{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:47:37Z","timestamp":1788824857420,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To identify the most characteristic variables out of a large number of anatomic landmark variables on three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) images. A modified principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify which anatomic structures would demonstrate the major variabilities that would most characterize the patient.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Data were collected from 217 patients with severe skeletal Class III malocclusions who had undergone orthognathic surgery. The input variables were composed of a total of 740 variables consisting of three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates and their Euclidean distances of 104 soft tissue and 81 hard tissue landmarks identified on the CT images. A statistical method, a modified PCA based on the penalized matrix decomposition, was performed to extract the principal components.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The first 10 (8 soft tissue, 2 hard tissue) principal components from the 740 input variables explained 63% of the total variance. The most conspicuous principal components indicated that groups of soft tissue variables on the nose, lips, and eyes explained more variability than skeletal variables did. In other words, these soft tissue components were most representative of the differences among the Class III patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n On three-dimensional images, soft tissues had more variability than the skeletal anatomic structures. In the assessment of three-dimensional facial variability, a limited number of anatomic landmarks being used today did not seem sufficient. Nevertheless, this modified PCA may be used to analyze orthodontic three-dimensional images in the future, but it may not fully express the variability of the patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/100518-717.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T11:52:45Z","timestamp":1553169165000},"page":"768-774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A sparse principal component analysis of Class III malocclusions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Tae-Joo","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate student, Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Heang","family":"Eo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Scientist, HuTom, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HyungJun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Donatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Assistant Graduate Program Director, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Selecting subjects with high craniofacial shape homogeneity for clinical trials","volume":"148","author":"Akli \n E,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akli \n E, \n \n \n Marinaki \n L, \n \n \n Halazonetis \n DJ. \n \n \n Selecting subjects with high craniofacial shape homogeneity for clinical trials. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:1026\u20131035."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"450","article-title":"Morphometric correlation between facial soft-tissue profile shape and skeletal pattern in children and adolescents","volume":"132","author":"Halazonetis \n DJ.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Halazonetis \n DJ. \n \n \n Morphometric correlation between facial soft-tissue profile shape and skeletal pattern in children and adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:450\u2013457."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"481","article-title":"Morphometric evaluation of soft-tissue profile shape","volume":"131","author":"Halazonetis \n DJ.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Halazonetis \n DJ. \n \n \n Morphometric evaluation of soft-tissue profile shape. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:481\u2013489."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"700","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms underlying the skeletal Class III phenotype","volume":"151","author":"Cruz \n CV,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cruz \n CV, \n \n \n Mattos \n CT, \n \n \n Maia \n JC, \n \n et al. \n Genetic polymorphisms underlying the skeletal Class III phenotype. 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In press."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"404","article-title":"Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatal morphology in children with impacted incisors: a three-dimensional evaluation","volume":"87","author":"Pavoni \n C,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavoni \n C, \n \n \n Paoloni \n V, \n \n \n Ghislanzoni \n LTH, \n \n \n Lagana \n G, \n \n \n Cozza \n P. \n \n \n Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatal morphology in children with impacted incisors: a three-dimensional evaluation. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:724\u2013733."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"396","article-title":"Reproducibility of maxillofacial anatomic landmarks on 3-dimensional computed tomographic images determined with the 95% confidence ellipse method","volume":"78","author":"Muramatsu \n A,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muramatsu \n A, \n \n \n Nawa \n H, \n \n \n Kimura \n M, \n \n et al. \n Reproducibility of maxillofacial anatomic landmarks on 3-dimensional computed tomographic images determined with the 95% confidence ellipse method. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:396\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b11","article-title":"Penalized Multivariate Analysis. R package version 1.0.9","author":"Witten \n D,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Witten \n D, \n \n \n Tibshirani \n R, \n \n \n Gross \n S, \n \n \n Narasimhan \n B. PMA: \n \n \n Penalized Multivariate Analysis. R package version 1.0.9. 