{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:46:44Z","timestamp":1791838004781,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n The primary objective was to compare the success and survival rates of palatal and buccal mini-implants for different locations and treatment requirements. The secondary objective was to evaluate risk factors influencing the survival of mini-implants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this retrospective cohort, records of 127 orthodontic patients with 257 mini-implants were included after imposing inclusion\/exclusion criteria. Along with the implant failure data, factors such as age, sex, transverse location, anteroposterior location, and purpose of mini-implants were recorded. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis was used to draw the curves and a Nathan Mantel-David Cox test to compare variables.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The failure rate of palatal mini-implants was 8.5%, whereas the failure rate for buccal shelf mini-implants was 68.7% (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001). A significant difference was that the survival rates of palatal mini-implants were dependent on the purpose of the mini-implants and, for the buccal mini-implants, they were dependent on the skeletal malocclusion and location type of mini-implants (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The overall survival rate of palatal mini-implants was high, at 91.5%. Of the buccal mini-implants, inter-radicular mini-implants had the highest survival rate for 12 (75.5%) and 24 (71.9%) months, while buccal shelf mini-implants had the lowest success and survival rates for 12 (31.3%) and 24 (20.8%) months. Class III malocclusion had the lowest survival rate for the buccal mini-implants (65.3% and 54.2%) for 12 and 24 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/090720-777.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T13:50:38Z","timestamp":1621345838000},"page":"756-763","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Survival estimates and risk factors for failure of palatal and buccal mini-implants"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Sarah Abu","family":"Arqub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ledjo","family":"Palo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhur","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed","author":"Proffit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt. Louis, MO:\n\t\t\t\t\tMosby;2007."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"558","article-title":"Temporary skeletal anchorage devices: the case for miniscrews","volume":"145","author":"Baumgaertel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baumgaertel\n S.\n \n \n Temporary skeletal anchorage devices: the case for miniscrews.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t145:\n\t\t\t\t\t558\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t564."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b03","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Bone anchor systems for orthodontic application: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Tsui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsui\n WK,\n \n \n Chua\n HD,\n \n \n Cheung\n LK.\n \n \n Bone anchor systems for orthodontic application: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t1427\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1438."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"108","article-title":"Miniscrews in orthodontic treatment: review and analysis of published clinical trials","volume":"137","author":"Crismani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crismani\n AG,\n \n \n Bertl\n MH,\n \n \n Celar\n AG,\n \n \n Bantleon\n HP,\n \n \n Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n Miniscrews in orthodontic treatment: review and analysis of published clinical trials.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t137:\n\t\t\t\t\t108\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t113."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b05","series-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Survival and failure rates of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Sch\u00e4tzle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4tzle\n M,\n \n \n M\u00e4nnchen\n R,\n \n \n Zwahlen\n M,\n \n \n Lang\n NP.\n \n \n Survival and failure rates of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Oral Implants Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t20:\n\t\t\t\t\t1351\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1359."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b06","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"162","article-title":"Parameters affecting primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"67","author":"Wilmes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilmes\n B,\n \n \n Rademacher\n C,\n \n \n Olthoff\n G,\n \n \n Drescher\n D.\n \n \n Parameters affecting primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t162\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t174."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"994","article-title":"Stability changes of miniscrew implants over time","volume":"81","author":"Ure","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ure\n DS,\n \n \n Oliver\n DR,\n \n \n Kim\n KB,\n \n \n Melo\n AC,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Stability changes of miniscrew implants over time.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t81:\n\t\t\t\t\t994\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1000."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b08","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"450","article-title":"Mini- and micro-screws for temporary skeletal anchorage in orthodontic therapy","volume":"67","author":"Berens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berens\n A,\n \n \n Wiechmann\n D,\n \n \n Dempf\n R.\n \n \n Mini- and micro-screws for temporary skeletal anchorage in orthodontic therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t450\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t458."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"373","article-title":"Factors associated with the stability of titanium screws placed in the posterior region for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"124","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miyawaki\n S,\n \n \n Koyama\n I,\n \n \n Inoue\n M,\n \n \n Mishima\n K,\n \n \n Sugahara\n T,\n \n \n Takano-Yamamoto\n T.