{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:07:45Z","timestamp":1780070865110,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the effect of nicotine exposure on root resorption in an in vivo rat model of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), and its association with odontoclastogenesis and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Forty-eight 10-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The negative control group was untreated. The left maxillary first molars in the nicotine-treated group and the positive control group received OTM with an initial force of 0.6 N in the mesial direction. Also, the nicotine-treated group received intraperitoneal injection of nicotine at 7 mg\/kg per day. After 21 days, the rats were humanely killed. Eight rats from each group were randomly chosen for crater volume analysis by micro-computed tomography. For the remaining eight rats in each group, specimen slices were generated for histologic examination to determine the odontoclast number and the mean optical density value of RANKL.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The resorption volumes in the nicotine-treated group were significantly larger than those in the control groups. Also, the nicotine-treated group displayed significantly higher number of odontoclasts and elevated RANKL expression compared to the control groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n In an in vivo rat model, nicotine exposure promotes odontoclastogenesis and RANKL expression, evoking aggravated root resorption during OTM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101014-727.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T10:06:38Z","timestamp":1434535598000},"page":"199-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Short-term effects of nicotine on orthodontically induced root resorption in rats"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Department Chair, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physician, Department of Stomatology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehua","family":"Zhenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuran","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r1","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"299","article-title":"WHO report warns deaths from tobacco could rise beyond eight million a year by 2030","volume":"336","author":"Zarocostas\n J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zarocostas\n J.\n \n \n WHO report warns deaths from tobacco could rise beyond eight million a year by 2030. BMJ. 2008;336:299."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r2","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"73","article-title":"Referring adult patients for orthodontic treatment","volume":"130","author":"Buttke\n TM,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Buttke\n TM, \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Referring adult patients for orthodontic treatment. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:73\u201379."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r3","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"613","article-title":"Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke","volume":"8","author":"Talhout\n R,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Talhout\n R, \n \n Schulz\n T, \n \n Florek\n E, \n \n van Benthem\n J, \n \n Wester\n P, \n \n Opperhuizen\n A.\n \n \n Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:613\u2013628."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r4","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"714","article-title":"Micro-computerized tomography analysis of alveolar bone loss in ligature- and nicotine-induced experimental periodontitis in rats","volume":"45","author":"Liu\n YF,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu\n YF, \n \n Wu\n LA, \n \n Wang\n J, \n \n Wen\n LY, \n \n Wang\n XJ.\n \n \n Micro-computerized tomography analysis of alveolar bone loss in ligature- and nicotine-induced experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res. 2010;45:714\u2013719."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r5","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on the rate and strength of long bone fracture healing","author":"Raikin\n SM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raikin\n SM, \n \n Landsman\n JC, \n \n Alexander\n VA, \n \n Froimson\n MI, \n \n Plaxton\n NA.\n \n \n Effect of nicotine on the rate and strength of long bone fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998:231\u2013237."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e261","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"139","author":"Sodagar\n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sodagar\n A, \n \n Donyavi\n Z, \n \n Arab\n S, \n \n Kharrazifard\n MJ.\n \n \n Effect of nicotine on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e261\u2013265."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r7","series-title":"Life Sci","first-page":"1733","article-title":"Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the formation of osteoclast-like cells by increasing macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin E2 production by osteoblasts","volume":"78","author":"Tanaka\n H,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tanaka\n H, \n \n Tanabe\n N, \n \n Shoji\n M, \n et al\n . Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the formation of osteoclast-like cells by increasing macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin E2 production by osteoblasts. Life Sci. 2006;78:1733\u20131740."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r8","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Nicotine stimulates osteoclast resorption in a porcine marrow cell model","volume":"74","author":"Henemyre\n CL,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Henemyre\n CL, \n \n Scales\n DK, \n \n Hokett\n SD, \n et al\n . Nicotine stimulates osteoclast resorption in a porcine marrow cell model. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1440\u20131446."