{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:23:09Z","timestamp":1789467789534,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue effects of the face mask (FM) treatment with and without rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in young adult subjects with maxillary retrognathia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs from 32 subjects who had a skeletal Class III malocclusion were analyzed. The subjects were divided into two groups: FM group (N \u200a=\u200a 17; 3 male and 14 female subjects; mean [SD] age 14.47 [0.89] years) was treated with FM only, while the RME+FM group (N \u200a=\u200a 15; 3 male and 12 female subjects; mean [SD] age 14.67 [1.28] years) was treated with both FM and RME. Ten cephalometric linear and nine angular variables were measured to assess dentofacial changes. Within-group and between-group comparisons were determined by a paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and Student's\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Forward displacement of the maxilla and a clockwise rotation of the mandible occurred in both groups. The maxillary-mandibular relationship improved and soft tissue changes resulted in a more convex profile. The maxillary incisors were more proclined in the FM group than in the RME+FM group, the only difference between the two groups. Notably, the mandibular incisors moved backward in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Forward movement of the maxilla can be obtained in young adults after face mask treatment. However, there was no difference in this phenomenon between the FM and RME+FM groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/092913-707.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,14]],"date-time":"2014-03-14T17:42:45Z","timestamp":1394818965000},"page":"853-861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of face mask treatment with and without rapid maxillary expansion in young adult subjects"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Koray","family":"Halicioglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130brahim","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulvahit","family":"Erdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"47","article-title":"Protraction of the maxillofacial complex","volume":"98","author":"Mermigos\n J,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mermigos\n J, \n \n Full\n CA, \n \n Andreasen\n G. \n \n Protraction of the maxillofacial complex. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:47\u201355."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"140","article-title":"Mandibular prognathism","volume":"66","author":"Jacobson\n A,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Jacobson\n A, \n \n Evans\n WG, \n \n Preston\n CB, \n \n Sadowsky\n PL. \n \n Mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod. 1974;66:140\u2013171."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"318","article-title":"Experimental and postexperimental response to anteriorly directed extraoral force in young Macaca nemestrina","volume":"75","author":"Jackson\n GW,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jackson\n GW, \n \n Kokich\n VG, \n \n Shapiro\n PA. \n \n Experimental and postexperimental response to anteriorly directed extraoral force in young Macaca nemestrina. Am J Orthod. 1979;75:318\u2013333."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b04","series-title":"Turkish J Orthod","first-page":"212","article-title":"Comparison of cephalometric changes on skelodental structures by the mini-maxillary protraction appliance and Delaire type face mask","volume":"20","author":"Altu\u011f\n Z,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Altu\u011f\n Z, \n \n G\u00f6kalp\n H, \n \n Dalk\u0131ran\n A. \n \n Comparison of cephalometric changes on skelodental structures by the mini-maxillary protraction appliance and Delaire type face mask. Turkish J Orthod. 2007;20:212\u2013227."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"204","article-title":"Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups","volume":"113","author":"Kapust\n AJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kapust\n AJ, \n \n Sinclair\n PM, \n \n Turley\n PK. \n \n Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:204\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"842","article-title":"Face mask therapy effects in two skeletal maturation groups of female subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusions","volume":"79","author":"Yavuz\n I,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yavuz\n I, \n \n Halicio\u011flu\n K, \n \n Ceylan\n I. \n \n Face mask therapy effects in two skeletal maturation groups of female subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:842\u2013848."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"639","article-title":"Effects of facemask treatment anchored with miniplates after alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions; a pilot study","volume":"81","author":"Kaya\n D,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaya\n D, \n \n Kocadereli\n I, \n \n Kan\n B, \n \n Tasar\n F. \n \n Effects of facemask treatment anchored with miniplates after alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions; a pilot study. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:639\u2013646."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"333","article-title":"Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy","volume":"113","author":"Baccetti\n T,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T, \n \n McGill\n JS, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr, \n \n Tollaro\n I. \n \n Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:333\u2013343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b09","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"102","article-title":"Maxillary protraction therapy: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Hickham\n JH.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hickham\n JH. \n \n Maxillary protraction therapy: diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Orthod. 1991;25:102\u2013113."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Timing for effective application of anteriorly directed orthopedic force to the maxilla","volume":"112","author":"Merwin\n D,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Merwin\n D, \n \n Ngan\n P, \n \n Hagg\n U, \n \n Yiu\n C, \n \n Wei\n SH. \n \n Timing for effective application of anteriorly directed orthopedic force to the maxilla. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112:292\u2013299."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"211","article-title":"Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal","volume":"15","author":"Takada\n K,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Takada\n K, \n \n Petdachai\n S, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:211\u2013221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b12","series-title":"The Human Facial Sutures: A Morphologic and Histologic Study of Age Changes From 20 to 95\u00a0Years [M.S.D. thesis]","author":"Miroue\n MA,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Miroue\n MA, \n \n Rosenberg\n L. \n \n The Human Facial Sutures: A Morphologic and Histologic Study of Age Changes From 20 to 95\u00a0Years [M.S.D. thesis]. