{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1782177326607,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n The objectives of this study were to evaluate the quantitative and perceived visual changes of the nasolabial fold (NLF) after maximum retraction in adults and to determine its contributing factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 39 adult women's cone-beam computed tomography images were collected retrospectively and divided into the retraction group (age 26.9 \u00b1 8.80) that underwent maximum retraction following 4 premolar extraction and the control group (age 24.6 \u00b1 5.36) with minor changes of the incisors. Three-dimensional morphologic changes of hard and soft tissue including NLF were measured by pre- and posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography. In addition, perceived visual change of the NLF was monitored using the modified Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. The influence of age, initial severity of NLF, and initial soft tissue thickness was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Anterior retraction induced significant changes of the facial soft tissue including the lips, perioral, and the NLF when compared with the controls (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). Perceived visual changes of the NLF was noted only in women younger than age 30 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05), with the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.44 (1.3461\u20134.4226), indicating greater possibility for improvement of NLF esthetics in young women of the retraction group when compared with the controls.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Orthodontic retraction induced quantitative and perceived visual changes of the NLF. For adult women younger than age 30, the appearance of the NLF improved after maximum retraction despite the greater posterior change of the NLF.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/100317-665.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]],"date-time":"2018-03-21T12:42:26Z","timestamp":1521636146000},"page":"465-473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Quantitative and perceived visual changes of the nasolabial fold following orthodontic retraction of lip protrusion"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Eui Seon","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soonshin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Jeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Ryung","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chooryung J.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea."},{"name":"Visiting Scholar, Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"537","article-title":"Esthetic segmental retraction of maxillaryanterior teeth with a palatal appliance and orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"131","author":"Park \n YC.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park \n YC.\n \n \n Choi \n YJ.\n \n \n Choi \n NC.\n \n \n Lee \n JS.\n \n \n Esthetic segmental retraction of maxillaryanterior teeth with a palatal appliance and orthodontic mini-implants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:537\u2013544."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"795","article-title":"Measurement of three-dimensional perioral soft tissue changes in dentoalveolar protrusion patients after orthodontic treatment using a structured light scanner","volume":"84","author":"Ahn \n HW.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahn \n HW.\n \n \n Chang \n YJ.\n \n \n Kim \n KA.\n \n \n Joo \n SH.\n \n \n Park \n YG.\n \n \n Park \n KH.\n \n \n Measurement of three-dimensional perioral soft tissue changes in dentoalveolar protrusion patients after orthodontic treatment using a structured light scanner. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:795\u2013802."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"218","article-title":"Three-dimensional soft-tissue and hard-tissue changes in the treatment of bimaxillary protrusion","volume":"144","author":"Solem \n RC.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solem \n RC.\n \n \n Marasco \n R.\n \n \n Guiterrez-Pulido \n L.\n \n \n Nielsen \n I.\n \n \n Kim \n SH.\n \n \n Nelson \n G.\n \n \n Three-dimensional soft-tissue and hard-tissue changes in the treatment of bimaxillary protrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:218\u2013228."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b04","series-title":"JPlast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"914","article-title":"Classification of nasolabial folds in Asians and the corresponding surgical approaches: By Shanghai 9th People's Hospital","volume":"68","author":"Zhang \n L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang \n L.\n \n \n Tang \n MY.\n \n \n Jin \n R.\n \n et al. \n Classification of nasolabial folds in Asians and the corresponding surgical approaches: By Shanghai 9th People's Hospital. JPlast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68:914\u2013919."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S120","article-title":"Cranial base superimposition for 3-dimensional evaluation of soft-tissue changes","volume":"137","author":"Cevidanes \n LH.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cevidanes \n LH.\n \n \n Motta \n A.\n \n \n Proffit \n WR.\n \n \n Ackerman \n JL.\n \n \n Styner \n M.\n \n \n Cranial base superimposition for 3-dimensional evaluation of soft-tissue changes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:S120\u2013S129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b06","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Reproducibility of asymmetry measurements of the mandible in three-dimensional CT imaging","volume":"38","author":"Kim \n G-W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim \n G-W.\n \n \n Kim \n J-H.\n \n \n Lee \n K-H.\n \n \n Hwang \n H-S.\n \n \n Reproducibility of asymmetry measurements of the mandible in three-dimensional CT imaging. Korean J Orthod. 