{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:18:41Z","timestamp":1791998321433,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To test the null hypothesis that there are no significant differences in pharyngeal airway volumes among adult patients with different vertical skeletal patterns and a clinically normal sagittal skeletal pattern using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The study sample consisted of 100 adult patients (45 men and 55 women; mean age \u200a=\u200a 24.0 \u00b1 5.3\u00a0years) with a normal sagittal skeletal pattern divided into three groups according to the vertical skeletal patterns: high angle (32 patients: 15 women and 17 men), low angle (34 patients: 14 women and 20 men), and normal angle (34 patients: 16 women and 18 men) groups. Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and total airway volumes of patients in all vertical groups were calculated. Group differences were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Nasopharyngeal airway volume in the high-angle group (mean \u200a=\u200a 6067.9 \u00b1 1693.9\u00a0mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) was significantly lower than that of the low- and normal-angle groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). Oropharyngeal airway volume was highest in the low-angle group (mean \u200a=\u200a 15,957.6 \u00b1 6817.2\u00a0mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) and significantly decreased in the control (mean \u200a=\u200a 11,826.1 \u00b1 4831.9\u00a0mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .008) and high angle (mean \u200a=\u200a 10,869.1 \u00b1 4084.1\u00a0mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .001) groups. Total airway volume was highest in the low-angle group (mean \u200a=\u200a 24,261.6 \u00b1 8470.1\u00a0mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) and lowest in the high-angle group (mean \u200a=\u200a 16,937.0 \u00b1 5027.4\u00a0mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The null hypothesis was rejected. Significant differences were found in pharyngeal airway volumes among different skeletal vertical patterns.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101013-748.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T08:55:53Z","timestamp":1393923353000},"page":"782-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Comparison of pharyngeal airway volume among different vertical skeletal patterns: A cone-beam computed tomography study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Mevlut","family":"Celikoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Bayram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet E.","family":"Sekerci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleyman K.","family":"Buyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebubekir","family":"Toy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"247","article-title":"Vertical malocclusions: etiology, development, diagnosis and some aspects of treatment","volume":"61","author":"Nielsen\n IL.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nielsen\n IL. \n \n Vertical malocclusions: etiology, development, diagnosis and some aspects of treatment. Angle Orthod. 1991;61:247\u2013260."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Schudy\n FF.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schudy\n FF. \n \n The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:36\u201350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations","volume":"41","author":"Isaacson\n JR,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Isaacson\n JR, \n \n Isaacson\n RJ, \n \n Speidel\n TM, \n \n Worms\n FW. \n \n Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations. Angle Orthod. 1971;41:219\u2013229."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b04","series-title":"Med Chir Trans","first-page":"191","article-title":"On adenoid vegatation in the naso-pharyngeal cavity: their pathology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"53","author":"Meyer\n C.","year":"1872","unstructured":"Meyer\n C. \n \n On adenoid vegatation in the naso-pharyngeal cavity: their pathology, diagnosis and treatment. Med Chir Trans. 1872;53:191\u2013215."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth","volume":"51","author":"McNamara\n JA.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA. \n \n Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:269\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"31","article-title":"The nasopharynx, face height, and overbite","volume":"55","author":"Kerr\n WJ.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kerr\n WJ. \n \n The nasopharynx, face height, and overbite. Angle Orthod. 1985;55:31\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"135","article-title":"A cephalometric comparative study of the soft tissue airway dimensions in persons with hyperdivergent and normodivergent facial patterns","volume":"56","author":"Joseph\n AA,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Joseph\n AA, \n \n Elbaum\n J, \n \n Cisneros\n GJ, \n \n Eisig\n SB. \n \n A cephalometric comparative study of the soft tissue airway dimensions in persons with hyperdivergent and normodivergent facial patterns. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;56:135\u2013139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"805","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology","volume":"136","author":"Grauer\n D,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grauer\n D, \n \n Cevidanes\n LS, \n \n Styner\n MA, \n \n Ackerman\n JL, \n \n Proffit\n WR. \n \n Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:e301\u2013e311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"267","article-title":"A comparison study of upper airway among different skeletal craniofacial patterns in nonsnoring Chinese children","volume":"80","author":"Zhong\n Z,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhong\n Z, \n \n Tang\n Z, \n \n Gao\n X, \n \n Zeng\n XL. \n \n A comparison study of upper airway among different skeletal craniofacial patterns in nonsnoring Chinese children. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:267\u2013274."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"460","article-title":"Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns","volume":"81","author":"Ucar\n FI,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ucar\n FI, \n \n Uysal\n T. \n \n Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:460\u2013468."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions","volume":"35","author":"El\n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM. \n \n An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:262\u2013270."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e511","article-title":"Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns","volume":"139","author":"El\n H,","year":"2011","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM. \n \n Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e511\u2013e521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b14","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"814","article-title":"Evaluation of pharyngeal airway space amongst different skeletal patterns","volume":"41","author":"Alves\n M\n Jr,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alves\n M\n Jr, \n \n Franzotti\n ES, \n \n Baratieri\n C, \n \n Nunes\n LK, \n \n Nojima\n LI, \n \n Ruellas\n AC. \n \n Evaluation of pharyngeal airway space amongst different skeletal patterns. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:814\u2013819."