{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:03:29Z","timestamp":1791659009386,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the differences in profile changes and stability of the condyles between orthodontic camouflage treatment assisted by vertical control and that accomplished via orthognathic surgery in Class II hyperdivergent patients with TMJ osteoarthrosis (TMJOA).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This study included 27 Class II hyperdivergent TMJOA patients (54 condyles) who received orthodontic camouflage treatment (13 patients) or orthognathic surgery (14 patients) Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans were taken before treatment (T1) and 1 year after treatment (T2). Cephalometric and TMJ measurement analyses were conducted to evaluate the change in profile and condyles from T1 to T2 using independent samples\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test. Three-dimensional (3D) deviation analysis was also performed to evaluate the stability of condyles from T1 to T2.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Both groups showed significant profile improvement from T1 to T2. The changes in Z angle and ANB angle were larger in the surgical group than in the orthodontic group. Condylar width, length, and height remained stable after treatment in the orthodontic group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05), while they reduced by 0.67 \u00b1 0.85 mm, 1.14 \u00b1 1.10 mm, and 1.07 \u00b1 1.34 mm, respectively, in the surgical group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Superior, posterior, medial, and lateral joint spaces were significantly reduced in the orthodontic group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). 3D deviations intuitively showed that condylar bone in the orthodontic group was more stable than that in the surgical group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n For Class II hyperdivergent patients with severe TMJOA, orthodontic camouflage treatment with vertical control can effectively maintain the stability of condyles while significantly improving the profile. Surgical treatment yields a better profile but may increase the risk of condyle resorption.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/090622-622.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T10:13:13Z","timestamp":1678702393000},"page":"458-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of orthodontic camouflage treatment vs orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment on condylar stability in Class II hyperdivergent patients with severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis: a retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Yajing","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bochun","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanning","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningrui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b01","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"666","article-title":"Current understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang\n XD,\n \n \n Zhang\n JN,\n \n \n Gan\n YH,\n \n et al.\n \n Current understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t666\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t673."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b02","series-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"757","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders related pain interaction with age, sex and imaging changes of osteoarthrosis","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao\n YP,\n \n \n Ma\n XC.\n \n \n Temporomandibular disorders related pain interaction with age, sex and imaging changes of osteoarthrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tZhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t757\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t758."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b03","series-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban","first-page":"280","article-title":"Investigation on radiographic signs of osteoarthrosis in temporomandibular joint with cone beam computed tomography in adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang\n ZH,\n \n \n Jiang\n L,\n \n \n Zhao\n YP,\n \n et al.\n \n Investigation on radiographic signs of osteoarthrosis in temporomandibular joint with cone beam computed tomography in adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tBeijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t280\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t285."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients","volume":"88","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers\n K,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM,\n \n \n Tadlock\n L,\n \n et al.\n \n Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b05","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"176","article-title":"Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement","volume":"50","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kobayashi\n T,\n \n \n Izumi\n N,\n \n \n Kojima\n T,\n \n et al.\n \n Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t50:\n\t\t\t\t\t176\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t180."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b06","series-title":"J Modern Stomatol","first-page":"261","article-title":"Evaluation of condylar bony changes of the severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis after orthognathic surgery using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qin\n S,\n \n \n Lei\n J,\n \n \n Kaiyuan\n FU.\n \n \n Evaluation of condylar bony changes of the severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis after orthognathic surgery using cone beam computed tomography.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Modern Stomatol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t5:\n\t\t\t\t\t261\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t265."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"346","article-title":"Treatment strategies for patients with hyperdivergent Class II division 1 malocclusion: is vertical dimension affected?","volume":"140","author":"Gkantidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gkantidis\n N,\n \n \n Halazonetis\n DJ,\n \n \n Alexandropoulos\n E,\n \n et al.\n \n Treatment strategies for patients with hyperdivergent Class II division 1 malocclusion: is vertical dimension affected?\n \n Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t140:\n\t\t\t\t\t346\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t355."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"724","article-title":"Effects of miniscrew-assisted orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions on upper airway dimensions in adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion","volume":"159","author":"Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi\n X,\n \n \n Chen\n H,\n \n \n Lobbezoo\n F,\n \n et al.\n \n Effects of miniscrew-assisted orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions on upper airway dimensions in adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t159:\n\t\t\t\t\t724\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t732."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b09","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"460","article-title":"Stability after reoperation for progressive condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: report of seven cases","volume":"52","author":"Crawford","year":"1994","unstructured":"Crawford\n JG,\n \n \n Stoelinga\n PJ,\n \n \n Blijdorp\n PA,\n \n et al.\n \n Stability after reoperation for progressive condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: report of seven cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t460\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t466."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b10","series-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban","first-page":"47","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis in patients receiving orthodontic treatments: a clinical investigation","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sun\n ZP,\n \n \n Zou\n BS,\n \n \n Zhao\n YP.\n \n \n Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis in patients receiving orthodontic treatments: a clinical investigation.\n\t\t\t\t\tBeijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t47\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t51."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2","article-title":"Maintenance of condyle-proximal segment position in orthognathic surgery","volume":"49","author":"Rotskoff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rotskoff\n KS,\n \n \n Herbosa\n EG,\n \n \n Villa\n P.\n \n \n Maintenance of condyle-proximal segment position in orthognathic surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t2\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t7;\n\t\t\t\t\tdiscussion 7\u20138."