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e59402","article-title":"Nicotine affects bone resorption and suppresses the expression of cathepsin K, MMP-9 and vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase d2 and actin organization in osteoclasts","volume":"8","author":"Tanaka\n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tanaka\n H, \n \n Tanabe\n N, \n \n Kawato\n T, \n et al\n . Nicotine affects bone resorption and suppresses the expression of cathepsin K, MMP-9 and vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase d2 and actin organization in osteoclasts. PLoS One. 2013;8:e59402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r10","series-title":"Life Sci","first-page":"2273","article-title":"Nicotine affects mineralized nodule formation by the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2","volume":"77","author":"Tanaka\n H,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanaka\n H, \n \n Tanabe\n N, \n \n Suzuki\n N, \n et al\n . Nicotine affects mineralized nodule formation by the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. Life Sci. 2005;77:2273\u20132284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r11","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","first-page":"555","article-title":"Nicotine modulates bone metabolism-associated gene expression in osteoblast cells","volume":"27","author":"Rothem\n DE,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rothem\n DE, \n \n Rothem\n L, \n \n Soudry\n M, \n \n Dahan\n A, \n \n Eliakim\n R.\n \n \n Nicotine modulates bone metabolism-associated gene expression in osteoblast cells. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27:555\u2013561."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r12","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on antioxidant defense enzymes and RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells","volume":"80","author":"Lee\n HJ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee\n HJ, \n \n Pi\n SH, \n \n Kim\n Y, \n et al\n . Effects of nicotine on antioxidant defense enzymes and RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol. 2009;80:1281\u20131288."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r13","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"760","article-title":"Up-regulation of osteolytic mediators in human osteosarcoma cells stimulated with nicotine","volume":"44","author":"Ho\n YC,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ho\n YC, \n \n Yang\n SF, \n \n Huang\n FM, \n \n Chang\n YC.\n \n \n Up-regulation of osteolytic mediators in human osteosarcoma cells stimulated with nicotine. J Periodontal Res. 2009;44:760\u2013766."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r14","series-title":"Int J Mol Med","first-page":"938","article-title":"Nicotine favors osteoclastogenesis in human periodontal ligament cells co-cultured with CD4(+) T cells by upregulating IL-1beta","volume":"31","author":"Wu\n LZ,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu\n LZ, \n \n Duan\n DM, \n \n Liu\n YF, \n \n Ge\n X, \n \n Zhou\n ZF, \n \n Wang\n XJ.\n \n \n Nicotine favors osteoclastogenesis in human periodontal ligament cells co-cultured with CD4(+) T cells by upregulating IL-1beta. Int J Mol Med. 2013;31:938\u2013942."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r15","series-title":"Microsc Res Tech","first-page":"483","article-title":"Differentiation and functions of osteoclasts and odontoclasts in mineralized tissue resorption","volume":"61","author":"Sasaki\n T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sasaki\n T.\n \n \n Differentiation and functions of osteoclasts and odontoclasts in mineralized tissue resorption. Microsc Res Tech. 2003;61:483\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r16","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"502","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of fibromodulin in the periodontium during cementogenesis and root formation in the rat molar","volume":"38","author":"Matias\n MA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matias\n MA, \n \n Li\n H, \n \n Young\n WG, \n \n Bartold\n PM.\n \n \n Immunohistochemical localization of fibromodulin in the periodontium during cementogenesis and root formation in the rat molar. J Periodontal Res. 2003;38:502\u2013507."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r17","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","first-page":"93","article-title":"Negative effects of nicotine on bone-resorbing cytokines and bone histomorphometric parameters in male rats","volume":"25","author":"Hapidin\n H,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hapidin\n H, \n \n Othman\n F, \n \n Soelaiman\n IN, \n \n Shuid\n AN, \n \n Luke\n DA, \n \n Mohamed\n N.\n \n \n Negative effects of nicotine on bone-resorbing cytokines and bone histomorphometric parameters in male rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2007;25:93\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r18","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"65","article-title":"Beneficial effects of tocotrienol and tocopherol on bone histomorphometric parameters in Sprague-Dawley male rats after nicotine cessation","volume":"84","author":"Hermizi\n H,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hermizi\n H, \n \n Faizah\n O, \n \n Ima-Nirwana\n S, \n \n Ahmad\n NS, \n \n Norazlina\n M.\n \n \n Beneficial effects of tocotrienol and tocopherol on bone histomorphometric parameters in Sprague-Dawley male rats after nicotine cessation. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009;84:65\u201374."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"11","article-title":"The hyaline zone and associated root surface changes in experimental orthodontics in rats: a light and scanning electron microscope study","volume":"18","author":"Hellsing\n E,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hellsing\n E, \n \n Hammarstrom\n L.\n \n \n The hyaline zone and associated root surface changes in experimental orthodontics in rats: a light and scanning electron microscope study. Eur J Orthod. 1996;18:11\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r20","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"283","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on cellular function in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells","volume":"12","author":"Fang\n MA,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fang\n MA, \n \n Frost\n PJ, \n \n Iida-Klein\n A, \n \n Hahn\n TJ.\n \n \n Effects of nicotine on cellular function in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Bone. 1991;12:283\u2013286."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r21","series-title":"J Orthop Trauma","first-page":"17","article-title":"Differential effects of nicotine and smoke condensate on bone cell metabolic activity","volume":"19","author":"Gullihorn\n L,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gullihorn\n L, \n \n Karpman\n R, \n \n Lippiello\n L.