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b15","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"18","article-title":"Two-dimensional lateral cephalometric evaluation of varying types of Class II subgroups on posterior airway space in postadolescent girls: a pilot study","volume":"74","author":"Oz\n U,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oz\n U, \n \n Orhan\n K, \n \n Rubenduz\n M. \n \n Two-dimensional lateral cephalometric evaluation of varying types of Class II subgroups on posterior airway space in postadolescent girls: a pilot study. J Orofac Orthop. 2013;74:18\u201327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"799","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway characterization in adolescents related to facial skeletal pattern: a preliminary study","volume":"143","author":"Claudino\n LV,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Claudino\n LV, \n \n Mattos\n CT, \n \n Ruellas\n AC, \n \n Sant' Anna\n EF. \n \n Pharyngeal airway characterization in adolescents related to facial skeletal pattern: a preliminary study. 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Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014;17:38\u201348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Aboudara\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aboudara\n C, \n \n Nielsen\n I, \n \n Huang\n JC, \n \n Maki\n K, \n \n Miller\n AJ, \n \n Hatcher\n D. \n \n Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:468\u2013479."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"589","article-title":"Cephalometric and computed tomographic predictors of obstructive sleep apnea severity","volume":"107","author":"Lowe\n AA,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lowe\n AA, \n \n Fleetham\n JA, \n \n Adachi\n S, \n \n Ryan\n CF. \n \n Cephalometric and computed tomographic predictors of obstructive sleep apnea severity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:589\u2013595."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b20","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"791","article-title":"Applications of cone beam computed tomography in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery","volume":"66","author":"Quereshy\n FA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quereshy\n FA, \n \n Savell\n TA, \n \n Palomo\n JM. \n \n Applications of cone beam computed tomography in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66:791\u2013796."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"519","article-title":"Sample calculations for comparison of 2 means","volume":"141","author":"Pandis\n N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pandis\n N. \n \n Sample calculations for comparison of 2 means. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:519\u2013521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b22","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"e797","article-title":"Frequency and characteristics of tooth agenesis among an orthodontic patient population","volume":"15","author":"Celikoglu\n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Kazanci\n F, \n \n Miloglu\n O, \n \n Oztek\n O, \n \n Kamak\n H, \n \n Ceylan\n I. \n \n Frequency and characteristics of tooth agenesis among an orthodontic patient population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:e797\u2013e801."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b23","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"e75","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal airways of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients using three-dimensional and two-dimensional methods","volume":"49","author":"Aras\n I,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aras\n I, \n \n Olmez\n S, \n \n Dogan\n S. \n \n Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal airways of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients using three-dimensional and two-dimensional methods. 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Aust Orthod J. 2013;29:153\u2013158."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b25","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"579","article-title":"Conventional frontal radiographs compared with frontal radiographs obtained from cone beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Nur\n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nur\n M, \n \n Kayipmaz\n S, \n \n Bayram\n M, \n \n Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Kilkis\n D, \n \n Sezgin\n OS. \n \n Conventional frontal radiographs compared with frontal radiographs obtained from cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:579\u2013584."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Uvulo-glosso-pharyngeal dimensions in different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"75","author":"Abu Allhaija\n ES,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abu Allhaija\n ES, \n \n Al-Khateeb\n SN. \n \n Uvulo-glosso-pharyngeal dimensions in different anteroposterior skeletal patterns. 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Angle Orthod. 1991;61:247\u2013260."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Schudy\n FF.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schudy\n FF. \n \n The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:36\u201350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations","volume":"41","author":"Isaacson\n JR,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Isaacson\n JR, \n \n Isaacson\n RJ, \n \n Speidel\n TM, \n \n Worms\n FW. \n \n Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations. 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J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;56:135\u2013139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"805","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology","volume":"136","author":"Grauer\n D,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grauer\n D, \n \n Cevidanes\n LS, \n \n Styner\n MA, \n \n Ackerman\n JL, \n \n Proffit\n WR. \n \n Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:805\u2013814."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e301","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"137","author":"Kim\n YJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim\n YJ, \n \n Hong\n JS, \n \n Hwang\n YI, \n \n Park\n YH. \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:e301\u2013e311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"267","article-title":"A comparison study of upper airway among different skeletal craniofacial patterns in nonsnoring Chinese children","volume":"80","author":"Zhong\n Z,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhong\n Z, \n \n Tang\n Z, \n \n Gao\n X, \n \n Zeng\n XL. \n \n A comparison study of upper airway among different skeletal craniofacial patterns in nonsnoring Chinese children. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:267\u2013274."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"460","article-title":"Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns","volume":"81","author":"Ucar\n FI,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ucar\n FI, \n \n Uysal\n T. \n \n Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns. 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J Orofac Orthop. 2013;74:18\u201327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-5-782-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"799","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway characterization in adolescents related to facial skeletal pattern: a preliminary study","volume":"143","author":"Claudino\n LV,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Claudino\n LV, \n \n Mattos\n CT, \n \n Ruellas\n AC, \n \n Sant' Anna\n EF. \n \n Pharyngeal airway characterization in adolescents related to facial skeletal pattern: a preliminary study. 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