{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:34:04Z","timestamp":1789724044762,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the stress patterns in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during mandibular protraction at different horizontal advancements with constant vertical height in a construction bite using a three-dimensional finite element method.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A three-dimensional computer-aided model was developed from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a growing boy (age 12\u00a0years) using MIMICS software (version 7.0, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). Stresses with constant vertical opening of 5\u00a0mm changing the sagittal advancements from 0\u00a0mm to 5\u00a0mm and 7.5\u00a0mm were recorded. Differences in magnitude and pattern of stresses were compared.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The tensile stresses in the posterosuperior aspect of the condylar head and on the posterior aspect of the glenoid fossa migrated posteriorly with increased bite advancements. The location of tensile stresses changed in the condylar head and fossa on mandibular protraction of 5\u00a0mm to 7\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n This study indicates that larger horizontal advancements of construction bites may not be favorable for tissues of TMJ. Clinical application necessitates study on an animal model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/091913-690.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T08:39:04Z","timestamp":1401957544000},"page":"196-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: A three-dimensional finite element study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Hitkarni Dental College, Jabalpur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pushpa V.","family":"Hazarey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Om P.","family":"Kharbanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Excellence and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head Consultant, Maximus Specialist Centre for Dental Research, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b01","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","first-page":"316","article-title":"A three-dimensional finite element model of mandible including the TMJ and its application to stress analysis in TMJ during clenching","volume":"16","author":"Tanaka\n E,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tanaka\n E, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n A three-dimensional finite element model of mandible including the TMJ and its application to stress analysis in TMJ during clenching. Med Eng Phys. 1994; 16: 316\u2013 322."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b02","series-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"85","article-title":"Analysis of the condyle in the state on the mandibular protraction by means of the three-dimensional finite element method [in Chinese]","volume":"34","author":"Zhou\n X,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhou\n X, \n \n Zhao\n Z, \n \n Zhao\n M. \n \n Analysis of the condyle in the state on the mandibular protraction by means of the three-dimensional finite element method [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999; 34: 85\u2013 87."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b03","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"307","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human temporomandibular joint disc","volume":"33","author":"Beek\n M,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beek\n M, \n \n Koolstra\n JH, \n \n van Ruijven\n LJ, \n \n van Eijden\n TM. \n \n Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human temporomandibular joint disc. J Biomech. 2000; 33: 307\u2013 316."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b04","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"421","article-title":"Stress analysis in TMJ during jaw opening by use of three-dimensional finite element model based on magnetic resonance images","volume":"30","author":"Tanaka\n E,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanaka\n E, \n \n Rodrigo\n DP, \n \n Tanaka\n M, \n \n Kawaguchi\n A, \n \n Shibazaki\n T, \n \n Tanne\n K. \n \n Stress analysis in TMJ during jaw opening by use of three-dimensional finite element model based on magnetic resonance images. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001; 30: 421\u2013 430."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"319","article-title":"Influence of friction at articular surfaces of temporomandibular joint on stresses in articular disk: a theoretical approach with the finite element method","volume":"73","author":"del Pozo\n R,","year":"2003","unstructured":"del Pozo\n R, \n \n Tanaka\n E, \n \n Tanaka\n M, \n et al\n . Influence of friction at articular surfaces of temporomandibular joint on stresses in articular disk: a theoretical approach with the finite element method. Angle Orthod. 2003; 73: 319\u2013 327."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"490.e9","article-title":"Effects of Class II activator and Class II activator high-pull headgear combination on the mandible: a 3-dimensional finite element stress analysis study","volume":"133","author":"Ulusoya\n C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ulusoya\n C, \n \n Darendeliler\n N. \n \n Effects of Class II activator and Class II activator high-pull headgear combination on the mandible: a 3-dimensional finite element stress analysis study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008; 133: 490.e9\u2013 490.e15."