2008;38:314\u2013327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b07","series-title":"Three-Dimensional Cephalometry: A Color Atlas and Manual","first-page":"183","article-title":"3-D cephalometric soft tissue landmarks","author":"Swennen, \n Gwen R.J..","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swennen, \n Gwen R.J..\n \n \n Schutyser, \n Filip A.C..\n \n \n Hausamen, \n Jarg-Erich.\n \n \n 3-D cephalometric soft tissue landmarks. Three-Dimensional Cephalometry: A Color Atlas and Manual. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006:183\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"405","article-title":"Perioral soft tissue evaluation of skeletal class II division 1: a lateral cephalometric study","volume":"148","author":"Lee \n YJ.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee \n YJ.\n \n \n Park \n JT.\n \n \n Cha \n JY.\n \n \n Perioral soft tissue evaluation of skeletal class II division 1: a lateral cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:405\u2013413."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b09","series-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol","first-page":"49","article-title":"The wrinkle severity rating scale: a validation study","volume":"5","author":"Day \n DJ.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Day \n DJ.\n \n \n Littler \n CM.\n \n \n Swift \n RW.\n \n \n Gottlieb \n S.\n \n \n The wrinkle severity rating scale: a validation study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5:49\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b10","series-title":"Dermatol Surg","first-page":"588","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds","volume":"29","author":"Narins \n RS.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Narins \n RS.\n \n \n Brandt \n F.\n \n \n Leyden \n J.\n \n \n Lorenc \n ZP.\n \n \n Rubin \n M.\n \n \n Smith \n S.\n \n \n A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29:588\u2013595."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b11","series-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol","first-page":"129","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of injection with poly-L-lactic acid compared with hyaluronic acid for correction of nasolabial fold: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, comparative study","volume":"40","author":"Hyun \n MY.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hyun \n MY.\n \n \n Lee \n Y.\n \n \n No \n YA.\n \n et al. \n Efficacy and safety of injection with poly-L-lactic acid compared with hyaluronic acid for correction of nasolabial fold: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, comparative study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015;40:129\u2013135."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b12","series-title":"Skin Res Technol","first-page":"259","article-title":"Involvement of upper cheek sagging in nasolabial fold formation","volume":"18","author":"Ezure \n T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ezure \n T.\n \n \n Amano \n S.\n \n \n Involvement of upper cheek sagging in nasolabial fold formation. Skin Res Technol. 2012;18:259\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b13","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"151","article-title":"Soft tissue changes of the upper lip associated with maxillary advancement in obstructive sleep apnea patients","volume":"59","author":"Louis \n PJ.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Louis \n PJ.\n \n \n Austin \n RB.\n \n \n Waite \n PD.\n \n \n Mathews \n CS.\n \n \n Soft tissue changes of the upper lip associated with maxillary advancement in obstructive sleep apnea patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59:151\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b14","series-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg","first-page":"258","article-title":"Anatomy of the SMAS revisited","volume":"27","author":"Ghassemi \n A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ghassemi \n A.\n \n \n Prescher \n A.\n \n \n Riediger \n D.\n \n \n Axer \n H.\n \n \n Anatomy of the SMAS revisited. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2003;27:258\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"50","article-title":"Age-related changes of the soft tissue profile from the second to the fourth decades of life","volume":"81","author":"Torlakovic \n L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Torlakovic \n L.\n \n \n Faerovig \n E.\n \n \n Age-related changes of the soft tissue profile from the second to the fourth decades of life. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:50\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b16","series-title":"J Physiol Anthropol","first-page":"231","article-title":"Regional subcutaneous fat characteristics stratified by sex, age, and obesity, and their relationships with total and visceral fat in a Japanese population","volume":"28","author":"Sato \n S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sato \n S.\n \n \n Demura \n S.\n \n \n Regional subcutaneous fat characteristics stratified by sex, age, and obesity, and their relationships with total and visceral fat in a Japanese population. J Physiol Anthropol. 2009;28:231\u2013238."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b17","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Changes in the aging upper lip\u2014a photomorphometric and MRI-based study (on a quest to find theright rejuvenation approach)","volume":"61","author":"Iblher \n N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iblher \n N.\n \n \n Kloepper \n J.\n \n \n Penna \n V.\n \n \n Bartholomae \n JP.\n \n \n Stark \n GB.\n \n \n Changes in the aging upper lip\u2014a photomorphometric and MRI-based study (on a quest to find theright rejuvenation approach). J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61:1170\u20131176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b18","series-title":"Skin Res Technol","first-page":"510","article-title":"Comparison of sagging at the cheek and lower eyelid between male and female faces","volume":"17","author":"Ezure \n T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ezure \n T.