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Angle Orthod. 2005;75:311\u2013319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"757","article-title":"Reproducibility of the lip position at rest: a 3-dimensional perspective","volume":"149","author":"Dindaroglu \n F,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaroglu \n F, \n \n \n Duran \n GS, \n \n \n Gorgulu \n S. \n \n \n Reproducibility of the lip position at rest: a 3-dimensional perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;149:757\u2013765."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"703","article-title":"New algorithm for semiautomatic segmentation of nasal cavity and pharyngeal airway in comparison with manual segmentation using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"150","author":"Alsufyani \n NA,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alsufyani \n NA, \n \n \n Hess \n A, \n \n \n Noga \n M, \n \n et al. \n New algorithm for semiautomatic segmentation of nasal cavity and pharyngeal airway in comparison with manual segmentation using cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150:703\u2013712."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b16","series-title":"Mem Cognit","first-page":"21","article-title":"Face processing: human perception and principal components analysis","volume":"24","author":"Hancock \n PJ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hancock \n PJ, \n \n \n Burton \n AM, \n \n \n Bruce \n V. \n \n \n Face processing: human perception and principal components analysis. Mem Cognit. 1996;24:21\u201340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"279","article-title":"Classification of facial asymmetry by cluster analysis","volume":"132","author":"Hwang \n HS,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hwang \n HS, \n \n \n Youn \n IS, \n \n \n Lee \n KH, \n \n \n Lim \n HJ. \n \n \n Classification of facial asymmetry by cluster analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:279e271\u2013276."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b18","series-title":"J Comput Graph Stat","first-page":"531","article-title":"A modified principal component technique based on the LASSO","volume":"12","author":"Jolliffe \n IT,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jolliffe \n IT, \n \n \n Trendafilov \n NT, \n \n \n Uddin \n M. \n \n \n A modified principal component technique based on the LASSO. J Comput Graph Stat. 2003;12:531\u2013547."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b19","series-title":"Biostatistics","first-page":"515","article-title":"A penalized matrix decomposition, with applications to sparse principal components and canonical correlation analysis","volume":"10","author":"Witten \n DM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Witten \n DM, \n \n \n Tibshirani \n R, \n \n \n Hastie \n T. \n \n \n A penalized matrix decomposition, with applications to sparse principal components and canonical correlation analysis. Biostatistics. 2009;10:515\u2013534."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b20","series-title":"J Comput Graph Stat","first-page":"265","article-title":"Sparse principal component analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zou \n H,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zou \n H, \n \n \n Hastie \n T, \n \n \n Tibshirani \n R. \n \n \n Sparse principal component analysis. J Comput Graph Stat. 2006;15:265\u2013286."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Selecting subjects with high craniofacial shape homogeneity for clinical trials","volume":"148","author":"Akli \n E,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akli \n E, \n \n \n Marinaki \n L, \n \n \n Halazonetis \n DJ. \n \n \n Selecting subjects with high craniofacial shape homogeneity for clinical trials. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:1026\u20131035."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"450","article-title":"Morphometric correlation between facial soft-tissue profile shape and skeletal pattern in children and adolescents","volume":"132","author":"Halazonetis \n DJ.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Halazonetis \n DJ. \n \n \n Morphometric correlation between facial soft-tissue profile shape and skeletal pattern in children and adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:450\u2013457."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"481","article-title":"Morphometric evaluation of soft-tissue profile shape","volume":"131","author":"Halazonetis \n DJ.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Halazonetis \n DJ. \n \n \n Morphometric evaluation of soft-tissue profile shape. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:481\u2013489."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"700","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms underlying the skeletal Class III phenotype","volume":"151","author":"Cruz \n CV,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cruz \n CV, \n \n \n Mattos \n CT, \n \n \n Maia \n JC, \n \n et al. \n Genetic polymorphisms underlying the skeletal Class III phenotype. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:700\u2013707."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"78","article-title":"Correlation between the cross-sectional morphology of the mandible and the three-dimensional facial skeletal pattern: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"89","author":"Ahn \n MS,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahn \n MS, \n \n \n Shin \n SM, \n \n \n Wu \n TJ, \n \n et al. \n Correlation between the cross-sectional morphology of the mandible and the three-dimensional facial skeletal pattern: a structural equation modeling approach. Angle Orthod. 