{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:13:25Z","timestamp":1791659605188,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the short-term treatment effects of face mask therapy with miniplates (FM-MP) and face mask therapy with rapid maxillary expansion appliance (FM-RME) in growing Class III malocclusion patients with maxillary hypoplasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty patients were allocated into two groups according to the anchorage device: FM-MP group (n \u200a=\u200a 10; mean age \u200a=\u200a 11.2 \u00b1 1.2\u00a0years; miniplates in the zygomatic buttress area) and FM-RME group (n \u200a=\u200a 10; mean age \u200a=\u200a 10.7 \u00b1 1.3\u00a0years; bonded or banded RME). The face mask was applied for 12 to 14\u00a0hours\/day in both groups with a force of 400\u00a0g\/side directed 30\u00b0 downward and forward from the occlusal plane. Lateral cephalograms were taken before (T1) and after FM-MP or FM-RME therapy (T2). Skeletodental and soft-tissue variables were measured. Paired and independent\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests were performed for statistical analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both groups exhibited significant forward movement of point A and posterior repositioning and opening rotation of the mandible from T2 to T1. The FM-MP group showed significant protraction of orbitale (\u0394SNO), and the FM-RME group showed a decrease in overbite and an increase in Bj\u00f6rk sum. Comparing the amount of changes between the two groups, the FM-MP group displayed greater forward movement of the maxilla than the FM-RME group (\u0394SNA, \u0394A to N perp, all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). However, the FM-RME group exhibited a greater opening rotation of the mandible (\u0394SNB, Bj\u00f6rk sum, all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01; \u0394Pog to N-perp,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05) and labioversion of the maxillary incisors (\u0394U1-FH,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FM-MP therapy induces a greater advancement of the maxilla, less posterior repositioning and opening rotation of the mandible, and less proclination of the maxillary incisors than FM-RME therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/090811-584.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]],"date-time":"2012-01-20T10:19:11Z","timestamp":1327054751000},"page":"846-852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The short-term treatment effects of face mask therapy in Class III patients based on the anchorage device"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Nam-Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il-Hyung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28-22 Yunkeun-Dong, Chongro-Ku Seoul 110-768, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hak","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28-22 Yunkeun-Dong, Chongro-Ku Seoul 110-768, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients.","volume":"21","author":"McNamara\n              Jr, J. A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"McNamara\n              Jr, J. A.\n          . An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients.J Clin Orthod1987. 21:598\u2013608."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"583","article-title":"Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children.","volume":"108","author":"Baik, H. S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baik, H. S.\n          \n          Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children.\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n          1995. 108:583\u2013592."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b03","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"255","article-title":"Treatment response and long-term dentofacial adaptations to maxillary expansion and protraction.","volume":"3","author":"Ngan, P. W.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ngan, P. W., U.Hagg, C.Yiu, and S. H.Wei. Treatment response and long-term dentofacial adaptations to maxillary expansion and protraction.Semin Orthod1997. 3:255\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b04","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"237","article-title":"Cephalometric and occlusal changes following maxillary expansion and protraction.","volume":"20","author":"Ngan, P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ngan, P., C.Yiu, A.Hu, U.H\u00e4gg, S. H.Wei, and E.Gunel. Cephalometric and occlusal changes following maxillary expansion and protraction.Eur J Orthod1998. 20:237\u2013254."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"204","article-title":"Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups.","volume":"113","author":"Kapust, A. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kapust, A. J., P. M.Sinclair, and P. K.Turley. Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:204\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"669","article-title":"Sagittal changes after maxillary protraction with expansion in Class III patients in the primary, mixed, and late mixed dentitions: a longitudinal retrospective study.","volume":"117","author":"Saadia, M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Saadia, M. and E.Torres. Sagittal changes after maxillary protraction with expansion in Class III patients in the primary, mixed, and late mixed dentitions: a longitudinal retrospective study.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2000. 117:669\u2013680."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"306","article-title":"Long-term effects of Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy followed by fixed appliances.","volume":"123","author":"Westwood, P. V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Westwood, P. V., J. A.McNamaraJr, T.Baccetti, L.Franchi, and D. M.Sarver. Long-term effects of Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy followed by fixed appliances.