\n \n \n Differential effects of nicotine and smoke condensate on bone cell metabolic activity. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19:17\u201322."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r22","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"346","article-title":"Expression and role of RANKL in periodontal ligament cells during physiological root-resorption in human deciduous teeth","volume":"111","author":"Fukushima\n H,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fukushima\n H, \n \n Kajiya\n H, \n \n Takada\n K, \n \n Okamoto\n F, \n \n Okabe\n K.\n \n \n Expression and role of RANKL in periodontal ligament cells during physiological root-resorption in human deciduous teeth. Eur J Oral Sci. 2003;111:346\u2013352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r23","series-title":"Int J Mol Med","first-page":"121","article-title":"Nicotine induced proliferation and cytokine release in osteoblastic cells","volume":"17","author":"Kamer\n AR,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kamer\n AR, \n \n El-Ghorab\n N, \n \n Marzec\n N, \n \n Margarone JE\n 3rd, \n \n Dziak\n R.\n \n \n Nicotine induced proliferation and cytokine release in osteoblastic cells. Int J Mol Med. 2006;17:121\u2013127."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r24","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"324","article-title":"Effect of soluble receptors to interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha on experimentally induced root resorption in rats","volume":"38","author":"Zhang\n D,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang\n D, \n \n Goetz\n W, \n \n Braumann\n B, \n \n Bourauel\n C, \n \n Jaeger\n A.\n \n \n Effect of soluble receptors to interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha on experimentally induced root resorption in rats. J Periodontal Res. 2003;38:324\u2013332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r25","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"113","article-title":"RANK\/RANKL\/OPG during orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"12","author":"Yamaguchi\n M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamaguchi\n M.\n \n \n RANK\/RANKL\/OPG during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2009;12:113\u2013119."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r1","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"299","article-title":"WHO report warns deaths from tobacco could rise beyond eight million a year by 2030","volume":"336","author":"Zarocostas\n J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zarocostas\n J.\n \n \n WHO report warns deaths from tobacco could rise beyond eight million a year by 2030. BMJ. 2008;336:299."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r2","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"73","article-title":"Referring adult patients for orthodontic treatment","volume":"130","author":"Buttke\n TM,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Buttke\n TM, \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Referring adult patients for orthodontic treatment. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:73\u201379."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r3","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"613","article-title":"Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke","volume":"8","author":"Talhout\n R,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Talhout\n R, \n \n Schulz\n T, \n \n Florek\n E, \n \n van Benthem\n J, \n \n Wester\n P, \n \n Opperhuizen\n A.\n \n \n Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:613\u2013628."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r4","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"714","article-title":"Micro-computerized tomography analysis of alveolar bone loss in ligature- and nicotine-induced experimental periodontitis in rats","volume":"45","author":"Liu\n YF,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu\n YF, \n \n Wu\n LA, \n \n Wang\n J, \n \n Wen\n LY, \n \n Wang\n XJ.\n \n \n Micro-computerized tomography analysis of alveolar bone loss in ligature- and nicotine-induced experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res. 2010;45:714\u2013719."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r5","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on the rate and strength of long bone fracture healing","author":"Raikin\n SM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raikin\n SM, \n \n Landsman\n JC, \n \n Alexander\n VA, \n \n Froimson\n MI, \n \n Plaxton\n NA.\n \n \n Effect of nicotine on the rate and strength of long bone fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998:231\u2013237."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e261","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"139","author":"Sodagar\n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sodagar\n A, \n \n Donyavi\n Z, \n \n Arab\n S, \n \n Kharrazifard\n MJ.\n \n \n Effect of nicotine on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e261\u2013265."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r7","series-title":"Life Sci","first-page":"1733","article-title":"Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the formation of osteoclast-like cells by increasing macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin E2 production by osteoblasts","volume":"78","author":"Tanaka\n H,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tanaka\n H, \n \n Tanabe\n N, \n \n Shoji\n M, \n et al\n . Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the formation of osteoclast-like cells by increasing macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin E2 production by osteoblasts. Life Sci. 2006;78:1733\u20131740."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r8","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Nicotine stimulates osteoclast resorption in a porcine marrow cell model","volume":"74","author":"Henemyre\n CL,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Henemyre\n CL, \n \n Scales\n DK, \n \n Hokett\n SD, \n et al\n . Nicotine stimulates osteoclast resorption in a porcine marrow cell model. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1440\u20131446."