{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:52:58Z","timestamp":1787025178017,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of low-frequency mechanical vibration (LFMV) on orthodontically induced root resorption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty male CD1, 12-week-old mice were used for the study. The mice were randomly divided into five groups: group 1 (baseline)\u2014no spring and no mechanical vibration, group 2\u2014orthodontic spring but no vibration, group 3\u2014orthodontic spring and 5 Hz of vibration applied to the maxillary first molar, group 4\u2014orthodontic spring and 10 Hz of vibration applied to maxillary first molar, and group 5\u2014orthodontic spring and 20 Hz of vibration applied to maxillary first molar. In the different experimental groups, the first molar was moved mesially for 2 weeks using a nickel-titanium coil spring delivering 10 g of force. LFMVs were applied at 5 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                      Microfocus X-ray computed tomography imaging was used to analyze root resorption. Additionally, to understand the mechanism, we applied LFMV to MC3T3 cells, and gene expression analyses were done for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthodontic tooth movement leads to decreased root volume (increased root resorption craters). Our in vivo experiments showed a trend toward increase in root volume with different frequencies of mechanical vibration. In vitro gene expression analyses showed that with 20 Hz of mechanical vibration, there was a significant decrease in RANKL and a significant increase in OPG expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a trend toward decreased root resorption with different LFMVs (5 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz); however, it was not more statistically significant than the orthodontic-spring-only group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/090615-599.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]],"date-time":"2016-01-07T12:52:30Z","timestamp":1452171150000},"page":"740-745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The effect of mechanical vibration on orthodontically induced root resorption"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Sumit","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Dobie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visiting Assistant Professor, Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Assefnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Resident, Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zana","family":"Kalajzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instructor, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"620","article-title":"Accelerated orthodontic tooth movement: molecular mechanisms","volume":"146","author":"Huang\n              H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang\n              H, \n            \n              Williams\n              RC, \n            \n              Kyrkanides\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Accelerated orthodontic tooth movement: molecular mechanisms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:620\u2013632."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r2","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"42","article-title":"Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment\u2014a frontier in orthodontics","volume":"14","author":"Nimeri\n              G,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nimeri\n              G, \n            \n              Kau\n              CH, \n            \n              Abou-Kheir\n              NS, \n            \n              Corona\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment\u2014a frontier in orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:42."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r3","series-title":"J Orthod","article-title":"The effect of light emitting diode phototherapy on rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a split mouth, controlled clinical trial","author":"Chung\n              SE,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung\n              SE, \n            \n              Tompson\n              B, \n            \n              Gong\n              SG.\n            \n          \n          The effect of light emitting diode phototherapy on rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a split mouth, controlled clinical trial. J Orthod. 2015. 1465313315Y0000000013 [Epub ahead of print]."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r4","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"48","article-title":"Radiologically determined orthodontically induced external apical root resorption in incisors after non-surgical orthodontic treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Tieu\n              LD,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tieu\n              LD, \n            \n              Saltaji\n              H, \n            \n              Normando\n              D, \n            \n              Flores-Mir\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Radiologically determined orthodontically induced external apical root resorption in incisors after non-surgical orthodontic treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2014;15:48."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r5","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"35","article-title":"Root resorption after leveling with super-elastic and conventional steel arch wires: a prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Alzahawi\n              K,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alzahawi\n              K, \n            \n              Faerovig\n              E, \n            \n              Brudvik\n              P, \n            \n              Boe\n              O, \n            \n              Mavragani\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Root resorption after leveling with super-elastic and conventional steel arch wires: a prospective study. Prog Orthod. 2014;15:35."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r6","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is involved in mechanical strain inhibition of RANKL expression in bone stromal cells","volume":"17","author":"Rubin\n              J,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rubin\n              J, \n            \n              Murphy\n              TC, \n            \n              Fan\n              X, \n            \n              Goldschmidt\n              M, \n            \n              Taylor\n              WR.\n            \n          \n          Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is involved in mechanical strain inhibition of RANKL expression in bone stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:1452\u20131460."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r7","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"1508","article-title":"Effect of low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration on osteocytes in the regulation of osteoclasts","volume":"46","author":"Lau\n              E,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lau\n              E, \n            \n              Al-Dujaili\n              S, \n            \n              Guenther\n              A, \n            \n              Liu\n              D, \n            \n              Wang\n              L, \n            \n              You\n              L.