first-page":"675","article-title":"Orthodontic management of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han\n JH,\n \n \n Baik\n BJ,\n \n \n Yang\n YM,\n \n \n Seo\n JA,\n \n \n Kim\n JG.\n \n \n Orthodontic management of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Korean Acad Pediatr Dent2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t32:\n\t\t\t\t\t675\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t681."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b11","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"419","article-title":"The effects of Class III intermaxillary traction in mixed dentition with anterior crossbites","volume":"21","author":"Baek","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baek\n JE,\n \n \n Chung\n KR.\n \n \n The effects of Class III intermaxillary traction in mixed dentition with anterior crossbites.\n\t\t\t\t\tKorean J Orthod1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t419\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t432."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b12","series-title":"J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent","first-page":"376","article-title":"Treatment of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance: case report","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hong\n HY,\n \n \n Park\n JH,\n \n \n Choi\n YC,\n \n \n Kim\n KC.\n \n \n Treatment of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance: case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Korean Acad Pediatr Dent2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t376\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b13","series-title":"Master's thesis, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","article-title":"A cephalometric study on the treatment effects of Horseshoe appliance in Class III malocclusion","author":"Rhim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rhim\n BS.\n \n \n A cephalometric study on the treatment effects of Horseshoe appliance in Class III malocclusion\n Master's thesis, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacail Orthop","first-page":"675","article-title":"The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim\n JH,\n \n \n Viana\n MA,\n \n \n Graber\n TM,\n \n \n Omerza\n FF,\n \n \n BeGole\n EA.\n \n \n The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacail Orthop1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t115:\n\t\t\t\t\t675\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b15","series-title":"J Biomed Eng","first-page":"246","article-title":"Three dimensional model of the human craniofacial skeleton: method and preliminary results using finite elements analysis","volume":"10","author":"Tanne","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tanne\n K,\n \n \n Miyasaka\n J,\n \n \n Yamagata\n Y,\n \n \n Sachdeva\n R,\n \n \n Twutsumi\n S,\n \n \n Sakuda\n M.\n \n \n Three dimensional model of the human craniofacial skeleton: method and preliminary results using finite elements analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Biomed Eng1988;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t246\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b16","series-title":"J Clin Diagn Res","article-title":"Clinical tip for adjusting reverse pull facemask\/headgear assembly","author":"Jain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jain\n S.\n \n \n Clinical tip for adjusting reverse pull facemask\/headgear assembly.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Diagn Res2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:ZH01\u2013ZH02."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"492","article-title":"Observation of orthopedic force distribution produced by maxillary orthodontic appliances","volume":"82","author":"Chaconas","year":"1982","unstructured":"Chaconas\n SJ,\n \n \n Caputo\n AA.\n \n \n Observation of orthopedic force distribution produced by maxillary orthodontic appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod1982;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t492\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t501."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"790","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction","volume":"140","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nguyen\n T,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n L,\n \n \n Cornelis\n MA,\n \n \n Heymann\n G,\n \n \n de Paula\n LK,\n \n \n De Clerck\n H.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t140:\n\t\t\t\t\t790\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t798."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"705","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of maxillary changes associated with facemask and rapid maxillary expansion compared with bone anchored maxillary protraction","volume":"144","author":"Hino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hino\n CT,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n L,\n \n \n Nguyen\n T,\n \n \n De Clerck\n H,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr.\n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of maxillary changes associated with facemask and rapid maxillary expansion compared with bone anchored maxillary protraction.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t144:\n\t\t\t\t\t705\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t714."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b20","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"258","article-title":"The biocreative strategy: part 1 foundations","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim\n SH,\n \n \n Chung\n KR,\n \n \n Nelson\n G.\n \n \n The biocreative strategy: part 1 foundations.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t258\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t274."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"25","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of mandibular and glenoid fossa changes after bone-anchored Class III intermaxillary traction","volume":"142","author":"De Clerck","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Clerck\n H,\n \n \n Nguyen\n T,\n \n \n de Paula\n LK,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n L.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of mandibular and glenoid fossa changes after bone-anchored Class III intermaxillary traction.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t142:\n\t\t\t\t\t25\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t31."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"577","article-title":"Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study of consecutively treated Class III patients","volume":"138","author":"De Clerck","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Clerck\n H,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n L,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T.\n \n \n Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study of consecutively treated Class III patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t138:\n\t\t\t\t\t577\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t581."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"A comparative assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes of mild skeletal Class III malocclusion between facemask and facemask in combination with a miniscrew for anchorage in growing patients: a single-center, prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Seiryu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seiryu\n M,\n \n \n Ida\n H,\n \n \n Mayama\n A,\n \n \n Sasaki\n S,\n \n \n Sasaki\n S,\n \n \n Deguchi\n T,\n \n et al.