{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T21:37:43Z","timestamp":1789940263711,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine class and sex differences in mandibular growth and modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed-longitudinal sample of 130 untreated French-Canadian adolescents, 77 (45 boys and 32 girls) with Class I (normal or abnormal) occlusion and 53 (26 boys and 27 girls) with Class II division 1 malocclusion, was used. Based on eight landmarks, eight traditional measurements were used to compare the anteroposterior position of the maxilla and mandible, relationship between the jaws, and mandibular size. Mandibular superimpositions were used to compare the horizontal and vertical changes of condylion, gonion, and menton.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While there were no differences in maxillary position based on the SNA angle, Class IIs had more retrognathic mandibles than did Class Is. Total mandibular length was greater in Class Is than in Class IIs at 15\u00a0years of age. Superior and total growth and modeling changes at condylion and gonion, respectively, were greater for Class Is than Class IIs. Boys were more prognathic than girls; they had larger mandibles and exhibited greater size increases and growth changes than girls did.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are both class and sex differences in mandibular growth and modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/100113-719.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T10:05:02Z","timestamp":1392285902000},"page":"755-761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Mandibular growth comparisons of Class I and Class II division 1 skeletofacial patterns"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Helder B.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Orthodontic Department, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Buschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Director of Orthodontic Research, Orthodontic Department, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b01","series-title":"Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed","author":"Angle\n              EH.","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle\n              EH. \n          \n          Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: S.S. White Dental Mfg Co; 1907."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"97","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey","volume":"13","author":"Proffit\n              WR.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998;13:97\u2013106."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b03","series-title":"Vital and Health Statistics, series 11, number\u00a0130","article-title":"An assessment of the occlusion of the teeth of children: 6\u201311\u00a0years","author":"Kelly\n              JE,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kelly\n              JE, \n            \n              Sanchez\n              M, \n            \n              Van Kirk\n              LE. \n          \n          An assessment of the occlusion of the teeth of children: 6\u201311\u00a0years. Vital and Health Statistics, series 11, number\u00a0130. Washington, DC: US Public Health Service; 1977."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b04","series-title":"Vital and Health Statistics, series 11, number\u00a0162","article-title":"An assessment of the occlusion of the teeth of youths: 12\u201317\u00a0years","author":"Kelly\n              JE,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kelly\n              JE, \n            \n              Harvey\n              CR. \n          \n          An assessment of the occlusion of the teeth of youths: 12\u201317\u00a0years. Vital and Health Statistics, series 11, number\u00a0162. Washington, DC: US Public Health Service; 1977."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"414","article-title":"A cephalometric description of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion","volume":"63","author":"Hitchcock\n              HP.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hitchcock\n              HP. \n          \n          A cephalometric description of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod. 1973;63:414\u2013423."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310\u00a0years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara\n              JA.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara\n              JA. \n          \n          Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310\u00a0years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b07","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"222","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II Division 1 subjects","volume":"3","author":"Ngan\n              PW,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ngan\n              PW, \n            \n              Byczek\n              E, \n            \n              Sheick\n              J. \n          \n          Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II Division 1 subjects. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:222\u2013231."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent changes of skeletal relationships","volume":"68","author":"Buschang\n              PH,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              Martins\n              J. \n          \n          Childhood and adolescent changes of skeletal relationships. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:199\u2013206."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"502","article-title":"Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition","volume":"111","author":"Baccetti\n              T,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baccetti\n              T, \n            \n              Franchi\n              L, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n              Tollaro\n              I. \n          \n          Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:502\u2013509."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"55","article-title":"Changes in dentofacial structures in untreated Class II division 1 and normal subjects: a longitudinal study","volume":"67","author":"Bishara\n              SE,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bishara\n              SE, \n            \n              Jakobsen\n              JR, \n            \n              Vorhies\n              B, \n            \n              Bayati\n              P. \n          \n          Changes in dentofacial structures in untreated Class II division 1 and normal subjects: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:55\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"661","article-title":"Mandibular changes in persons with untreated and treated Class II division 1 malocclusion","volume":"113","author":"Bishara\n              SE.