\n \n \n Yagi \n E.\n \n \n Kunizawa \n N.\n \n \n Hirao \n T.\n \n \n Amano \n S.\n \n \n Comparison of sagging at the cheek and lower eyelid between male and female faces. Skin Res Technol. 2011;17:510\u2013515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b19","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1143","article-title":"A volumetric analysis of soft tissue changes in the aging midface using high-resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation","volume":"115","author":"Gosain \n AK.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gosain \n AK.\n \n \n Klein \n MH.\n \n \n Sudhakar \n PV.\n \n \n Prost \n RW.\n \n \n A volumetric analysis of soft tissue changes in the aging midface using high-resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1143\u20131152; discussion 1153\u20131145."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"537","article-title":"Esthetic segmental retraction of maxillaryanterior teeth with a palatal appliance and orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"131","author":"Park \n YC.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park \n YC.\n \n \n Choi \n YJ.\n \n \n Choi \n NC.\n \n \n Lee \n JS.\n \n \n Esthetic segmental retraction of maxillaryanterior teeth with a palatal appliance and orthodontic mini-implants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:537\u2013544."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"795","article-title":"Measurement of three-dimensional perioral soft tissue changes in dentoalveolar protrusion patients after orthodontic treatment using a structured light scanner","volume":"84","author":"Ahn \n HW.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahn \n HW.\n \n \n Chang \n YJ.\n \n \n Kim \n KA.\n \n \n Joo \n SH.\n \n \n Park \n YG.\n \n \n Park \n KH.\n \n \n Measurement of three-dimensional perioral soft tissue changes in dentoalveolar protrusion patients after orthodontic treatment using a structured light scanner. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:795\u2013802."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"218","article-title":"Three-dimensional soft-tissue and hard-tissue changes in the treatment of bimaxillary protrusion","volume":"144","author":"Solem \n RC.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solem \n RC.\n \n \n Marasco \n R.\n \n \n Guiterrez-Pulido \n L.\n \n \n Nielsen \n I.\n \n \n Kim \n SH.\n \n \n Nelson \n G.\n \n \n Three-dimensional soft-tissue and hard-tissue changes in the treatment of bimaxillary protrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:218\u2013228."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b04","series-title":"JPlast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"914","article-title":"Classification of nasolabial folds in Asians and the corresponding surgical approaches: By Shanghai 9th People's Hospital","volume":"68","author":"Zhang \n L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang \n L.\n \n \n Tang \n MY.\n \n \n Jin \n R.\n \n et al. \n Classification of nasolabial folds in Asians and the corresponding surgical approaches: By Shanghai 9th People's Hospital. JPlast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68:914\u2013919."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S120","article-title":"Cranial base superimposition for 3-dimensional evaluation of soft-tissue changes","volume":"137","author":"Cevidanes \n LH.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cevidanes \n LH.\n \n \n Motta \n A.\n \n \n Proffit \n WR.\n \n \n Ackerman \n JL.\n \n \n Styner \n M.\n \n \n Cranial base superimposition for 3-dimensional evaluation of soft-tissue changes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:S120\u2013S129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b06","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Reproducibility of asymmetry measurements of the mandible in three-dimensional CT imaging","volume":"38","author":"Kim \n G-W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim \n G-W.\n \n \n Kim \n J-H.\n \n \n Lee \n K-H.\n \n \n Hwang \n H-S.\n \n \n Reproducibility of asymmetry measurements of the mandible in three-dimensional CT imaging. Korean J Orthod. 2008;38:314\u2013327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b07","series-title":"Three-Dimensional Cephalometry: A Color Atlas and Manual","first-page":"183","article-title":"3-D cephalometric soft tissue landmarks","author":"Swennen, \n Gwen R.J..","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swennen, \n Gwen R.J..\n \n \n Schutyser, \n Filip A.C..\n \n \n Hausamen, \n Jarg-Erich.\n \n \n 3-D cephalometric soft tissue landmarks. Three-Dimensional Cephalometry: A Color Atlas and Manual. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006:183\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"405","article-title":"Perioral soft tissue evaluation of skeletal class II division 1: a lateral cephalometric study","volume":"148","author":"Lee \n YJ.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee \n YJ.\n \n \n Park \n JT.\n \n \n Cha \n JY.\n \n \n Perioral soft tissue evaluation of skeletal class II division 1: a lateral cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:405\u2013413."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b09","series-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol","first-page":"49","article-title":"The wrinkle severity rating scale: a validation study","volume":"5","author":"Day \n DJ.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Day \n DJ.\n \n \n Littler \n CM.\n \n \n Swift \n RW.\n \n \n Gottlieb \n S.\n \n \n The wrinkle severity rating scale: a validation study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5:49\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b10","series-title":"Dermatol Surg","first-page":"588","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds","volume":"29","author":"Narins \n RS.