\n \n A comparative assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes of mild skeletal Class III malocclusion between facemask and facemask in combination with a miniscrew for anchorage in growing patients: a single-center, prospective randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t90:\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t12"},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b24","series-title":"Angle Ortho","first-page":"701","article-title":"Three-dimensional alterations in pharyngeal airway and maxillary sinus volumes in Class III maxillary deficiency subjects undergoing orthopedic facemask treatment","volume":"84","author":"Pamporakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pamporakis\n P,\n \n \n Nevzato\u011flu\n \u015e,\n \n \n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkele\u015f\n N.\n \n \n Three-dimensional alterations in pharyngeal airway and maxillary sinus volumes in Class III maxillary deficiency subjects undergoing orthopedic facemask treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Ortho2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t84:\n\t\t\t\t\t701\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t707."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"211","article-title":"Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age","volume":"81","author":"Wolfe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolfe\n SM,\n \n \n Araujo\n E,\n \n \n Behrents\n RG,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t81:\n\t\t\t\t\t211\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t216."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"577","article-title":"An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion","volume":"76","author":"Reyes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reyes\n BC,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr.\n \n \n An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t76:\n\t\t\t\t\t577\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t584."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b03","series-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)","first-page":"8105163","article-title":"Treatment options for Class III malocclusion in growing patients with emphasis on maxillary protraction","volume":"2016","author":"Azamian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azamian\n Z,\n \n \n Shirban\n F.\n \n \n Treatment options for Class III malocclusion in growing patients with emphasis on maxillary protraction.\n\t\t\t\t\tScientifica (Cairo)2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t8105163."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"409","article-title":"The functional regulator (FR-3) of Fr\u00e4nkel","volume":"88","author":"McNamara","year":"1985","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr,\n \n \n Huge\n SA.\n \n \n The functional regulator (FR-3) of Fr\u00e4nkel.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod1985;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t409\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t424."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"28","article-title":"Early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Woon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woon\n SC,\n \n \n Thiruvenkatachari\n B.\n \n \n Early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t151:\n\t\t\t\t\t28\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t52."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b06","series-title":"Monograph 14","first-page":"253","article-title":"Adaptation following accelerated facial mask therapy. Clinical alteration of the growing face","author":"Petit","year":"1983","unstructured":"Petit\n H.\n \n \n Adaptation following accelerated facial mask therapy. Clinical alteration of the growing face.\n\t\t\t\t\tMonograph 141983:\n\t\t\t\t\t253\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b07","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients","volume":"21","author":"McNamara","year":"1987","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr.\n \n \n An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod1987;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t598\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t608."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b08","series-title":"Removable Orthodontic Appliances","author":"Schwarz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwarz\n AM,\n \n \n Gratzinger\n M.\n \n \n \n Removable Orthodontic Appliances\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia, Pa:\n\t\t\t\t\tSaunders;1996."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b09","series-title":"Orthodontic Treatment by Horseshoe Appliance","author":"Chung","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chung\n KR,\n \n \n Park\n YG,\n \n \n Lee\n YJ,\n \n \n Ko\n SJ.\n \n \n \n Orthodontic Treatment by Horseshoe Appliance\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSeoul, Korea:\n\t\t\t\t\tMyungmoon;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b10","series-title":"J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent","first-page":"675","article-title":"Orthodontic management of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han\n JH,\n \n \n Baik\n BJ,\n \n \n Yang\n YM,\n \n \n Seo\n JA,\n \n \n Kim\n JG.\n \n \n Orthodontic management of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Korean Acad Pediatr Dent2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t32:\n\t\t\t\t\t675\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t681."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b11","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"419","article-title":"The effects of Class III intermaxillary traction in mixed dentition with anterior crossbites","volume":"21","author":"Baek","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baek\n JE,\n \n \n Chung\n KR.\n \n \n The effects of Class III intermaxillary traction in mixed dentition with anterior crossbites.\n\t\t\t\t\tKorean J Orthod1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t419\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t432."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b12","series-title":"J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent","first-page":"376","article-title":"Treatment of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance: case report","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hong\n HY,\n \n \n Park\n JH,\n \n \n Choi\n YC,\n \n \n Kim\n KC.\n \n \n Treatment of Class III malocclusion with horseshoe appliance: case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Korean Acad Pediatr Dent2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t376\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b13","series-title":"Master's thesis, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","article-title":"A cephalometric study on the treatment effects of Horseshoe appliance in Class III malocclusion","author":"Rhim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rhim\n BS.\n \n \n A cephalometric study on the treatment effects of Horseshoe appliance in Class III malocclusion\n Master's thesis, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacail Orthop","first-page":"675","article-title":"The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim\n JH,\n \n \n Viana\n MA,\n \n \n Graber\n TM,\n \n \n Omerza\n FF,\n \n \n BeGole\n EA.\n \n \n The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacail Orthop1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t115:\n\t\t\t\t\t675\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-449-b15","series-title":"J Biomed Eng","first-page":"246","article-title":"Three dimensional model of the human craniofacial skeleton: method and preliminary results using finite elements analysis","volume":"10","author":"Tanne","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tanne\n K,\n \n \n Miyasaka\n J,\n \n \n Yamagata\n Y,\n \n \n Sachdeva\n R,\n \n \n 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comparative lateral cephalometric study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/090320-768.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}}}