\n            \n          \n          Effect of low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration on osteocytes in the regulation of osteoclasts. Bone. 2010;46:1508\u20131515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r8","series-title":"Oral Dis","first-page":"147","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Katagiri\n              T,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Katagiri\n              T, \n            \n              Takahashi\n              N.\n            \n          \n          Regulatory mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. 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Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2001;12:9\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r10","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"65","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival crevicular fluid: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Kapoor\n              P,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kapoor\n              P, \n            \n              Kharbanda\n              OP, \n            \n              Monga\n              N, \n            \n              Miglani\n              R, \n            \n              Kapila\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival crevicular fluid: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2014;15:65."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r11","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"3597","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin\/osteoclastogenesis\u2013inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE\/RANKL","volume":"95","author":"Yasuda\n              H,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yasuda\n              H, \n            \n              Shima\n              N, \n            \n              Nakagawa\n              N, \n            \n              Yamaguchi\n              K, \n            \n              Kinosaki\n              M, \n            \n              Mochizuki\n              S, \n            et al\n          . Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin\/osteoclastogenesis\u2013inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE\/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:3597\u20133602."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r12","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"165","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"93","author":"Lacey\n              DL,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lacey\n              DL, \n            \n              Timms\n              E, \n            \n              Tan\n              HL, \n            \n              Kelley\n              MJ, \n            \n              Dunstan\n              CR, \n            \n              Burgess\n              T, \n            et al\n          . Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell. 1998;93:165\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r13","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","first-page":"768","article-title":"Protein expression and functional difference of membrane-bound and soluble receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand: modulation of the expression by osteotropic factors and cytokines","volume":"275","author":"Nakashima\n              T,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakashima\n              T, \n            \n              Kobayashi\n              Y, \n            \n              Yamasaki\n              S, \n            \n              Kawakami\n              A, \n            \n              Eguchi\n              K, \n            \n              Sasaki\n              H, \n            et al\n          . Protein expression and functional difference of membrane-bound and soluble receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand: modulation of the expression by osteotropic factors and cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;275:768\u2013775."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r14","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"36846","article-title":"Negative regulation of osteoclastogenesis by ectodomain shedding of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand","volume":"281","author":"Hikita\n              A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hikita\n              A, \n            \n              Yana\n              I, \n            \n              Wakeyama\n              H, \n            \n              Nakamura\n              M, \n            \n              Kadono\n              Y, \n            \n              Oshima\n              Y, \n            et al\n          . Negative regulation of osteoclastogenesis by ectodomain shedding of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:36846\u201336855."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"420","article-title":"Three-dimensional morphology of root and alveolar trabecular bone during tooth movement using micro-computed tomography","volume":"81","author":"Zhuang\n              L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhuang\n              L, \n            \n              Bai\n              Y, \n            \n              Meng\n              X.\n            \n          \n          Three-dimensional morphology of root and alveolar trabecular bone during tooth movement using micro-computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:420\u2013425."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"410","article-title":"Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"77","author":"Tomizuka\n              R,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomizuka\n              R, \n            \n              Shimizu\n              Y, \n            \n              Kanetaka\n              H, \n            \n              Suzuki\n              A, \n            \n              Urayama\n              S, \n            \n              Kikuchi\n              M, \n            et al\n          . Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:410\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r17","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Experimental tooth movement under light orthodontic forces: rates of tooth movement and changes of the periodontium","volume":"29","author":"Kohno\n              T,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kohno\n              T, \n            \n              Matsumoto\n              Y, \n            \n              Kanno\n              Z, \n            \n              Warita\n              H, \n            \n              Soma\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Experimental tooth movement under light orthodontic forces: rates of tooth movement and changes of the periodontium. J Orthod. 2002;29:129\u2013135."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r18","series-title":"J Orthop Res","first-page":"732","article-title":"Low-level accelerations applied in the absence of weight bearing can enhance trabecular bone formation","volume":"25","author":"Garman\n              R,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garman\n              R, \n            \n              Gaudette\n              G, \n            \n              Donahue\n              LR, \n            \n              Rubin\n              C, \n            \n              Judex\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Low-level accelerations applied in the absence of weight bearing can enhance trabecular bone formation. J Orthop Res. 2007;25:732\u2013740."