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington; 1975."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b13","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients","volume":"21","author":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr.","year":"1987","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients. J Clin Orthod. 1987;21:598\u2013608."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b14","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear","volume":"22","author":"Turley\n PK.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Turley\n PK. \n \n Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear. J Clin Orthod. 1988;22:314\u2013325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"583","article-title":"Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children","volume":"108","author":"Baik\n HS.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baik\n HS. \n \n Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:583\u2013592."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas\n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ. \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod. 1970;57:219\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"88","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films","volume":"52","author":"Fishman\n LS.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fishman\n LS. \n \n Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films. Angle Orthod. 1982;52:88\u2013112."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"382","article-title":"The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements","volume":"83","author":"Houston\n WJ.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Houston\n WJ. \n \n The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:382\u2013390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b19","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"63","article-title":"The effects of face mask therapy with and without rapid maxillary expansion in adolescent patients","volume":"28","author":"Yavuz\n I,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yavuz\n I, \n \n Halicio\u011flu\n K, \n \n Ceylan\n I, \n \n Da\u011fsuyu\n IM, \n \n Erdem\n A. \n \n The effects of face mask therapy with and without rapid maxillary expansion in adolescent patients. Aust Orthod J. 2012;28:63\u201371."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"467","article-title":"Facemask therapy with and without expansion","volume":"132","author":"Tortop\n T,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tortop\n T, \n \n Keykubat\n A, \n \n Yuksel\n S. \n \n Facemask therapy with and without expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:467\u2013474."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"86","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction for early correction of class III malocclusion","volume":"36","author":"Celikoglu\n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Oktay\n H. \n \n Effects of maxillary protraction for early correction of class III malocclusion. Eur J Orthod. 2014;36:86\u201392."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"26","article-title":"Skeletal changes of maxillary protraction in patients exhibiting skeletal class III malocclusion: a comparison of three skeletal maturation groups","volume":"73","author":"Cha\n KS.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cha\n KS. \n \n Skeletal changes of maxillary protraction in patients exhibiting skeletal class III malocclusion: a comparison of three skeletal maturation groups. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:26\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b23","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"197","article-title":"Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion","volume":"23","author":"Ngan\n P,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ngan\n P, \n \n Wei\n SH, \n \n Hagg\n U, \n \n Yiu\n CK, \n \n Merwin\n D, \n \n Stickel\n B. \n \n Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion. Quintessence Int. 1992;23:197\u2013207."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"419","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes following maxillary protraction in Class III subjects","volume":"32","author":"Kilic\n N,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kilic\n N, \n \n Catal\n G, \n \n Kiki\n A, \n \n Oktay\n H. \n \n Soft tissue profile changes following maxillary protraction in Class III subjects. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:419\u2013424."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b25","series-title":"Turkish J Orthod","first-page":"273","article-title":"Effects of facial mask treatment on sutures evaluated through single photon emission computerized tomography method: case report","volume":"19","author":"Yavuz\n \u0130,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yavuz\n \u0130, \n \n Seven\n B, \n \n Ceylan\n \u0130. \n \n Effects of facial mask treatment on sutures evaluated through single photon emission computerized tomography method: case report. Turkish J Orthod. 2006;19:273\u2013279."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"527","article-title":"Nonsurgical correction of an adult skeletal class III and open-bite malocclusion","volume":"76","author":"Hamamci\n N,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamamci\n N, \n \n Ba\u015faran\n G, \n \n Sahin\n S. \n \n Nonsurgical correction of an adult skeletal class III and open-bite malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:527\u2013532."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"675","article-title":"The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Kim\n JH,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim\n JH, \n \n Viana\n MA, \n \n Graber\n TM, \n \n Omerza\n FF, \n \n BeGole\n EA. \n \n The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115:675\u2013685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment","volume":"69","author":"Memikoglu\n TU,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Memikoglu\n TU, \n \n I\u015feri\n H. \n \n Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:251\u2013256."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b29","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"e311","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse planes","volume":"17","author":"Gungor\n AY,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gungor\n AY, \n \n T\u00fcrkkahraman\n H, \n \n Baykul\n T, \n \n Alkis\n H. \n \n Comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse planes. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17:e311\u2013e319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b30","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"654","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion. Is it better in the mixed or in the permanent dentition","volume":"73","author":"Sari\n Z,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sari\n Z, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Usumez\n S, \n \n Basciftci\n FA. \n \n Rapid maxillary expansion. Is it better in the mixed or in the permanent dentition? Angle Orthod. 