{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:08:20Z","timestamp":1780070900611,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the allele and genotype frequencies of the P561T and C422F polymorphic sites of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene and the relationship between mandibular prognathism (MP) and these two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 99 subjects with severe skeletal Class III MP who planned to undergo orthognathic surgery and 99 subjects with Class I occlusion were examined in this study to evaluate the relationship between MP and two SNPs in exon 10 of the GHR gene. GHR was chosen as a candidate gene because growth hormone plays an important role in cartilage growth. A blood sample was used to extract genomic DNA, and the polymerase chain reaction\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to determine genotypes of P561T and C422F. The Minitab 14.0 packet program was used to perform statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Allele frequencies of the C422F and P561T variants were determined. Because of the low allele frequency of the control group, statistical analysis could not be performed to test the difference between MP and control groups. Therefore, the data were combined to determine the association between the P561T polymorphism and craniofacial measurements. Effective mandibular length (condylion-gnathion) and lower face height (anterior nasal spina-menton) were associated with the P561T variant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n This finding supports that the GHR might be a candidate gene for mandibular morphogenesis in this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/091713-680.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T09:04:54Z","timestamp":1395392694000},"page":"803-809","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Relationship between P561T and C422F polymorphisms in growth hormone receptor gene and mandibular prognathism"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Sinem","family":"Bayram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faruk Ayhan","family":"Basciftci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ercan","family":"Kurar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit\n WR.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR. \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. St Louis, Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 1992."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b02","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"523","article-title":"Segregation analysis of mandibular prognathism in Libya","volume":"82","author":"El-Gheriani\n AA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"El-Gheriani\n AA, \n \n Maher\n BS, \n \n El-Gheriani\n AS, \n et al\n . Segregation analysis of mandibular prognathism in Libya. J Dent Res. 2003;82:523\u2013527."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b03","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"255","article-title":"Genome-wide linkage analysis of mandibular prognathism in Korean and Japanese patients","volume":"84","author":"Yamaguchi\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamaguchi\n T, \n \n Park\n SB, \n \n Narita\n A, \n \n Maki\n K, \n \n Inoue\n I. \n \n Genome-wide linkage analysis of mandibular prognathism in Korean and Japanese patients. J Dent Res. 2005;84:255\u2013259."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b04","series-title":"Turkish J Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"Orthodontic malocclusions and evaluation of treatment alternatives: an epidemiologic study","volume":"16","author":"Sari\n Z,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sari\n Z, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Karaman\n AI, \n \n Basciftci\n FA, \n \n Usumez\n S, \n \n Demir\n A. \n \n Orthodontic malocclusions and evaluation of treatment alternatives: an epidemiologic study. Turkish J Orthod. 2003;16:119\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"635","article-title":"Malocclusion and crowding in an orthodontically referred Turkish population","volume":"74","author":"Sayin\n MO,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sayin\n MO, \n \n Turkkahraman\n H. \n \n Malocclusion and crowding in an orthodontically referred Turkish population. 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White Manufacturing Company; 1907."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b08","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"267","article-title":"Studies in the causes of dental anomalies","volume":"8","author":"Downs\n WG.","year":"1928","unstructured":"Downs\n WG. \n \n Studies in the causes of dental anomalies. J Dent Res. 1928;8:267\u2013379."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"893","article-title":"A new approach to the treatment of mandibular prognathism","volume":"35","author":"Gold\n JK.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Gold\n JK. \n \n A new approach to the treatment of mandibular prognathism. 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J Hered. 1953;44:241\u2013245."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"494","article-title":"Influence of growth hormone on the craniofacial complex of transgenic mice","volume":"27","author":"Ramirez-Yanez\n GO,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramirez-Yanez\n GO, \n \n Smid\n JR, \n \n Young\n WG, \n \n Waters\n MJ. \n \n Influence of growth hormone on the craniofacial complex of transgenic mice. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27:494\u2013500."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b13","series-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"12","article-title":"Growth hormone signalling: sprouting links between pathways, human genetics and therapeutic options","volume":"18","author":"Pilecka\n I,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pilecka\n I, \n \n Whatmore\n A, \n \n van Huijsduijnen\n RH, \n \n Destenaves\n B, \n \n Clayton\n P. \n \n Growth hormone signalling: sprouting links between pathways, human genetics and therapeutic options. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007;18:12\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b14","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Growth hormone and craniofacial changes: preliminary data from studies in Turner's syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Simmons\n KE.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Simmons\n KE. \n \n Growth hormone and craniofacial changes: preliminary data from studies in Turner's syndrome. Pediatrics. 1999;104:1021\u20131024."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b15","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"537","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression","volume":"330","author":"Leung\n DW,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Leung\n DW, \n \n Spencer\n SA, \n \n Cachianes\n G, \n et al\n . Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:650\u2013653."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b21","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1052","article-title":"The growth hormone receptor gene is associated with mandibular height in a Chinese population","volume":"84","author":"Zhou\n J,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhou\n J, \n \n Lu\n Y, \n \n Gao\n XH, \n \n Chen\n YC, \n et al\n . The growth hormone receptor gene is associated with mandibular height in a Chinese population. 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J Hered. 1953;44:241\u2013245."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"494","article-title":"Influence of growth hormone on the craniofacial complex of transgenic mice","volume":"27","author":"Ramirez-Yanez\n GO,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramirez-Yanez\n GO, \n \n Smid\n JR, \n \n Young\n WG, \n \n Waters\n MJ. \n \n Influence of growth hormone on the craniofacial complex of transgenic mice. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27:494\u2013500."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b13","series-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"12","article-title":"Growth hormone signalling: sprouting links between pathways, human genetics and therapeutic options","volume":"18","author":"Pilecka\n I,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pilecka\n I, \n \n Whatmore\n A, \n \n van Huijsduijnen\n RH, \n \n Destenaves\n B, \n \n Clayton\n P. \n \n Growth hormone signalling: sprouting links between pathways, human genetics and therapeutic options. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007;18:12\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b14","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Growth hormone and craniofacial changes: preliminary data from studies in Turner's syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Simmons\n KE.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Simmons\n KE. \n \n Growth hormone and craniofacial changes: preliminary data from studies in Turner's syndrome. Pediatrics. 1999;104:1021\u20131024."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-803-b15","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"537","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression","volume":"330","author":"Leung\n DW,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Leung\n DW, \n \n Spencer\n SA, \n \n Cachianes\n G, \n et al\n . Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. 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