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 123:306\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"303","article-title":"Ankylosed teeth as abutments for maxillary protraction: a case report.","volume":"88","author":"Kokich, V. G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kokich, V. G., P. A.Shapiro, R.Oswald, L.Koskinen-Moffett, and S. K.Clarren. Ankylosed teeth as abutments for maxillary protraction: a case report.Am J Orthod1985. 88:303\u2013307."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"285","article-title":"Osseointegrated titanium implants for maxillofacial protraction in monkeys.","volume":"94","author":"Smalley, W. M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smalley, W. M., P. A.Shapiro, T. H.Hohl, V. G.Kokich, and P. I.Br\u00e5nemark. Osseointegrated titanium implants for maxillofacial protraction in monkeys.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1988. 94:285\u2013295."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"253","article-title":"Osseointegrated implants as an adjunct to facemask therapy: a case report.","volume":"70","author":"Singer, S. L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Singer, S. L., P. J.Henry, and I.Rosenberg. Osseointegrated implants as an adjunct to facemask therapy: a case report.Angle Orthod2000. 70:253\u2013262."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"571","article-title":"Facemask therapy with rigid anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and severe oligodontia.","volume":"123","author":"Enacar, A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Enacar, A., B.Giray, M.Pehlivanoglu, and H.Iplikcioglu. Facemask therapy with rigid anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and severe oligodontia.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 123:571\u2013577."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"453","article-title":"Use of onplants as stable anchorage for facemask treatment.","volume":"75","author":"Hong, H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hong, H., P.Ngan, G.Han, L. G.Qi, and H. Y.Stephen. Use of onplants as stable anchorage for facemask treatment.Angle Orthod2005. 75:453\u2013460."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b13","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"136","article-title":"Clinical applications of orthodontic microimplant anchorage in craniofacial patients.","volume":"46","author":"Vachiramon, A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vachiramon, A., M.Urata, H. M.Kyung, D. D.Yamashita, and S. L.Yen. Clinical applications of orthodontic microimplant anchorage in craniofacial patients.Cleft Palate Craniofac J2009. 46:136\u2013146."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"156","article-title":"Orthopedic protraction with skeletal anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and hypodontia.","volume":"76","author":"Kircelli, B. H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kircelli, B. H., Z. O.Pekta\u015f, and S.U\u00e7kan. 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C.Heymann, and C. J.Tulloch. Orthopedic traction of the maxilla with miniplates: a new perspective for treatment of midface deficiency.J Oral Maxillofac Surg2009. 67:2123\u20132129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"577","article-title":"Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study of consecutively treated Class III patients.","volume":"138","author":"De Clerck, H.","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Clerck, H., L.Cevidanes, and T.Baccetti. Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study of consecutively treated Class III patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2010. 138:577\u2013581."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"200","article-title":"The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture.","volume":"65","author":"Haas, A. J.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Haas, A. J.\n          \n          The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture.\n          Angle Orthod\n          1965. 65:200\u2013217."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"333","article-title":"Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy.","volume":"113","author":"Baccetti, T.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baccetti, T., J. S.McGill, L.Franchi, J. A.McNamaraJr, and I.Tollaro. Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:333\u2013343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"675","article-title":"The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis.","volume":"115","author":"Kim, J. H.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim, J. H., M. A.Viana, T. M.Graber, F. F.Omerza, and E. A.BeGole. The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1999. 115:675\u2013685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"299","article-title":"The effects of maxillary protraction therapy with or without rapid palatal expansion: a prospective, randomized clinical trial.","volume":"128","author":"Vaughn, G. A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vaughn, G. A., B.Mason, H. B.Moon, and P. K.Turley. The effects of maxillary protraction therapy with or without rapid palatal expansion: a prospective, randomized clinical trial.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2005. 128:299\u2013309."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"58","article-title":"Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae.","volume":"107","author":"Hassel, B.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hassel, B. and A. G.Farman. 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S.\n          \n          Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children.\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n          1995. 108:583\u2013592."