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"737","article-title":"Stress distribution in temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element method study. Part 1","volume":"135","author":"Gupta\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta\n A, \n \n Kohli\n VS, \n \n Hazarey\n PV, \n \n Kharbanda\n OP, \n \n Gunjal\n A. \n \n Stress distribution in temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element method study. Part 1. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135: 737\u2013 748."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"749","article-title":"Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element study. Part 2","volume":"135","author":"Gupta\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta\n A, \n \n Hazarey\n PV, \n \n Kohli\n VS, \n \n Kharbanda\n OP, \n \n Gunjal\n A. \n \n Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element study. Part 2. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135: 749\u2013 756."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"162","article-title":"Concepts of functional appliances' mode of action","volume":"92","author":"Carels\n C,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carels\n C, \n \n van der Linden\n FP. \n \n Concepts of functional appliances' mode of action. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987; 92: 162\u2013 168."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b10","series-title":"Acta-Gnatho","first-page":"5","article-title":"Norwegian system of gnath-orthopedics","volume":"1","author":"Andresen\n V.","year":"1936","unstructured":"Andresen\n V. \n \n Norwegian system of gnath-orthopedics. Acta-Gnatho. 1936; 1: 5\u2013 36."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b11","series-title":"Dentofacial Orthopedics With Functional Appliances. 2nd ed","author":"Graber\n TM,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Graber\n TM, \n \n Rakosi\n T, \n \n Petrovic\n AG. \n \n Dentofacial Orthopedics With Functional Appliances. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1997."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b12","series-title":"Funktionskieferorthopadie. 6th ed","author":"Andresen\n V,","year":"1957","unstructured":"Andresen\n V, \n \n Haupl\n K. \n \n Funktionskieferorthopadie. 6th ed. Munich, Germany: JA Barth; 1957; Cited in: Graber TM, Neumann B, eds. Removable Orthodontic Appliances. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1984:85\u2013101."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"512","article-title":"The activator's mode of action","volume":"45","author":"Herren\n P.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Herren\n P. \n \n The activator's mode of action. Am J Orthod. 1959; 45: 512\u2013 527."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b14","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"773","article-title":"Activator construction simplified","volume":"13","author":"Shaye\n R,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shaye\n R, \n \n Schwaninger\n B, \n \n Hoffman\n D. \n \n Activator construction simplified. J Clin Orthod. 1979; 13: 773\u2013 778."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b15","series-title":"Removable Orthodontic Appliances. 2nd ed","first-page":"175","year":"1984","unstructured":"Graber\n TM, \n \n Neumann\n B, \n \n eds. Removable Orthodontic Appliances. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1984: 175\u2013 197."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b16","series-title":"Removable Orthodontic Appliances. 2nd ed","first-page":"263","article-title":"The Harvold Woodside activator","author":"Woodside\n DG.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Woodside\n DG. \n \n The Harvold Woodside activator. InGraberTM, NeumannB. eds. Removable Orthodontic Appliances. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1984: 263\u2013 274."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"305","article-title":"A cephalometric study of the construction bite of activator","volume":"9","author":"Hamano\n Y,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hamano\n Y, \n \n Ahlgren\n J. \n \n A cephalometric study of the construction bite of activator. Eur J Orthod. 1987; 9: 305\u2013 313."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b18","series-title":"Archives of Orofacial Sciences","first-page":"60","article-title":"Dimensional accuracy of skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus","volume":"1","author":"Nizam\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nizam\n A, \n \n Gopal\n RN, \n \n Naing\n L, \n \n Hakim\n AB, \n \n Samsudin\n AR. \n \n Dimensional accuracy of skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus. Archives of Orofacial Sciences. 2006; 1: 60\u2013 66."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b19","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"428","article-title":"The finite element method: a tool to study orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"84","author":"Cattaneo\n PM,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cattaneo\n PM, \n \n Dalstra\n M, \n \n Melsen\n B. \n \n The finite element method: a tool to study orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res. 2005; 84: 428\u2013 433."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b20","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"173","article-title":"Current concepts on functional appliances and mandibular growth stimulation","volume":"35","author":"Collett\n AR.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Collett\n AR. \n \n Current concepts on functional appliances and mandibular growth stimulation. Aust Dent J. 2000; 35: 173\u2013 178."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"169","article-title":"Orthodontic forces exerted by activators with varying construction bite heights","volume":"105","author":"Noro\n T,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Noro\n T, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n Orthodontic forces exerted by activators with varying construction bite heights. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994; 105: 169\u2013 179."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Improved clinical use of Twin-block and Herbst as a result of radiating viscoelastic tissue forces on the condyle and fossa in treatment and long-term retention: growth relativity","volume":"117","author":"Voudouris\n JC,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Voudouris\n JC, \n \n Kuftinec\n MM. \n \n Improved clinical use of Twin-block and Herbst as a result of radiating viscoelastic tissue forces on the condyle and fossa in treatment and long-term retention: growth relativity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000; 117: 247\u2013 266."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"181","article-title":"The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodeling","volume":"92","author":"Woodside\n DG,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Woodside\n DG, \n \n Metaxas\n A, \n \n Altuna\n G. \n \n The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodeling. Am J Orthod. 1987; 92: 181\u2013 198."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"155","article-title":"Temporal bone adaptations in response to protrusive function in juvenile young adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"6","author":"Hinton\n RM,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hinton\n RM, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n Temporal bone adaptations in response to protrusive function in juvenile young adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Eur J Orthod. 1984; 6: 155\u2013 174."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"242","article-title":"Response to activator treatment in Class II malocclusions","volume":"88(3)","author":"Vagervik\n K,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vagervik\n K, \n \n Harvold\n E. \n \n Response to activator treatment in Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod. 1985; 88(3): 242\u2013 251."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b26","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"657","article-title":"Morphological changes of TMJ condyles of 100 patients treated with Herbst appliance in period of puberty to adulthood: a long-term radiographic study","volume":"19","author":"Paulsen\n HU.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paulsen\n HU. \n \n Morphological changes of TMJ condyles of 100 patients treated with Herbst appliance in period of puberty to adulthood: a long-term radiographic study. Eur J Orthod. 1997; 19: 657\u2013 668."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"457","article-title":"The correlation of replicating cells and osteogenesis in the condyle during stepwise advancement","volume":"73","author":"Rabie\n AB,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rabie\n AB, \n \n Tsai\n MJ, \n \n H\u00e4gg\n U, \n \n Du\n X, \n \n Chou\n BW. \n \n The correlation of replicating cells and osteogenesis in the condyle during stepwise advancement. Angle Orthod. 2003; 73: 457\u2013 465."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"525","article-title":"Condylar growth and mandibular positioning with stepwise vs maximum advancement","volume":"134","author":"H\u00e4gg\n U,","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00e4gg\n U, \n \n Rabie\n AB, \n \n Bendeus\n M, \n et al\n . Condylar growth and mandibular positioning with stepwise vs maximum advancement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008; 134: 525\u2013 536."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b01","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","first-page":"316","article-title":"A three-dimensional finite element model of mandible including the TMJ and its application to stress analysis in TMJ during clenching","volume":"16","author":"Tanaka\n E,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tanaka\n E, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n A three-dimensional finite element model of mandible including the TMJ and its application to stress analysis in TMJ during clenching. Med Eng Phys. 1994; 16: 316\u2013 322."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b02","series-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"85","article-title":"Analysis of the condyle in the state on the mandibular protraction by means of the three-dimensional finite element method [in Chinese]","volume":"34","author":"Zhou\n X,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhou\n X, \n \n Zhao\n Z, \n \n Zhao\n M. \n \n Analysis of the condyle in the state on the mandibular protraction by means of the three-dimensional finite element method [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999; 34: 85\u2013 87."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b03","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"307","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human temporomandibular joint disc","volume":"33","author":"Beek\n M,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beek\n M, \n \n Koolstra\n JH, \n \n van Ruijven\n LJ, \n \n van Eijden\n TM. \n \n Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human temporomandibular joint disc. J Biomech. 2000; 33: 307\u2013 316."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b04","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"421","article-title":"Stress analysis in TMJ during jaw opening by use of three-dimensional finite element model based on magnetic resonance images","volume":"30","author":"Tanaka\n E,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanaka\n E, \n \n Rodrigo\n DP, \n \n Tanaka\n M, \n \n Kawaguchi\n A, \n \n Shibazaki\n T, \n \n Tanne\n K. \n \n Stress analysis in TMJ during jaw opening by use of three-dimensional finite element model based on magnetic resonance images. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001; 30: 421\u2013 430."