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e59402","article-title":"Nicotine affects bone resorption and suppresses the expression of cathepsin K, MMP-9 and vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase d2 and actin organization in osteoclasts","volume":"8","author":"Tanaka\n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tanaka\n H, \n \n Tanabe\n N, \n \n Kawato\n T, \n et al\n . Nicotine affects bone resorption and suppresses the expression of cathepsin K, MMP-9 and vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase d2 and actin organization in osteoclasts. PLoS One. 2013;8:e59402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r10","series-title":"Life Sci","first-page":"2273","article-title":"Nicotine affects mineralized nodule formation by the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2","volume":"77","author":"Tanaka\n H,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanaka\n H, \n \n Tanabe\n N, \n \n Suzuki\n N, \n et al\n . Nicotine affects mineralized nodule formation by the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. Life Sci. 2005;77:2273\u20132284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r11","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","first-page":"555","article-title":"Nicotine modulates bone metabolism-associated gene expression in osteoblast cells","volume":"27","author":"Rothem\n DE,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rothem\n DE, \n \n Rothem\n L, \n \n Soudry\n M, \n \n Dahan\n A, \n \n Eliakim\n R.\n \n \n Nicotine modulates bone metabolism-associated gene expression in osteoblast cells. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27:555\u2013561."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r12","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on antioxidant defense enzymes and RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells","volume":"80","author":"Lee\n HJ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee\n HJ, \n \n Pi\n SH, \n \n Kim\n Y, \n et al\n . Effects of nicotine on antioxidant defense enzymes and RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol. 2009;80:1281\u20131288."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r13","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"760","article-title":"Up-regulation of osteolytic mediators in human osteosarcoma cells stimulated with nicotine","volume":"44","author":"Ho\n YC,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ho\n YC, \n \n Yang\n SF, \n \n Huang\n FM, \n \n Chang\n YC.\n \n \n Up-regulation of osteolytic mediators in human osteosarcoma cells stimulated with nicotine. J Periodontal Res. 2009;44:760\u2013766."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r14","series-title":"Int J Mol Med","first-page":"938","article-title":"Nicotine favors osteoclastogenesis in human periodontal ligament cells co-cultured with CD4(+) T cells by upregulating IL-1beta","volume":"31","author":"Wu\n LZ,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu\n LZ, \n \n Duan\n DM, \n \n Liu\n YF, \n \n Ge\n X, \n \n Zhou\n ZF, \n \n Wang\n XJ.\n \n \n Nicotine favors osteoclastogenesis in human periodontal ligament cells co-cultured with CD4(+) T cells by upregulating IL-1beta. Int J Mol Med. 2013;31:938\u2013942."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r15","series-title":"Microsc Res Tech","first-page":"483","article-title":"Differentiation and functions of osteoclasts and odontoclasts in mineralized tissue resorption","volume":"61","author":"Sasaki\n T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sasaki\n T.\n \n \n Differentiation and functions of osteoclasts and odontoclasts in mineralized tissue resorption. Microsc Res Tech. 2003;61:483\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r16","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"502","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of fibromodulin in the periodontium during cementogenesis and root formation in the rat molar","volume":"38","author":"Matias\n MA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matias\n MA, \n \n Li\n H, \n \n Young\n WG, \n \n Bartold\n PM.\n \n \n Immunohistochemical localization of fibromodulin in the periodontium during cementogenesis and root formation in the rat molar. J Periodontal Res. 2003;38:502\u2013507."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r17","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","first-page":"93","article-title":"Negative effects of nicotine on bone-resorbing cytokines and bone histomorphometric parameters in male rats","volume":"25","author":"Hapidin\n H,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hapidin\n H, \n \n Othman\n F, \n \n Soelaiman\n IN, \n \n Shuid\n AN, \n \n Luke\n DA, \n \n Mohamed\n N.\n \n \n Negative effects of nicotine on bone-resorbing cytokines and bone histomorphometric parameters in male rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2007;25:93\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r18","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"65","article-title":"Beneficial effects of tocotrienol and tocopherol on bone histomorphometric parameters in Sprague-Dawley male rats after nicotine cessation","volume":"84","author":"Hermizi\n H,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hermizi\n H, \n \n Faizah\n O, \n \n Ima-Nirwana\n S, \n \n Ahmad\n NS, \n \n Norazlina\n M.\n \n \n Beneficial effects of tocotrienol and tocopherol on bone histomorphometric parameters in Sprague-Dawley male rats after nicotine cessation. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009;84:65\u201374."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"11","article-title":"The hyaline zone and associated root surface changes in experimental orthodontics in rats: a light and scanning electron microscope study","volume":"18","author":"Hellsing\n E,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hellsing\n E, \n \n Hammarstrom\n L.\n \n \n The hyaline zone and associated root surface changes in experimental orthodontics in rats: a light and scanning electron microscope study. Eur J Orthod. 1996;18:11\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-199-r20","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"283","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on cellular function in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells","volume":"12","author":"Fang\n MA,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fang\n MA, \n \n Frost\n PJ, \n \n Iida-Klein\n A, \n \n Hahn\n TJ.\n \n \n Effects of nicotine on cellular function in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. 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