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Narins \n RS.\n \n \n Brandt \n F.\n \n \n Leyden \n J.\n \n \n Lorenc \n ZP.\n \n \n Rubin \n M.\n \n \n Smith \n S.\n \n \n A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29:588\u2013595."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b11","series-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol","first-page":"129","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of injection with poly-L-lactic acid compared with hyaluronic acid for correction of nasolabial fold: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, comparative study","volume":"40","author":"Hyun \n MY.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hyun \n MY.\n \n \n Lee \n Y.\n \n \n No \n YA.\n \n et al. \n Efficacy and safety of injection with poly-L-lactic acid compared with hyaluronic acid for correction of nasolabial fold: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, comparative study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015;40:129\u2013135."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b12","series-title":"Skin Res Technol","first-page":"259","article-title":"Involvement of upper cheek sagging in nasolabial fold formation","volume":"18","author":"Ezure \n T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ezure \n T.\n \n \n Amano \n S.\n \n \n Involvement of upper cheek sagging in nasolabial fold formation. Skin Res Technol. 2012;18:259\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b13","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"151","article-title":"Soft tissue changes of the upper lip associated with maxillary advancement in obstructive sleep apnea patients","volume":"59","author":"Louis \n PJ.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Louis \n PJ.\n \n \n Austin \n RB.\n \n \n Waite \n PD.\n \n \n Mathews \n CS.\n \n \n Soft tissue changes of the upper lip associated with maxillary advancement in obstructive sleep apnea patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59:151\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b14","series-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg","first-page":"258","article-title":"Anatomy of the SMAS revisited","volume":"27","author":"Ghassemi \n A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ghassemi \n A.\n \n \n Prescher \n A.\n \n \n Riediger \n D.\n \n \n Axer \n H.\n \n \n Anatomy of the SMAS revisited. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2003;27:258\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"50","article-title":"Age-related changes of the soft tissue profile from the second to the fourth decades of life","volume":"81","author":"Torlakovic \n L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Torlakovic \n L.\n \n \n Faerovig \n E.\n \n \n Age-related changes of the soft tissue profile from the second to the fourth decades of life. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:50\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b16","series-title":"J Physiol Anthropol","first-page":"231","article-title":"Regional subcutaneous fat characteristics stratified by sex, age, and obesity, and their relationships with total and visceral fat in a Japanese population","volume":"28","author":"Sato \n S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sato \n S.\n \n \n Demura \n S.\n \n \n Regional subcutaneous fat characteristics stratified by sex, age, and obesity, and their relationships with total and visceral fat in a Japanese population. J Physiol Anthropol. 2009;28:231\u2013238."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b17","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Changes in the aging upper lip\u2014a photomorphometric and MRI-based study (on a quest to find theright rejuvenation approach)","volume":"61","author":"Iblher \n N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iblher \n N.\n \n \n Kloepper \n J.\n \n \n Penna \n V.\n \n \n Bartholomae \n JP.\n \n \n Stark \n GB.\n \n \n Changes in the aging upper lip\u2014a photomorphometric and MRI-based study (on a quest to find theright rejuvenation approach). J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61:1170\u20131176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b18","series-title":"Skin Res Technol","first-page":"510","article-title":"Comparison of sagging at the cheek and lower eyelid between male and female faces","volume":"17","author":"Ezure \n T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ezure \n T.\n \n \n Yagi \n E.\n \n \n Kunizawa \n N.\n \n \n Hirao \n T.\n \n \n Amano \n S.\n \n \n Comparison of sagging at the cheek and lower eyelid between male and female faces. Skin Res Technol. 2011;17:510\u2013515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-4-465-b19","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1143","article-title":"A volumetric analysis of soft tissue changes in the aging midface using high-resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation","volume":"115","author":"Gosain \n AK.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gosain \n AK.\n \n \n Klein \n MH.\n \n \n Sudhakar \n PV.\n \n \n Prost \n RW.\n \n \n A volumetric analysis of soft tissue changes in the aging midface using high-resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1143\u20131152; discussion 1153\u20131145."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/88\/4\/article-p465.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/88\/4\/465\/1395684\/100317-665_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/88\/4\/article-p465.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/88\/4\/article-p465.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:10:49Z","timestamp":1780067449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/88\/4\/article-p465.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/100317-665.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}}}