2003;73:654\u2013661."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"646","article-title":"Age-related changes on bone regeneration in midpalatal suture during maxillary expansion in the rat","volume":"114","author":"Kanekawa\n M,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kanekawa\n M, \n \n Shimizu\n N. \n \n Age-related changes on bone regeneration in midpalatal suture during maxillary expansion in the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:646\u2013653."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"47","article-title":"Protraction of the maxillofacial complex","volume":"98","author":"Mermigos\n J,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mermigos\n J, \n \n Full\n CA, \n \n Andreasen\n G. \n \n Protraction of the maxillofacial complex. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:47\u201355."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"140","article-title":"Mandibular prognathism","volume":"66","author":"Jacobson\n A,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Jacobson\n A, \n \n Evans\n WG, \n \n Preston\n CB, \n \n Sadowsky\n PL. \n \n Mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod. 1974;66:140\u2013171."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"318","article-title":"Experimental and postexperimental response to anteriorly directed extraoral force in young Macaca nemestrina","volume":"75","author":"Jackson\n GW,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jackson\n GW, \n \n Kokich\n VG, \n \n Shapiro\n PA. \n \n Experimental and postexperimental response to anteriorly directed extraoral force in young Macaca nemestrina. Am J Orthod. 1979;75:318\u2013333."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b04","series-title":"Turkish J Orthod","first-page":"212","article-title":"Comparison of cephalometric changes on skelodental structures by the mini-maxillary protraction appliance and Delaire type face mask","volume":"20","author":"Altu\u011f\n Z,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Altu\u011f\n Z, \n \n G\u00f6kalp\n H, \n \n Dalk\u0131ran\n A. \n \n Comparison of cephalometric changes on skelodental structures by the mini-maxillary protraction appliance and Delaire type face mask. Turkish J Orthod. 2007;20:212\u2013227."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"204","article-title":"Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups","volume":"113","author":"Kapust\n AJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kapust\n AJ, \n \n Sinclair\n PM, \n \n Turley\n PK. \n \n Cephalometric effects of face mask\/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:204\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"842","article-title":"Face mask therapy effects in two skeletal maturation groups of female subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusions","volume":"79","author":"Yavuz\n I,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yavuz\n I, \n \n Halicio\u011flu\n K, \n \n Ceylan\n I. \n \n Face mask therapy effects in two skeletal maturation groups of female subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:842\u2013848."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"639","article-title":"Effects of facemask treatment anchored with miniplates after alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions; a pilot study","volume":"81","author":"Kaya\n D,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaya\n D, \n \n Kocadereli\n I, \n \n Kan\n B, \n \n Tasar\n F. \n \n Effects of facemask treatment anchored with miniplates after alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions; a pilot study. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:639\u2013646."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"333","article-title":"Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy","volume":"113","author":"Baccetti\n T,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T, \n \n McGill\n JS, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr, \n \n Tollaro\n I. \n \n Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:333\u2013343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b09","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"102","article-title":"Maxillary protraction therapy: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Hickham\n JH.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hickham\n JH. \n \n Maxillary protraction therapy: diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Orthod. 1991;25:102\u2013113."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Timing for effective application of anteriorly directed orthopedic force to the maxilla","volume":"112","author":"Merwin\n D,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Merwin\n D, \n \n Ngan\n P, \n \n Hagg\n U, \n \n Yiu\n C, \n \n Wei\n SH. \n \n Timing for effective application of anteriorly directed orthopedic force to the maxilla. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112:292\u2013299."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"211","article-title":"Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal","volume":"15","author":"Takada\n K,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Takada\n K, \n \n Petdachai\n S, \n \n Sakuda\n M. \n \n Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:211\u2013221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b12","series-title":"The Human Facial Sutures: A Morphologic and Histologic Study of Age Changes From 20 to 95\u00a0Years [M.S.D. thesis]","author":"Miroue\n MA,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Miroue\n MA, \n \n Rosenberg\n L. \n \n The Human Facial Sutures: A Morphologic and Histologic Study of Age Changes From 20 to 95\u00a0Years [M.S.D. thesis]. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington; 1975."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b13","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients","volume":"21","author":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr.","year":"1987","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n Jr. \n \n An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients. J Clin Orthod. 1987;21:598\u2013608."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b14","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear","volume":"22","author":"Turley\n PK.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Turley\n PK. \n \n Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear. J Clin Orthod. 1988;22:314\u2013325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"583","article-title":"Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children","volume":"108","author":"Baik\n HS.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baik\n HS. \n \n Clinical results of the maxillary protraction in Korean children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:583\u2013592."