{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:05:54Z","timestamp":1780067154451,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate three-dimensionally (3D) the stability of Nasion (Na), Sella (S), Basion (Ba), Porion (Po), and Orbitale (Or) in different age groups of growing Class II malocclusion patients and, additionally, to assess rotational changes of the S-Na and Ba-Na lines and the Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (FHP).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n Cone-beam computed tomography studies of 67 Class II division 1 malocclusion patients, acquired at baseline (T0) and 1 year later (T1), were retrospectively assessed. Anterior cranial fossa was used for volumetric superimposition. Subjects were grouped according to their age at T0: group 1 (G1) (8\u201310 years), G2 (11\u201313 years), and G3 (14\u201317 years). Quantitative assessments of the 3D linear displacements (Euclidean distance) in the position of Na, S, Ba, Po, and Or were performed. Displacement in the X, Y, and Z projections and the rotation of S-Na, Na-Ba, and FHP were also quantified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n All cephalometric landmarks showed 3D displacement (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .001) in the three age groups. Orbitale remained stable in the vertical and sagittal dimension from 8 to 17 years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05). S-Na, Na-Ba, and the FHP showed statistically significant angular rotation (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05) in younger patients (G1), while in older individuals (G2 and G3) they were stable (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Na, S, Ba, and Po showed vertical and sagittal positional changes relative to the anterior cranial fossa during the growth of Class II individuals. After age 11, S-Na, Na-Ba, and FHP did not show rotation and, thus, are valid parameters for angular cephalometric analysis in Class II growing patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/090721-692.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T12:28:54Z","timestamp":1654172934000},"page":"619-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stability of fiducial cephalometric landmarks of growing Class II malocclusion patients: a three-dimensional retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Lucas Garcia","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Loureiro","family":"Cheib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique Gontijo","family":"de P\u00e1rsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Q.","family":"Souki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"729","article-title":"Cephalometrics for you and me","volume":"39","author":"Steiner","year":"1953","unstructured":"Steiner\n CC.\n \n \n Cephalometrics for you and me.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1953;39:\n\t\t\t\t\t729\u2013755."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"290","article-title":"Cephalometric assessment of sagittal jaw base relationship before orthognathic surgery: the role of anterior cranial base inclination","volume":"15","author":"J\u00fcnger","year":"2000","unstructured":"J\u00fcnger\n TH,\n \n \n Ruf\n S,\n \n \n Eisfeld\n J,\n \n \n Howaldt\n HP.\n \n \n Cephalometric assessment of sagittal jaw base relationship before orthognathic surgery: the role of anterior cranial base inclination.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;15:\n\t\t\t\t\t290\u2013298."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"709","article-title":"The spheno-occipital synchondrosis: the missing link between the profession's concept of craniofacial growth and orthodontic treatment","volume":"114","author":"Coben","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coben\n SE.\n \n \n The spheno-occipital synchondrosis: the missing link between the profession's concept of craniofacial growth and orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;114:\n\t\t\t\t\t709\u2013712."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"537","article-title":"Longitudinal growth changes of the cranial base from puberty to adulthood. A comparison of different superimposition methods","volume":"80","author":"Arat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arat\n ZM,\n \n \n T\u00fcrkkahraman\n H,\n \n \n English\n JD,\n \n \n Gallerano\n RL,\n \n \n Boley\n JC.\n \n \n Longitudinal growth changes of the cranial base from puberty to adulthood. A comparison of different superimposition methods.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;80:\n\t\t\t\t\t537\u2013544."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"342","article-title":"Growth changes in the anterior and middle cranial bases assessed with cone-beam computed tomography in adolescents","volume":"151","author":"Afrand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Afrand\n M,\n \n \n Oh\n H,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C,\n \n \n Lagrav\u00e8re-Vich\n MO.\n \n \n Growth changes in the anterior and middle cranial bases assessed with cone-beam computed tomography in adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;151:\n\t\t\t\t\t342\u2013350.e342."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"21","article-title":"Anterior cranial-base time-related changes: a systematic review","volume":"146","author":"Afrand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afrand\n M,\n \n \n Ling\n CP,\n \n \n Khosrotehrani\n S,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C,\n \n \n Lagrav\u00e8re-Vich\n MO.\n \n \n Anterior cranial-base time-related changes: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;146:\n\t\t\t\t\t21\u201332.e26."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b07","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"323","article-title":"The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. II. A histological and microradiographic study of its growth","volume":"31","author":"Thilander","year":"1973","unstructured":"Thilander\n B,\n \n \n Ingervall\n B.\n \n \n The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. II. A histological and microradiographic study of its growth.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Odontol Scand.\n\t\t\t\t\t1973;31:\n\t\t\t\t\t323\u2013334."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"611","article-title":"Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models","volume":"129","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cevidanes\n LH,\n \n \n Styner\n MA,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;129:\n\t\t\t\t\t611\u2013618."