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"319","article-title":"Influence of friction at articular surfaces of temporomandibular joint on stresses in articular disk: a theoretical approach with the finite element method","volume":"73","author":"del Pozo\n R,","year":"2003","unstructured":"del Pozo\n R, \n \n Tanaka\n E, \n \n Tanaka\n M, \n et al\n . Influence of friction at articular surfaces of temporomandibular joint on stresses in articular disk: a theoretical approach with the finite element method. Angle Orthod. 2003; 73: 319\u2013 327."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"490.e9","article-title":"Effects of Class II activator and Class II activator high-pull headgear combination on the mandible: a 3-dimensional finite element stress analysis study","volume":"133","author":"Ulusoya\n C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ulusoya\n C, \n \n Darendeliler\n N. \n \n Effects of Class II activator and Class II activator high-pull headgear combination on the mandible: a 3-dimensional finite element stress analysis study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008; 133: 490.e9\u2013 490.e15."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"737","article-title":"Stress distribution in temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element method study. Part 1","volume":"135","author":"Gupta\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta\n A, \n \n Kohli\n VS, \n \n Hazarey\n PV, \n \n Kharbanda\n OP, \n \n Gunjal\n A. \n \n Stress distribution in temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element method study. Part 1. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135: 737\u2013 748."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"749","article-title":"Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element study. Part 2","volume":"135","author":"Gupta\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta\n A, \n \n Hazarey\n PV, \n \n Kohli\n VS, \n \n Kharbanda\n OP, \n \n Gunjal\n A. \n \n Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: a 3-dimensional finite element study. Part 2. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135: 749\u2013 756."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"162","article-title":"Concepts of functional appliances' mode of action","volume":"92","author":"Carels\n C,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carels\n C, \n \n van der Linden\n FP. \n \n Concepts of functional appliances' mode of action. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987; 92: 162\u2013 168."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b10","series-title":"Acta-Gnatho","first-page":"5","article-title":"Norwegian system of gnath-orthopedics","volume":"1","author":"Andresen\n V.","year":"1936","unstructured":"Andresen\n V. \n \n Norwegian system of gnath-orthopedics. 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Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1984: 263\u2013 274."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"305","article-title":"A cephalometric study of the construction bite of activator","volume":"9","author":"Hamano\n Y,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hamano\n Y, \n \n Ahlgren\n J. \n \n A cephalometric study of the construction bite of activator. Eur J Orthod. 1987; 9: 305\u2013 313."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b18","series-title":"Archives of Orofacial Sciences","first-page":"60","article-title":"Dimensional accuracy of skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus","volume":"1","author":"Nizam\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nizam\n A, \n \n Gopal\n RN, \n \n Naing\n L, \n \n Hakim\n AB, \n \n Samsudin\n AR. \n \n Dimensional accuracy of skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus. Archives of Orofacial Sciences. 2006; 1: 60\u2013 66."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b19","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"428","article-title":"The finite element method: a tool to study orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"84","author":"Cattaneo\n PM,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cattaneo\n PM, \n \n Dalstra\n M, \n \n Melsen\n B. \n \n The finite element method: a tool to study orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res. 2005; 84: 428\u2013 433."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b20","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"173","article-title":"Current concepts on functional appliances and mandibular growth stimulation","volume":"35","author":"Collett\n AR.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Collett\n AR. \n \n Current concepts on functional appliances and mandibular growth stimulation. Aust Dent J. 2000; 35: 173\u2013 178."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"169","article-title":"Orthodontic forces exerted by activators with varying construction bite heights","volume":"105","author":"Noro\n T,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Noro\n T, \n \n Tanne\n K, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n Orthodontic forces exerted by activators with varying construction bite heights. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994; 105: 169\u2013 179."},{"key":"angl-86-05-02-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Improved clinical use of Twin-block and Herbst as a result of radiating viscoelastic tissue forces on the condyle and fossa in treatment and long-term retention: growth relativity","volume":"117","author":"Voudouris\n JC,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Voudouris\n JC, \n \n Kuftinec\n MM. \n \n Improved clinical use of Twin-block and Herbst as a result of radiating viscoelastic tissue forces on the condyle and fossa in treatment and long-term retention: growth relativity. 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