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas\n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ. \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod. 1970;57:219\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"88","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films","volume":"52","author":"Fishman\n LS.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fishman\n LS. \n \n Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films. Angle Orthod. 1982;52:88\u2013112."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"382","article-title":"The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements","volume":"83","author":"Houston\n WJ.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Houston\n WJ. \n \n The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:382\u2013390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b19","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"63","article-title":"The effects of face mask therapy with and without rapid maxillary expansion in adolescent patients","volume":"28","author":"Yavuz\n I,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yavuz\n I, \n \n Halicio\u011flu\n K, \n \n Ceylan\n I, \n \n Da\u011fsuyu\n IM, \n \n Erdem\n A. \n \n The effects of face mask therapy with and without rapid maxillary expansion in adolescent patients. Aust Orthod J. 2012;28:63\u201371."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"467","article-title":"Facemask therapy with and without expansion","volume":"132","author":"Tortop\n T,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tortop\n T, \n \n Keykubat\n A, \n \n Yuksel\n S. \n \n Facemask therapy with and without expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:467\u2013474."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"86","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction for early correction of class III malocclusion","volume":"36","author":"Celikoglu\n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Oktay\n H. \n \n Effects of maxillary protraction for early correction of class III malocclusion. Eur J Orthod. 2014;36:86\u201392."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"26","article-title":"Skeletal changes of maxillary protraction in patients exhibiting skeletal class III malocclusion: a comparison of three skeletal maturation groups","volume":"73","author":"Cha\n KS.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cha\n KS. \n \n Skeletal changes of maxillary protraction in patients exhibiting skeletal class III malocclusion: a comparison of three skeletal maturation groups. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:26\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b23","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"197","article-title":"Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion","volume":"23","author":"Ngan\n P,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ngan\n P, \n \n Wei\n SH, \n \n Hagg\n U, \n \n Yiu\n CK, \n \n Merwin\n D, \n \n Stickel\n B. \n \n Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion. Quintessence Int. 1992;23:197\u2013207."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"419","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes following maxillary protraction in Class III subjects","volume":"32","author":"Kilic\n N,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kilic\n N, \n \n Catal\n G, \n \n Kiki\n A, \n \n Oktay\n H. \n \n Soft tissue profile changes following maxillary protraction in Class III subjects. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:419\u2013424."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b25","series-title":"Turkish J Orthod","first-page":"273","article-title":"Effects of facial mask treatment on sutures evaluated through single photon emission computerized tomography method: case report","volume":"19","author":"Yavuz\n \u0130,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yavuz\n \u0130, \n \n Seven\n B, \n \n Ceylan\n \u0130. \n \n Effects of facial mask treatment on sutures evaluated through single photon emission computerized tomography method: case report. Turkish J Orthod. 2006;19:273\u2013279."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"527","article-title":"Nonsurgical correction of an adult skeletal class III and open-bite malocclusion","volume":"76","author":"Hamamci\n N,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamamci\n N, \n \n Ba\u015faran\n G, \n \n Sahin\n S. \n \n Nonsurgical correction of an adult skeletal class III and open-bite malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:527\u2013532."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"675","article-title":"The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Kim\n JH,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim\n JH, \n \n Viana\n MA, \n \n Graber\n TM, \n \n Omerza\n FF, \n \n BeGole\n EA. \n \n The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115:675\u2013685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment","volume":"69","author":"Memikoglu\n TU,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Memikoglu\n TU, \n \n I\u015feri\n H. \n \n Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:251\u2013256."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b29","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"e311","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse planes","volume":"17","author":"Gungor\n AY,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gungor\n AY, \n \n T\u00fcrkkahraman\n H, \n \n Baykul\n T, \n \n Alkis\n H. \n \n Comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse planes. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17:e311\u2013e319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b30","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"654","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion. Is it better in the mixed or in the permanent dentition","volume":"73","author":"Sari\n Z,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sari\n Z, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Usumez\n S, \n \n Basciftci\n FA. \n \n Rapid maxillary expansion. Is it better in the mixed or in the permanent dentition? Angle Orthod. 2003;73:654\u2013661."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-853-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"646","article-title":"Age-related changes on bone regeneration in midpalatal suture during maxillary expansion in the rat","volume":"114","author":"Kanekawa\n M,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kanekawa\n M, \n \n Shimizu\n N. \n \n Age-related changes on bone regeneration in midpalatal suture during maxillary expansion in the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:646\u2013653."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/84\/5\/article-p853.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/84\/5\/article-p853.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/84\/5\/article-p853.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:42:53Z","timestamp":1780069373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/84\/5\/article-p853.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/092913-707.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}}}