2018;89:78\u201386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"403","article-title":"Relationship between tooth length and three-dimensional mandibular morphology","volume":"88","author":"Hikita \n Y,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hikita \n Y, \n \n \n Yamaguchi \n T, \n \n \n Tomita \n D, \n \n et al. \n Relationship between tooth length and three-dimensional mandibular morphology. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:403\u2013409."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","article-title":"Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatal morphology in growing subjects with skeletal open bite","author":"Lagana \n G,","unstructured":"Lagana \n G, \n \n \n Di Fazio \n V, \n \n \n Paoloni \n V, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Cozza \n P, \n \n \n Lione \n R. \n \n \n Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatal morphology in growing subjects with skeletal open bite. Eur J Orthod. In press."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"404","article-title":"Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatal morphology in children with impacted incisors: a three-dimensional evaluation","volume":"87","author":"Pavoni \n C,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavoni \n C, \n \n \n Paoloni \n V, \n \n \n Ghislanzoni \n LTH, \n \n \n Lagana \n G, \n \n \n Cozza \n P. \n \n \n Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatal morphology in children with impacted incisors: a three-dimensional evaluation. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:724\u2013733."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"396","article-title":"Reproducibility of maxillofacial anatomic landmarks on 3-dimensional computed tomographic images determined with the 95% confidence ellipse method","volume":"78","author":"Muramatsu \n A,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muramatsu \n A, \n \n \n Nawa \n H, \n \n \n Kimura \n M, \n \n et al. \n Reproducibility of maxillofacial anatomic landmarks on 3-dimensional computed tomographic images determined with the 95% confidence ellipse method. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:396\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b11","article-title":"Penalized Multivariate Analysis. R package version 1.0.9","author":"Witten \n D,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Witten \n D, \n \n \n Tibshirani \n R, \n \n \n Gross \n S, \n \n \n Narasimhan \n B. PMA: \n \n \n Penalized Multivariate Analysis. R package version 1.0.9. Available at: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=PMA Accessed October 8, 2018."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b12","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2018","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing;2018."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"Classification of the skeletal variation in normal occlusion","volume":"75","author":"Kim \n JY,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim \n JY, \n \n \n Lee \n SJ, \n \n \n Kim \n TW, \n \n \n Nahm \n DS, \n \n \n Chang \n YI. \n \n \n Classification of the skeletal variation in normal occlusion. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;149:757\u2013765."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"703","article-title":"New algorithm for semiautomatic segmentation of nasal cavity and pharyngeal airway in comparison with manual segmentation using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"150","author":"Alsufyani \n NA,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alsufyani \n NA, \n \n \n Hess \n A, \n \n \n Noga \n M, \n \n et al. \n New algorithm for semiautomatic segmentation of nasal cavity and pharyngeal airway in comparison with manual segmentation using cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150:703\u2013712."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b16","series-title":"Mem Cognit","first-page":"21","article-title":"Face processing: human perception and principal components analysis","volume":"24","author":"Hancock \n PJ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hancock \n PJ, \n \n \n Burton \n AM, \n \n \n Bruce \n V. \n \n \n Face processing: human perception and principal components analysis. Mem Cognit. 1996;24:21\u201340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"279","article-title":"Classification of facial asymmetry by cluster analysis","volume":"132","author":"Hwang \n HS,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hwang \n HS, \n \n \n Youn \n IS, \n \n \n Lee \n KH, \n \n \n Lim \n HJ. \n \n \n Classification of facial asymmetry by cluster analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:279e271\u2013276."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b18","series-title":"J Comput Graph Stat","first-page":"531","article-title":"A modified principal component technique based on the LASSO","volume":"12","author":"Jolliffe \n IT,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jolliffe \n IT, \n \n \n Trendafilov \n NT, \n \n \n Uddin \n M. \n \n \n A modified principal component technique based on the LASSO. J Comput Graph Stat. 2003;12:531\u2013547."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-5-768-b19","series-title":"Biostatistics","first-page":"515","article-title":"A penalized matrix decomposition, with applications to sparse principal components and canonical correlation analysis","volume":"10","author":"Witten \n DM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Witten \n DM, \n \n \n Tibshirani \n R, \n \n \n Hastie \n T. \n \n \n A penalized matrix decomposition, with applications to sparse principal components and canonical correlation analysis. 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