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b03","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"255","article-title":"Treatment response and long-term dentofacial adaptations to maxillary expansion and protraction.","volume":"3","author":"Ngan, P. W.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ngan, P. W., U.Hagg, C.Yiu, and S. H.Wei. Treatment response and long-term dentofacial adaptations to maxillary expansion and protraction.Semin Orthod1997. 3:255\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b04","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"237","article-title":"Cephalometric and occlusal changes following maxillary expansion and protraction.","volume":"20","author":"Ngan, P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ngan, P., C.Yiu, A.Hu, U.H\u00e4gg, S. H.Wei, and E.Gunel. 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Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998. 113:204\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"669","article-title":"Sagittal changes after maxillary protraction with expansion in Class III patients in the primary, mixed, and late mixed dentitions: a longitudinal retrospective study.","volume":"117","author":"Saadia, M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Saadia, M. and E.Torres. Sagittal changes after maxillary protraction with expansion in Class III patients in the primary, mixed, and late mixed dentitions: a longitudinal retrospective study.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2000. 117:669\u2013680."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"306","article-title":"Long-term effects of Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy followed by fixed appliances.","volume":"123","author":"Westwood, P. V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Westwood, P. V., J. A.McNamaraJr, T.Baccetti, L.Franchi, and D. M.Sarver. Long-term effects of Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy followed by fixed appliances.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 123:306\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"303","article-title":"Ankylosed teeth as abutments for maxillary protraction: a case report.","volume":"88","author":"Kokich, V. G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kokich, V. G., P. A.Shapiro, R.Oswald, L.Koskinen-Moffett, and S. K.Clarren. Ankylosed teeth as abutments for maxillary protraction: a case report.Am J Orthod1985. 88:303\u2013307."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"285","article-title":"Osseointegrated titanium implants for maxillofacial protraction in monkeys.","volume":"94","author":"Smalley, W. M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smalley, W. M., P. A.Shapiro, T. H.Hohl, V. G.Kokich, and P. I.Br\u00e5nemark. Osseointegrated titanium implants for maxillofacial protraction in monkeys.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1988. 94:285\u2013295."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"253","article-title":"Osseointegrated implants as an adjunct to facemask therapy: a case report.","volume":"70","author":"Singer, S. L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Singer, S. L., P. J.Henry, and I.Rosenberg. Osseointegrated implants as an adjunct to facemask therapy: a case report.Angle Orthod2000. 70:253\u2013262."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"571","article-title":"Facemask therapy with rigid anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and severe oligodontia.","volume":"123","author":"Enacar, A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Enacar, A., B.Giray, M.Pehlivanoglu, and H.Iplikcioglu. Facemask therapy with rigid anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and severe oligodontia.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 123:571\u2013577."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"453","article-title":"Use of onplants as stable anchorage for facemask treatment.","volume":"75","author":"Hong, H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hong, H., P.Ngan, G.Han, L. G.Qi, and H. Y.Stephen. Use of onplants as stable anchorage for facemask treatment.Angle Orthod2005. 75:453\u2013460."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b13","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"136","article-title":"Clinical applications of orthodontic microimplant anchorage in craniofacial patients.","volume":"46","author":"Vachiramon, A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vachiramon, A., M.Urata, H. M.Kyung, D. D.Yamashita, and S. L.Yen. Clinical applications of orthodontic microimplant anchorage in craniofacial patients.Cleft Palate Craniofac J2009. 46:136\u2013146."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"156","article-title":"Orthopedic protraction with skeletal anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and hypodontia.","volume":"76","author":"Kircelli, B. H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kircelli, B. H., Z. O.Pekta\u015f, and S.U\u00e7kan. Orthopedic protraction with skeletal anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and hypodontia.Angle Orthod2006. 76:156\u2013163."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b15","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Maxillary protraction treatment of skeletal Class III children using miniplate anchorage.","volume":"37","author":"Cha, B. K.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cha, B. K., N. K.Lee, and D. S.Choi. Maxillary protraction treatment of skeletal Class III children using miniplate anchorage.Korean J Orthod2007. 37:73\u201384."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-846-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"440","article-title":"Midfacial protraction with skeletally anchored face mask therapy: a novel approach and preliminary results.","volume":"133","author":"Kircelli, B. H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kircelli, B. H. and Z. O.Pektas. 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