{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:54:58Z","timestamp":1792479298677,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To investigate aligner treatment protocols among orthodontists in the United States and Canada and assess the factors influencing clinician choices in aligner systems, treatment protocols, and targeted malocclusions for aligners.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n A validated online questionnaire was developed specifically for this research and consisted of three sections. Section 1 evaluated demographics and experience with aligners. Section 2 assessed patient selection and demands and clinician confidence in treating various malocclusions with aligners. Section 3 evaluated treatment protocols used by clinicians. The American Association of Orthodontists Partners in Research Program distributed the survey via e-mail to active members in the United States and Canada.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 160 providers completed the survey. Aligners were used by 65.00% of respondents, with the Invisalign system the most popular (81.25%). Aligners were mostly used for adults (97.50%). Tipping was ranked as the easiest movement (1.79 \u00b1 1.35). Extrusion (4.34 \u00b1 1.53) and root movement (4.31 \u00b1 1.27) were ranked as the most difficult. Most were confident treating mild (98.8%) and moderate (82.5%) crowded cases, spacing (96.9%), and anterior crossbite (85%). Of the providers, 58.12% recommended aligners to be changed weekly. Respondents who were confident addressing some of the severe malocclusions were more likely to use Invisalign.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Invisalign is the most popular aligner system, and clinicians seem to be confident using it. Providers are aware of the pitfalls of aligners; they find it challenging to perform root movement and extrusion, and they seem confident treating mild to moderate malocclusions. They avoid complex cases with impactions and severe skeletal problems.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101022-694.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T10:12:54Z","timestamp":1678702374000},"page":"417-426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Insight into clear aligner therapy protocols and preferences among members of the American Association of Orthodontists in the United States and Canada"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Abu-Arqub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ahmida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Da Cunha Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Ling","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhur","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"203","article-title":"The Invisalign system in adult orthodontics: mild crowding and space closure cases","volume":"34","author":"Boyd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boyd\n RL,\n \n \n Miller\n R,\n \n \n Vlaskalic\n V.\n \n \n The Invisalign system in adult orthodontics: mild crowding and space closure cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t203\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t212."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b02","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"58","article-title":"Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment","volume":"62","author":"Weir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weir\n T.\n \n \n Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t62:\n\t\t\t\t\t58\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t62."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"881","article-title":"Efficacy of clear aligners in controlling orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rossini\n G,\n \n \n Parrini\n S,\n \n \n Castroflorio\n T,\n \n \n Deregibus\n A,\n \n \n Debernardi\n CL.\n \n \n Efficacy of clear aligners in controlling orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t85:\n\t\t\t\t\t881\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t889."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b04","series-title":"Arrangements for remote orthodontic treatment. Google Patents;","author":"Katzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katzman\n J,\n \n \n Fenkell\n A,\n \n \n Katzman\n D,\n \n \n Yancey\n C,\n \n \n Chapman\n J.\n \n \n Arrangements for remote orthodontic treatment. Google Patents;\n 2018.\n\t\t\t\t\tInventors: Jordan Katzman, Alex Fenkell, David Katzman, Christopher Yancey, Josh Chapman, Jessica Cicurel Current Assignee: SDC US Smilepay SPV US Patent number: US20190252067A1 Full date: 4-29-2019"},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"391","article-title":"Comparative time efficiency of aligner therapy and conventional edgewise braces","volume":"84","author":"Buschang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buschang\n PH,\n \n \n Shaw\n SG,\n \n \n Ross\n M,\n \n \n Crosby\n D,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM.\n \n \n Comparative time efficiency of aligner therapy and conventional edgewise braces.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t84:\n\t\t\t\t\t391\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t396."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b06","series-title":"Pers Psychol","first-page":"563","article-title":"A quantitative approach to content validity","volume":"28","author":"Lawshe","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lawshe\n CH.\n \n \n A quantitative approach to content validity.\n\t\t\t\t\tPers Psychol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1975;\n\t\t\t\t\t28:\n\t\t\t\t\t563\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t575."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b07","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"1","article-title":"Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Azaripour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azaripour\n A,\n \n \n Weusmann\n J,\n \n \n Mahmoodi\n B,\n \n et al.\n \n Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tBMC Oral Health.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t15:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t5."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"834","article-title":"Patient satisfaction and quality of life changes after Invisalign treatment","volume":"153","author":"Pacheco-Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pacheco-Pereira\n C,\n \n \n Brandelli\n J,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Patient satisfaction and quality of life changes after Invisalign treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t153:\n\t\t\t\t\t834\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t841."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"228","article-title":"Force delivery properties of thermoplastic orthodontic materials","volume":"133","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwon\n J-S,\n \n \n Lee\n Y-K,\n \n \n Lim\n B-S,\n \n \n Lim\n Y-K.\n \n \n Force delivery properties of thermoplastic orthodontic materials.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t133:\n\t\t\t\t\t228\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t234."