\n \n \n Factors associated with the stability of titanium screws placed in the posterior region for orthodontic anchorage.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t373\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Lever-arm and mini-implant system for anterior torque control during retraction in lingual orthodontic treatment","volume":"75","author":"Hong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hong\n RK,\n \n \n Heo\n JM,\n \n \n Ha\n YK.\n \n \n Lever-arm and mini-implant system for anterior torque control during retraction in lingual orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t75:\n\t\t\t\t\t129\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t141."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"18","article-title":"Treatment effects of mini-implants for en-masse retraction of anterior teeth in bialveolar dental protrusion patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M,\n \n \n Yadav\n S,\n \n \n Nagaraj\n K,\n \n \n Patil\n S.\n \n \n Treatment effects of mini-implants for en-masse retraction of anterior teeth in bialveolar dental protrusion patients: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t134:\n\t\t\t\t\t18\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t29.e1."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"519","article-title":"Miniscrews failure rate in orthodontics: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Alharbi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alharbi\n F,\n \n \n Almuzian\n M,\n \n \n Bearn\n D.\n \n \n Miniscrews failure rate in orthodontics: systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t519\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t530."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b13","series-title":"Head Face Med","first-page":"14","article-title":"Influence of interradicular and palatal placement of orthodontic mini-implants on the success (survival) rate","volume":"13","author":"Hourfar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hourfar\n J,\n \n \n Bister\n D,\n \n \n Kanavakis\n G,\n \n \n Lisson\n JA,\n \n \n Ludwig\n B.\n \n \n Influence of interradicular and palatal placement of orthodontic mini-implants on the success (survival) rate.\n\t\t\t\t\tHead Face Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t14."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b14","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Gender and growth variation in palatal bone thickness and density for mini-implant placement","volume":"19","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yadav\n S,\n \n \n Sachs\n E,\n \n \n Vishwanath\n M,\n \n et al.\n \n Gender and growth variation in palatal bone thickness and density for mini-implant placement.\n\t\t\t\t\tProg Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t19(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t43."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b15","series-title":"Biomed Eng Online","first-page":"128","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical properties of three different screws for rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"12","author":"Camporesi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Camporesi\n M,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Doldo\n T,\n \n \n Defraia\n E.\n \n \n Evaluation of mechanical properties of three different screws for rapid maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiomed Eng Online.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t12:\n\t\t\t\t\t128."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b16","series-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res","first-page":"473","article-title":"Load-related implant reaction of mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"16","author":"B\u00fcchter","year":"2005","unstructured":"B\u00fcchter\n A,\n \n \n Wiechmann\n D,\n \n \n Koerdt\n S,\n \n \n Wiesmann\n HP,\n \n \n Piffko\n J,\n \n \n Meyer\n U.\n \n \n Load-related implant reaction of mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Oral Implants Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t16:\n\t\t\t\t\t473\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t479."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"114","article-title":"Clinical observations and success rates of palatal implants","volume":"137","author":"Asscherickx","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asscherickx\n K,\n \n \n Vannet\n BV,\n \n \n Bottenberg\n P,\n \n \n Wehrbein\n H,\n \n \n Sabzevar\n MM.\n \n \n Clinical observations and success rates of palatal implants.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t137:\n\t\t\t\t\t114\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t122."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"388","article-title":"Factors influencing the stability of miniscrews. A retrospective study on 300 miniscrews","volume":"33","author":"Manni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manni\n A,\n \n \n Cozzani\n M,\n \n \n Tamborrino\n F,\n \n \n De Rinaldis\n S,\n \n \n Menini\n A.\n \n \n Factors influencing the stability of miniscrews. A retrospective study on 300 miniscrews.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t388\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t395."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b19","series-title":"J Oral Sci","first-page":"515","article-title":"A prospective study of factors associated with orthodontic mini-implant survival","volume":"58","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai\n CC,\n \n \n Chang\n HP,\n \n \n Pan\n CY,\n \n \n Chou\n ST,\n \n \n Tseng\n YC.\n \n \n A prospective study of factors associated with orthodontic mini-implant survival.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t58:\n\t\t\t\t\t515\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"577","article-title":"Failure rates and associated risk factors of orthodontic miniscrew implants: a meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Papageorgiou\n SN,\n \n \n Zogakis\n IP,\n \n \n Papadopoulos\n MA.\n \n \n Failure rates and associated risk factors of orthodontic miniscrew implants: a meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t142:\n\t\t\t\t\t577\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t595.e7."