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r19","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Low-magnitude mechanical signals that stimulate bone formation in the ovariectomized rat are dependent on the applied frequency but not on the strain magnitude","volume":"40","author":"Judex\n              S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Judex\n              S, \n            \n              Lei\n              X, \n            \n              Han\n              D, \n            \n              Rubin\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Low-magnitude mechanical signals that stimulate bone formation in the ovariectomized rat are dependent on the applied frequency but not on the strain magnitude. J Biomech. 2007;40:1333\u20131339."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r20","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Low-level mechanical vibrations can influence bone resorption and bone formation in the growing skeleton","volume":"39","author":"Xie\n              L,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xie\n              L, \n            \n              Jacobson\n              JM, \n            \n              Choi\n              ES, \n            \n              Busa\n              B, \n            \n              Donahue\n              LR, \n            \n              Miller\n              LM, \n            et al\n          . Low-level mechanical vibrations can influence bone resorption and bone formation in the growing skeleton. Bone. 2006;39:1059\u20131066."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r21","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"318","article-title":"Cementoblast response to low- and high-intensity ultrasound","volume":"53","author":"Dalla-Bona\n              DA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dalla-Bona\n              DA, \n            \n              Tanaka\n              E, \n            \n              Inubushi\n              T, \n            \n              Oka\n              H, \n            \n              Ohta\n              A, \n            \n              Okada\n              H, \n            et al\n          . Cementoblast response to low- and high-intensity ultrasound. Arch Oral Biol. 2008;53:318\u2013323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r22","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Effects of mechanical vibration on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells","volume":"57","author":"Zhang\n              C,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang\n              C, \n            \n              Li\n              J, \n            \n              Zhang\n              L, \n            \n              Zhou\n              Y, \n            \n              Hou\n              W, \n            \n              Quan H, et\n              al.\n            \n          \n          Effects of mechanical vibration on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57:1395\u20131407."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r23","series-title":"Arch Med Sci","first-page":"638","article-title":"Influence of different intensities of vibration on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhang\n              C,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang\n              C, \n            \n              Lu\n              Y, \n            \n              Zhang\n              L, \n            \n              Liu\n              Y, \n            \n              Zhou\n              Y, \n            \n              Chen\n              Y, \n            et al\n          . Influence of different intensities of vibration on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. 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Prog Orthod. 2014;15:35."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r6","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is involved in mechanical strain inhibition of RANKL expression in bone stromal cells","volume":"17","author":"Rubin\n              J,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rubin\n              J, \n            \n              Murphy\n              TC, \n            \n              Fan\n              X, \n            \n              Goldschmidt\n              M, \n            \n              Taylor\n              WR.\n            \n          \n          Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is involved in mechanical strain inhibition of RANKL expression in bone stromal cells. 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Prog Orthod. 2014;15:65."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r11","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"3597","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin\/osteoclastogenesis\u2013inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE\/RANKL","volume":"95","author":"Yasuda\n              H,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yasuda\n              H, \n            \n              Shima\n              N, \n            \n              Nakagawa\n              N, \n            \n              Yamaguchi\n              K, \n            \n              Kinosaki\n              M, \n            \n              Mochizuki\n              S, \n            et al\n          . Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin\/osteoclastogenesis\u2013inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE\/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:3597\u20133602."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r12","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"165","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"93","author":"Lacey\n              DL,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lacey\n              DL, \n            \n              Timms\n              E, \n            \n              Tan\n              HL, \n            \n              Kelley\n              MJ, \n            \n              Dunstan\n              CR, \n            \n              Burgess\n              T, \n            et al\n          . Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell. 1998;93:165\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r13","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","first-page":"768","article-title":"Protein expression and functional difference of membrane-bound and soluble receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand: modulation of the expression by osteotropic factors and cytokines","volume":"275","author":"Nakashima\n              T,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakashima\n              T, \n            \n              Kobayashi\n              Y, \n            \n              Yamasaki\n              S, \n            \n              Kawakami\n              A, \n            \n              Eguchi\n              K, \n            \n              Sasaki\n              H, \n            et al\n          . Protein expression and functional difference of membrane-bound and soluble receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand: modulation of the expression by osteotropic factors and cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;275:768\u2013775."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-740-r14","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"36846","article-title":"Negative regulation of osteoclastogenesis by ectodomain shedding of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand","volume":"281","author":"Hikita\n              A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hikita\n              A, \n            \n              Yana\n              I, \n            \n              Wakeyama\n              H, \n            \n              Nakamura\n              M, \n            \n              Kadono\n              Y, \n            \n              Oshima\n              Y, \n            et al\n          . Negative regulation of osteoclastogenesis by ectodomain shedding of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. 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