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"The influence of bracket type on the force delivery of Ni-Ti archwires","volume":"23","author":"Hemingway","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hemingway\n R,\n \n \n Williams\n R,\n \n \n Hunt\n J,\n \n \n Rudge\n S.\n \n \n The influence of bracket type on the force delivery of Ni-Ti archwires.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t241."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b11","series-title":"Orthod Waves","first-page":"64","article-title":"The mechanical properties of dental thermoplastic materials in a simulated intraoral environment","volume":"65","author":"Ryokawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryokawa\n H,\n \n \n Miyazaki\n Y,\n \n \n Fujishima\n A,\n \n \n Miyazaki\n T,\n \n \n Maki\n K.\n \n \n The mechanical properties of dental thermoplastic materials in a simulated intraoral environment.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Waves.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t65:\n\t\t\t\t\t64\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"496","article-title":"Activation time and material stiffness of sequential removable orthodontic appliances. Part 1: ability to complete treatment","volume":"124","author":"Bollen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bollen\n A-M,\n \n \n Huang\n G,\n \n \n King\n G,\n \n \n Hujoel\n P,\n \n \n Ma\n T.\n \n \n Activation time and material stiffness of sequential removable orthodontic appliances. Part 1: ability to complete treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t496\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t501."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b13","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"238","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement part I: tipping and bodily movement","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee\n BW.\n \n \n The force requirements for tooth movement part I: tipping and bodily movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t238\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t248."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b14","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","article-title":"Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M,\n \n \n Arqub\n SA.\n \n \n Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ World Fed Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b15","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Creative adjuncts for clear aligners, part 3: extraction and interdisciplinary treatment","volume":"49","author":"Bowman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowman\n SJ,\n \n \n Celenza\n F,\n \n \n Sparaga\n J,\n \n \n Papadopoulos\n MA,\n \n \n Ojima\n K,\n \n \n Lin\n J.\n \n \n Creative adjuncts for clear aligners, part 3: extraction and interdisciplinary treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t249\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t262."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"679","article-title":"Comparison of achieved and predicted tooth movement of maxillary first molars and central incisors: first premolar extraction treatment with Invisalign","volume":"89","author":"Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dai\n F-F,\n \n \n Xu\n T-M,\n \n \n Shu\n G.\n \n \n Comparison of achieved and predicted tooth movement of maxillary first molars and central incisors: first premolar extraction treatment with Invisalign.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t679\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t687."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b17","series-title":"A Survey of Invisalign ClinCheck Modifications and the Types of Cases Treated Using Invisalign: General Dentists vs. Orthodontists","author":"Gregg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gregg\n BR.\n \n \n \n A Survey of Invisalign ClinCheck Modifications and the Types of Cases Treated Using Invisalign: General Dentists vs. Orthodontists\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBuffalo, NY:\n\t\t\t\t\tState University of New York at Buffalo;2007.\n\t\t\t\t\tMaster's thesis"},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"157","article-title":"Effect of clear aligner wear protocol on the efficacy of tooth movement: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Al-Nadawi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Nadawi\n M,\n \n \n Kravitz\n ND,\n \n \n Hansa\n I,\n \n \n Makki\n L,\n \n \n Ferguson\n DJ,\n \n \n Vaid\n NR.\n \n \n Effect of clear aligner wear protocol on the efficacy of tooth movement: a randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t91:\n\t\t\t\t\t157\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t163."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"728","article-title":"Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization","volume":"145","author":"Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon\n M,\n \n \n Keilig\n L,\n \n \n Schwarze\n J,\n \n \n Jung\n BA,\n \n \n Bourauel\n C.\n \n \n Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t145:\n\t\t\t\t\t728\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t736."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b20","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"127","article-title":"Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng\n M,\n \n \n Liu\n R,\n \n \n Ni\n Z,\n \n \n Yu\n Z.\n \n \n Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t20:\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t133."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"The effectiveness of supplemental vibrational force on enhancing orthodontic treatment. A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyu\n C,\n \n \n Zhang\n L,\n \n \n Zou\n S.\n \n \n The effectiveness of supplemental vibrational force on enhancing orthodontic treatment. A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t502\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t512."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b22","series-title":"In-house aligners: why we should fabricate aligners in our clinics? Turk J Orthod.","first-page":"199","volume":"34","author":"Tozlu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tozlu\n M,\n \n \n Ozdemir\n F.\n \n \n In-house aligners: why we should fabricate aligners in our clinics? Turk J Orthod.\n 2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t199\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t201."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"453","article-title":"Outcomes of clear aligner treatment with and without dental monitoring: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"159","author":"Hansa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hansa\n I,\n \n \n Katyal\n V,\n \n \n Ferguson\n DJ,\n \n \n Vaid\n N.\n \n \n Outcomes of clear aligner treatment with and without dental monitoring: a retrospective cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t159:\n\t\t\t\t\t453\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t459."