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"Reliability of three-dimensional anterior cranial base superimposition methods for assessment of overall hard tissue changes: a systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Ponce-Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ponce-Garcia\n C,\n \n \n Lagravere-Vich\n M,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS,\n \n \n de Olivera Ruellas\n AC,\n \n \n Carey\n J,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Reliability of three-dimensional anterior cranial base superimposition methods for assessment of overall hard tissue changes: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;88:\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013245."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b10","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"344","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm\n E,\n \n \n Altman\n DG,\n \n \n Egger\n M,\n \n et al.\n \n The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;61:\n\t\t\t\t\t344\u2013349."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"645","article-title":"Common 3-dimensional coordinate system for assessment of directional changes","volume":"149","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruellas\n AC,\n \n \n Tonello\n C,\n \n \n Gomes\n LR,\n \n et al.\n \n Common 3-dimensional coordinate system for assessment of directional changes.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;149:\n\t\t\t\t\t645\u2013656."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"757","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the middle cranial fossa and central skull base following Herbst appliance treatment","volume":"88","author":"Okano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okano\n KS,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS,\n \n \n Cheib\n PL,\n \n et al.\n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the middle cranial fossa and central skull base following Herbst appliance treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;88:\n\t\t\t\t\t757\u2013764."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"158","article-title":"The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula","volume":"34","author":"Springate","year":"2012","unstructured":"Springate\n SD.\n \n \n The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;34:\n\t\t\t\t\t158\u2013163."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b14","series-title":"Growth","first-page":"145","article-title":"Change in cranial base measures of human males and females from age 6 years to early adulthood","volume":"35","author":"Knott","year":"1971","unstructured":"Knott\n VB.\n \n \n Change in cranial base measures of human males and females from age 6 years to early adulthood.\n\t\t\t\t\tGrowth.\n\t\t\t\t\t1971;35:\n\t\t\t\t\t145\u2013158."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"897","article-title":"Posterior cranial base natural growth and development: a systematic review","volume":"87","author":"Currie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Currie\n K,\n \n \n Sawchuk\n D,\n \n \n Saltaji\n H,\n \n \n Oh\n H,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C,\n \n \n Lagravere\n M.\n \n \n Posterior cranial base natural growth and development: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;87:\n\t\t\t\t\t897\u2013910."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development","volume":"41","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n A.\n \n \n Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1955;41:\n\t\t\t\t\t198\u2013225."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated superimposition method based on multiple landmarks for growing patients","author":"Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim\n MG,\n \n \n Moon\n JH,\n \n \n Hwang\n HW,\n \n \n Cho\n SJ,\n \n \n Donatelli\n RE,\n \n \n Lee\n SJ.\n \n \n Evaluation of an automated superimposition method based on multiple landmarks for growing patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tEpub ahead of print, doi.org\/10.2319\/010121-1.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"390","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics","volume":"90","author":"Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon\n JH,\n \n \n Hwang\n HW,\n \n \n Lee\n SJ.\n \n \n Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;90:\n\t\t\t\t\t390\u2013396."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"822","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and clivus after tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"91","author":"Leonardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leonardi\n R,\n \n \n Ronsivalle\n V,\n \n \n Lagravere\n MO,\n \n \n Barbato\n E,\n \n \n Isola\n G,\n \n \n Lo Giudice\n A.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and clivus after tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;91:\n\t\t\t\t\t822\u2013829."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"729","article-title":"Cephalometrics for you and me","volume":"39","author":"Steiner","year":"1953","unstructured":"Steiner\n CC.\n \n \n Cephalometrics for you and me.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1953;39:\n\t\t\t\t\t729\u2013755."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"290","article-title":"Cephalometric assessment of sagittal jaw base relationship before orthognathic surgery: the role of anterior cranial base inclination","volume":"15","author":"J\u00fcnger","year":"2000","unstructured":"J\u00fcnger\n TH,\n \n \n Ruf\n S,\n \n \n Eisfeld\n J,\n \n \n Howaldt\n HP.\n \n \n Cephalometric assessment of sagittal jaw base relationship before orthognathic surgery: the role of anterior cranial base inclination.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;15:\n\t\t\t\t\t290\u2013298."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"709","article-title":"The spheno-occipital synchondrosis: the missing link between the profession's concept of craniofacial growth and orthodontic treatment","volume":"114","author":"Coben","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coben\n SE.\n \n \n The spheno-occipital synchondrosis: the missing link between the profession's concept of craniofacial growth and orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;114:\n\t\t\t\t\t709\u2013712."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"537","article-title":"Longitudinal growth changes of the cranial base from puberty to adulthood. A comparison of different superimposition methods","volume":"80","author":"Arat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arat\n ZM,\n \n \n T\u00fcrkkahraman\n H,\n \n \n English\n JD,\n \n \n Gallerano\n RL,\n \n \n Boley\n JC.\n \n \n Longitudinal growth changes of the cranial base from puberty to adulthood. A comparison of different superimposition methods.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;80:\n\t\t\t\t\t537\u2013544."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"342","article-title":"Growth changes in the anterior and middle cranial bases assessed with cone-beam computed tomography in adolescents","volume":"151","author":"Afrand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Afrand\n M,\n \n \n Oh\n H,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C,\n \n \n Lagrav\u00e8re-Vich\n MO.