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed","author":"Proffit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt. Louis, MO:\n\t\t\t\t\tMosby;2007."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"558","article-title":"Temporary skeletal anchorage devices: the case for miniscrews","volume":"145","author":"Baumgaertel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baumgaertel\n S.\n \n \n Temporary skeletal anchorage devices: the case for miniscrews.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t145:\n\t\t\t\t\t558\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t564."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b03","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Bone anchor systems for orthodontic application: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Tsui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsui\n WK,\n \n \n Chua\n HD,\n \n \n Cheung\n LK.\n \n \n Bone anchor systems for orthodontic application: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t1427\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1438."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"108","article-title":"Miniscrews in orthodontic treatment: review and analysis of published clinical trials","volume":"137","author":"Crismani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crismani\n AG,\n \n \n Bertl\n MH,\n \n \n Celar\n AG,\n \n \n Bantleon\n HP,\n \n \n Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n Miniscrews in orthodontic treatment: review and analysis of published clinical trials.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t137:\n\t\t\t\t\t108\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t113."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b05","series-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Survival and failure rates of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Sch\u00e4tzle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4tzle\n M,\n \n \n M\u00e4nnchen\n R,\n \n \n Zwahlen\n M,\n \n \n Lang\n NP.\n \n \n Survival and failure rates of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Oral Implants Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t20:\n\t\t\t\t\t1351\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1359."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b06","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"162","article-title":"Parameters affecting primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"67","author":"Wilmes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilmes\n B,\n \n \n Rademacher\n C,\n \n \n Olthoff\n G,\n \n \n Drescher\n D.\n \n \n Parameters affecting primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t162\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t174."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"994","article-title":"Stability changes of miniscrew implants over time","volume":"81","author":"Ure","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ure\n DS,\n \n \n Oliver\n DR,\n \n \n Kim\n KB,\n \n \n Melo\n AC,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Stability changes of miniscrew implants over time.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t81:\n\t\t\t\t\t994\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1000."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b08","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"450","article-title":"Mini- and micro-screws for temporary skeletal anchorage in orthodontic therapy","volume":"67","author":"Berens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berens\n A,\n \n \n Wiechmann\n D,\n \n \n Dempf\n R.\n \n \n Mini- and micro-screws for temporary skeletal anchorage in orthodontic therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t450\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t458."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"373","article-title":"Factors associated with the stability of titanium screws placed in the posterior region for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"124","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miyawaki\n S,\n \n \n Koyama\n I,\n \n \n Inoue\n M,\n \n \n Mishima\n K,\n \n \n Sugahara\n T,\n \n \n Takano-Yamamoto\n T.\n \n \n Factors associated with the stability of titanium screws placed in the posterior region for orthodontic anchorage.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t373\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Lever-arm and mini-implant system for anterior torque control during retraction in lingual orthodontic treatment","volume":"75","author":"Hong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hong\n RK,\n \n \n Heo\n JM,\n \n \n Ha\n YK.\n \n \n Lever-arm and mini-implant system for anterior torque control during retraction in lingual orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t75:\n\t\t\t\t\t129\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t141."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"18","article-title":"Treatment effects of mini-implants for en-masse retraction of anterior teeth in bialveolar dental protrusion patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M,\n \n \n Yadav\n S,\n \n \n Nagaraj\n K,\n \n \n Patil\n S.\n \n \n Treatment effects of mini-implants for en-masse retraction of anterior teeth in bialveolar dental protrusion patients: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t134:\n\t\t\t\t\t18\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t29.e1."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"519","article-title":"Miniscrews failure rate in orthodontics: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Alharbi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alharbi\n F,\n \n \n Almuzian\n M,\n \n \n Bearn\n D.\n \n \n Miniscrews failure rate in orthodontics: systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t519\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t530."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-6-756-b13","series-title":"Head Face Med","first-page":"14","article-title":"Influence of interradicular and palatal placement of orthodontic mini-implants on the success (survival) rate","volume":"13","author":"Hourfar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hourfar\n J,\n \n \n Bister\n D,\n \n \n Kanavakis\n G,\n \n \n Lisson\n JA,\n \n \n Ludwig\n B.\n \n \n Influence of interradicular and palatal placement of orthodontic 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