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara\n              SE. \n          \n          Mandibular changes in persons with untreated and treated Class II division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:661\u2013673."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"125","article-title":"Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II Division 1 malocclusion","volume":"134","author":"Stahl\n              F,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stahl\n              F, \n            \n              Baccetti\n              T, \n            \n              Franchi\n              L, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:125\u2013137."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"463","article-title":"A comparison of craniofacial Class I and Class II growth patterns","volume":"125","author":"Riesmeijer\n              AM,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Riesmeijer\n              AM, \n            \n              Prahl-Andersen\n              B, \n            \n              Mascarenhas\n              AK, \n            \n              Joo\n              BH, \n            \n              Vig\n              KW. \n          \n          A comparison of craniofacial Class I and Class II growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:463\u2013471."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"568.e1","article-title":"Dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion associated with maxillary skeletal protrusion: a longitudinal study at the circumpubertal growth period","volume":"135","author":"V\u00e1squez\n              MJ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez\n              MJ, \n            \n              Baccetti\n              T, \n            \n              Franchi\n              L, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          Dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion associated with maxillary skeletal protrusion: a longitudinal study at the circumpubertal growth period. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:568.e1\u20137."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"148","article-title":"Dentofacial growth changes in subjects with untreated Class II malocclusion from late puberty through young adulthood","volume":"135","author":"Baccetti\n              T,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baccetti\n              T, \n            \n              Stahl\n              F, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          Dentofacial growth changes in subjects with untreated Class II malocclusion from late puberty through young adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:148\u2013154."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b16","series-title":"Can J Public Health","first-page":"11","article-title":"Etude comparative de la croissance de l'enfant canadien d'orige francais a Montreal","volume":"62","author":"Demirjian\n              A,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Demirjian\n              A, \n            \n              Brault\n              DM, \n            \n              Jenicek\n              M. \n          \n          Etude comparative de la croissance de l'enfant canadien d'orige francais a Montreal. Can J Public Health. 1971;62:11\u201319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible: a synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25\u00a0years","volume":"5","author":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A, \n            \n              Skieller\n              V. \n          \n          Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible: a synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25\u00a0years. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:1\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"152","article-title":"The technical reliability of superimposition on cranial base and mandibular structures","volume":"8","author":"Buschang\n              PH,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              LaPalme\n              L, \n            \n              Tanguay\n              R, \n            \n              Demirjian\n              A. \n          \n          The technical reliability of superimposition on cranial base and mandibular structures. Eur J Orthod. 1986;8:152\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b19","series-title":"Dent Pract","first-page":"113","article-title":"Tooth size and class distinction","volume":"20","author":"Beresford\n              JS.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Beresford\n              JS. \n          \n          Tooth size and class distinction. Dent Pract. 1969;20:113\u2013120."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b20","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"53","article-title":"A comparative occlusal and cephalometric study of dental and skeletal anteroposterior relationships","volume":"10","author":"Milacic\n              M,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Milacic\n              M, \n            \n              Markovic\n              M. \n          \n          A comparative occlusal and cephalometric study of dental and skeletal anteroposterior relationships. Br J Orthod. 1983;10:53\u201354."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b21","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"373","article-title":"A craniofacial growth maturity gradient for males and females between 4 and 16\u00a0years of age","volume":"61","author":"Buschang\n              PH,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              Baume\n              RM, \n            \n              Nass\n              GG. \n          \n          A craniofacial growth maturity gradient for males and females between 4 and 16\u00a0years of age. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983;61:373\u2013381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b22","series-title":"The Natural History of the Human Teeth, Explaining Their Structure, Use, Formation, Growth, and Disease","author":"Hunter\n              J.","year":"1771","unstructured":"Hunter\n              J. \n          \n          The Natural History of the Human Teeth, Explaining Their Structure, Use, Formation, Growth, and Disease. London, UK: J. Johnson; 1771."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"339","article-title":"Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty","volume":"62","author":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A, \n            \n              Skieller\n              V. \n          \n          Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty. Am J Orthod. 1972;62:339\u2013383."