\n \n \n Growth changes in the anterior and middle cranial bases assessed with cone-beam computed tomography in adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;151:\n\t\t\t\t\t342\u2013350.e342."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"21","article-title":"Anterior cranial-base time-related changes: a systematic review","volume":"146","author":"Afrand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afrand\n M,\n \n \n Ling\n CP,\n \n \n Khosrotehrani\n S,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C,\n \n \n Lagrav\u00e8re-Vich\n MO.\n \n \n Anterior cranial-base time-related changes: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;146:\n\t\t\t\t\t21\u201332.e26."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b07","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"323","article-title":"The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. II. A histological and microradiographic study of its growth","volume":"31","author":"Thilander","year":"1973","unstructured":"Thilander\n B,\n \n \n Ingervall\n B.\n \n \n The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. II. A histological and microradiographic study of its growth.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Odontol Scand.\n\t\t\t\t\t1973;31:\n\t\t\t\t\t323\u2013334."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"611","article-title":"Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models","volume":"129","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cevidanes\n LH,\n \n \n Styner\n MA,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;129:\n\t\t\t\t\t611\u2013618."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"Reliability of three-dimensional anterior cranial base superimposition methods for assessment of overall hard tissue changes: a systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Ponce-Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ponce-Garcia\n C,\n \n \n Lagravere-Vich\n M,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS,\n \n \n de Olivera Ruellas\n AC,\n \n \n Carey\n J,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Reliability of three-dimensional anterior cranial base superimposition methods for assessment of overall hard tissue changes: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;88:\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013245."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b10","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"344","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm\n E,\n \n \n Altman\n DG,\n \n \n Egger\n M,\n \n et al.\n \n The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;61:\n\t\t\t\t\t344\u2013349."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"645","article-title":"Common 3-dimensional coordinate system for assessment of directional changes","volume":"149","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruellas\n AC,\n \n \n Tonello\n C,\n \n \n Gomes\n LR,\n \n et al.\n \n Common 3-dimensional coordinate system for assessment of directional changes.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;149:\n\t\t\t\t\t645\u2013656."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"757","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the middle cranial fossa and central skull base following Herbst appliance treatment","volume":"88","author":"Okano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okano\n KS,\n \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS,\n \n \n Cheib\n PL,\n \n et al.\n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the middle cranial fossa and central skull base following Herbst appliance treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;88:\n\t\t\t\t\t757\u2013764."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"158","article-title":"The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula","volume":"34","author":"Springate","year":"2012","unstructured":"Springate\n SD.\n \n \n The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;34:\n\t\t\t\t\t158\u2013163."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b14","series-title":"Growth","first-page":"145","article-title":"Change in cranial base measures of human males and females from age 6 years to early adulthood","volume":"35","author":"Knott","year":"1971","unstructured":"Knott\n VB.\n \n \n Change in cranial base measures of human males and females from age 6 years to early adulthood.\n\t\t\t\t\tGrowth.\n\t\t\t\t\t1971;35:\n\t\t\t\t\t145\u2013158."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"897","article-title":"Posterior cranial base natural growth and development: a systematic review","volume":"87","author":"Currie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Currie\n K,\n \n \n Sawchuk\n D,\n \n \n Saltaji\n H,\n \n \n Oh\n H,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C,\n \n \n Lagravere\n M.\n \n \n Posterior cranial base natural growth and development: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;87:\n\t\t\t\t\t897\u2013910."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development","volume":"41","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n A.\n \n \n Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1955;41:\n\t\t\t\t\t198\u2013225."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated superimposition method based on multiple landmarks for growing patients","author":"Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim\n MG,\n \n \n Moon\n JH,\n \n \n Hwang\n HW,\n \n \n Cho\n SJ,\n \n \n Donatelli\n RE,\n \n \n Lee\n SJ.\n \n \n Evaluation of an automated superimposition method based on multiple landmarks for growing patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tEpub ahead of print, doi.org\/10.2319\/010121-1.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"390","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics","volume":"90","author":"Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon\n JH,\n \n \n Hwang\n HW,\n \n \n Lee\n SJ.\n \n \n Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;90:\n\t\t\t\t\t390\u2013396."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-5-619-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"822","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and clivus after tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"91","author":"Leonardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leonardi\n R,\n \n \n Ronsivalle\n V,\n \n \n Lagravere\n MO,\n \n \n Barbato\n E,\n \n \n Isola\n G,\n \n \n Lo Giudice\n A.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and clivus after tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;91:\n\t\t\t\t\t822\u2013829."}],"container-title":["The Angle 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