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b12","series-title":"J Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"278","article-title":"Condylar displacement after sagittal splitting of the mandibular rami. A short-term radiographic study","volume":"8","author":"Kundert","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kundert\n M,\n \n \n Hadjianghelou\n O.\n \n \n Condylar displacement after sagittal splitting of the mandibular rami. A short-term radiographic study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t278\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t287."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b13","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"69","article-title":"Complications of orthognathic surgery: a comparison between wire fixation and rigid internal fixation","volume":"4","author":"Buckley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buckley\n MJ,\n \n \n Tulloch\n JF,\n \n \n White\n RP\n Jr,\n \n et al.\n \n Complications of orthognathic surgery: a comparison between wire fixation and rigid internal fixation.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t4:\n\t\t\t\t\t69\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t74."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b14","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"e27","article-title":"Investigation of the clinical and radiographic features of osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joints in adolescents and young adults","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao\n YP,\n \n \n Zhang\n ZY,\n \n \n Wu\n YT,\n \n et al.\n \n Investigation of the clinical and radiographic features of osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joints in adolescents and young adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t111:\n\t\t\t\t\te27\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te34."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b15","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"141","article-title":"Evaluation of the severity of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritic changes related to age using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"38","author":"Alexiou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alexiou\n K,\n \n \n Stamatakis\n H,\n \n \n Tsiklakis\n K.\n \n \n Evaluation of the severity of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritic changes related to age using cone beam computed tomography.\n\t\t\t\t\tDentomaxillofac Radiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t38:\n\t\t\t\t\t141\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t147."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b01","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"666","article-title":"Current understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang\n XD,\n \n \n Zhang\n JN,\n \n \n Gan\n YH,\n \n et al.\n \n Current understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t666\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t673."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b02","series-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"757","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders related pain interaction with age, sex and imaging changes of osteoarthrosis","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao\n YP,\n \n \n Ma\n XC.\n \n \n Temporomandibular disorders related pain interaction with age, sex and imaging changes of osteoarthrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tZhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t757\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t758."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b03","series-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban","first-page":"280","article-title":"Investigation on radiographic signs of osteoarthrosis in temporomandibular joint with cone beam computed tomography in adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang\n ZH,\n \n \n Jiang\n L,\n \n \n Zhao\n YP,\n \n et al.\n \n Investigation on radiographic signs of osteoarthrosis in temporomandibular joint with cone beam computed tomography in adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tBeijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t280\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t285."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients","volume":"88","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers\n K,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM,\n \n \n Tadlock\n L,\n \n et al.\n \n Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b05","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"176","article-title":"Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement","volume":"50","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kobayashi\n T,\n \n \n Izumi\n N,\n \n \n Kojima\n T,\n \n et al.\n \n Progressive condylar resorption after mandibular advancement.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t50:\n\t\t\t\t\t176\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t180."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b06","series-title":"J Modern Stomatol","first-page":"261","article-title":"Evaluation of condylar bony changes of the severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis after orthognathic surgery using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qin\n S,\n \n \n Lei\n J,\n \n \n Kaiyuan\n FU.\n \n \n Evaluation of condylar bony changes of the severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis after orthognathic surgery using cone beam computed tomography.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Modern Stomatol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t5:\n\t\t\t\t\t261\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t265."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"346","article-title":"Treatment strategies for patients with hyperdivergent Class II division 1 malocclusion: is vertical dimension affected?","volume":"140","author":"Gkantidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gkantidis\n N,\n \n \n Halazonetis\n DJ,\n \n \n Alexandropoulos\n E,\n \n et al.\n \n Treatment strategies for patients with hyperdivergent Class II division 1 malocclusion: is vertical dimension affected?\n \n Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t140:\n\t\t\t\t\t346\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t355."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"724","article-title":"Effects of miniscrew-assisted orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions on upper airway dimensions in adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion","volume":"159","author":"Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi\n X,\n \n \n Chen\n H,\n \n \n Lobbezoo\n F,\n \n et al.\n \n Effects of miniscrew-assisted orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions on upper airway dimensions in adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t159:\n\t\t\t\t\t724\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t732."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b09","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"460","article-title":"Stability after reoperation for progressive condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: report of seven cases","volume":"52","author":"Crawford","year":"1994","unstructured":"Crawford\n JG,\n \n \n Stoelinga\n PJ,\n \n \n Blijdorp\n PA,\n \n et al.\n \n Stability after reoperation for progressive condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: report of seven cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t460\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t466."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b10","series-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban","first-page":"47","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis in patients receiving orthodontic treatments: a clinical investigation","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sun\n ZP,\n \n \n Zou\n BS,\n \n \n Zhao\n YP.\n \n \n Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis in patients receiving orthodontic treatments: a clinical investigation.\n\t\t\t\t\tBeijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t47\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t51."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2","article-title":"Maintenance of condyle-proximal segment position in orthognathic surgery","volume":"49","author":"Rotskoff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rotskoff\n KS,\n \n \n Herbosa\n EG,\n \n \n Villa\n P.\n \n \n Maintenance of condyle-proximal segment position in orthognathic surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t2\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t7;\n\t\t\t\t\tdiscussion 7\u20138."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-458-b12","series-title":"J Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"278","article-title":"Condylar displacement after sagittal splitting of the mandibular rami. A short-term radiographic study","volume":"8","author":"Kundert","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kundert\n M,\n \n \n Hadjianghelou\n O.\n \n \n Condylar displacement after sagittal splitting of the mandibular rami. 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