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"437","article-title":"Condylar growth and glenoid fossa displacement during childhood and adolescence","volume":"113","author":"Buschang\n              PH,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              Santos-Pinto\n              A. \n          \n          Condylar growth and glenoid fossa displacement during childhood and adolescence. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1998;113:437\u2013442."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b26","series-title":"Dent Pract Dent Rec","first-page":"372","article-title":"A cephalometric analysis of Angle class II, division II malocclusion in the mixed dentition","volume":"17","author":"Houston\n              WJ.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Houston\n              WJ. \n          \n          A cephalometric analysis of Angle class II, division II malocclusion in the mixed dentition. Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1967;17:372\u2013376."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"250","article-title":"The cranial base as an aetiological factor in malocclusion","volume":"38","author":"Hopkin\n              GB,","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hopkin\n              GB, \n            \n              Houston\n              WJ, \n            \n              James\n              GA. \n          \n          The cranial base as an aetiological factor in malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 1968;38:250\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b28","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"121","article-title":"Craniofacial relationships in mandibular prognathism","volume":"14","author":"Horowitz\n              SL,","year":"1969","unstructured":"Horowitz\n              SL, \n            \n              Converse\n              JM, \n            \n              Gerstman\n              LJ. \n          \n          Craniofacial relationships in mandibular prognathism. Arch Oral Biol. 1969;14:121\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"134","article-title":"Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms: osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants","volume":"102","author":"Baumrind\n              S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Ben-Bassat\n              Y, \n            \n              Korn\n              EL, \n            \n              Bravo\n              LA, \n            \n              Curry\n              S. \n          \n          Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms: osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants. 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Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan, Center For Human Growth and Development; 1974."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b32","series-title":"A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Data","author":"Bhatia\n              SN,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bhatia\n              SN, \n            \n              Leighton\n              BC. \n          \n          A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Data. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b33","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"407","article-title":"The integration of facial skeletal variants","volume":"41","author":"Coben\n              SE.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Coben\n              SE. \n          \n          The integration of facial skeletal variants. 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White Dental Mfg Co; 1907."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"97","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey","volume":"13","author":"Proffit\n              WR.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. 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Washington, DC: US Public Health Service; 1977."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b04","series-title":"Vital and Health Statistics, series 11, number\u00a0162","article-title":"An assessment of the occlusion of the teeth of youths: 12\u201317\u00a0years","author":"Kelly\n              JE,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kelly\n              JE, \n            \n              Harvey\n              CR. \n          \n          An assessment of the occlusion of the teeth of youths: 12\u201317\u00a0years. Vital and Health Statistics, series 11, number\u00a0162. Washington, DC: US Public Health Service; 1977."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"414","article-title":"A cephalometric description of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion","volume":"63","author":"Hitchcock\n              HP.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hitchcock\n              HP. \n          \n          A cephalometric description of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. 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Semin Orthod. 1997;3:222\u2013231."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent changes of skeletal relationships","volume":"68","author":"Buschang\n              PH,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              Martins\n              J. \n          \n          Childhood and adolescent changes of skeletal relationships. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:199\u2013206."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"502","article-title":"Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition","volume":"111","author":"Baccetti\n              T,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baccetti\n              T, \n            \n              Franchi\n              L, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n              Tollaro\n              I. \n          \n          Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:502\u2013509."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"55","article-title":"Changes in dentofacial structures in untreated Class II division 1 and normal subjects: a longitudinal study","volume":"67","author":"Bishara\n              SE,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bishara\n              SE, \n            \n              Jakobsen\n              JR, \n            \n              Vorhies\n              B, \n            \n              Bayati\n              P. \n          \n          Changes in dentofacial structures in untreated Class II division 1 and normal subjects: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:55\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-755-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"661","article-title":"Mandibular changes in persons with untreated and treated Class II division 1 malocclusion","volume":"113","author":"Bishara\n              SE.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara\n              SE. \n          \n          Mandibular changes in persons with untreated and treated Class II division 1 malocclusion. 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