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b24","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"37","article-title":"Essix retainers: fabrication and supervision for permanent retention","volume":"27","author":"Sheridan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sheridan\n J,\n \n \n LeDoux\n W,\n \n \n McMinn\n R.\n \n \n Essix retainers: fabrication and supervision for permanent retention.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993;\n\t\t\t\t\t27:\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t45."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b25","series-title":"Preliminary Efficacy of Tooth Movement in Clarity Aligners [master's thesis]","author":"Warshawsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warshawsky\n N.\n \n \n \n Preliminary Efficacy of Tooth Movement in Clarity Aligners [master's thesis].\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston, Mass:\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston University;2019."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b26","series-title":"E-mail survey response rates: a review. J Comput-Mediat Comm.","author":"Sheehan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sheehan\n KB.\n \n \n E-mail survey response rates: a review. J Comput-Mediat Comm.\n 2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t6."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b27","series-title":"Public Opinion Q","first-page":"475","article-title":"Understanding the decision to participate in a survey","volume":"56","author":"Groves","year":"1992","unstructured":"Groves\n RM,\n \n \n Cialdini\n RB,\n \n \n Couper\n MP.\n \n \n Understanding the decision to participate in a survey.\n\t\t\t\t\tPublic Opinion Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t56:\n\t\t\t\t\t475\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t495."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"203","article-title":"The Invisalign system in adult orthodontics: mild crowding and space closure cases","volume":"34","author":"Boyd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boyd\n RL,\n \n \n Miller\n R,\n \n \n Vlaskalic\n V.\n \n \n The Invisalign system in adult orthodontics: mild crowding and space closure cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t203\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t212."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b02","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"58","article-title":"Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment","volume":"62","author":"Weir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weir\n T.\n \n \n Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t62:\n\t\t\t\t\t58\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t62."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"881","article-title":"Efficacy of clear aligners in controlling orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rossini\n G,\n \n \n Parrini\n S,\n \n \n Castroflorio\n T,\n \n \n Deregibus\n A,\n \n \n Debernardi\n CL.\n \n \n Efficacy of clear aligners in controlling orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t85:\n\t\t\t\t\t881\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t889."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b04","series-title":"Arrangements for remote orthodontic treatment. Google Patents;","author":"Katzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katzman\n J,\n \n \n Fenkell\n A,\n \n \n Katzman\n D,\n \n \n Yancey\n C,\n \n \n Chapman\n J.\n \n \n Arrangements for remote orthodontic treatment. Google Patents;\n 2018.\n\t\t\t\t\tInventors: Jordan Katzman, Alex Fenkell, David Katzman, Christopher Yancey, Josh Chapman, Jessica Cicurel Current Assignee: SDC US Smilepay SPV US Patent number: US20190252067A1 Full date: 4-29-2019"},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"391","article-title":"Comparative time efficiency of aligner therapy and conventional edgewise braces","volume":"84","author":"Buschang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buschang\n PH,\n \n \n Shaw\n SG,\n \n \n Ross\n M,\n \n \n Crosby\n D,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM.\n \n \n Comparative time efficiency of aligner therapy and conventional edgewise braces.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t84:\n\t\t\t\t\t391\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t396."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b06","series-title":"Pers Psychol","first-page":"563","article-title":"A quantitative approach to content validity","volume":"28","author":"Lawshe","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lawshe\n CH.\n \n \n A quantitative approach to content validity.\n\t\t\t\t\tPers Psychol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1975;\n\t\t\t\t\t28:\n\t\t\t\t\t563\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t575."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b07","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"1","article-title":"Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Azaripour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azaripour\n A,\n \n \n Weusmann\n J,\n \n \n Mahmoodi\n B,\n \n et al.\n \n Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tBMC Oral Health.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t15:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t5."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"834","article-title":"Patient satisfaction and quality of life changes after Invisalign treatment","volume":"153","author":"Pacheco-Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pacheco-Pereira\n C,\n \n \n Brandelli\n J,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Patient satisfaction and quality of life changes after Invisalign treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t153:\n\t\t\t\t\t834\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t841."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"228","article-title":"Force delivery properties of thermoplastic orthodontic materials","volume":"133","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwon\n J-S,\n \n \n Lee\n Y-K,\n \n \n Lim\n B-S,\n \n \n Lim\n Y-K.\n \n \n Force delivery properties of thermoplastic orthodontic materials.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t133:\n\t\t\t\t\t228\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t234."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"The influence of bracket type on the force delivery of Ni-Ti archwires","volume":"23","author":"Hemingway","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hemingway\n R,\n \n \n Williams\n R,\n \n \n Hunt\n J,\n \n \n Rudge\n S.\n \n \n The influence of bracket type on the force delivery of Ni-Ti archwires.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t241."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b11","series-title":"Orthod Waves","first-page":"64","article-title":"The mechanical properties of dental thermoplastic materials in a simulated intraoral environment","volume":"65","author":"Ryokawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryokawa\n H,\n \n \n Miyazaki\n Y,\n \n \n Fujishima\n A,\n \n \n Miyazaki\n T,\n \n \n Maki\n K.\n \n \n The mechanical properties of dental thermoplastic materials in a simulated intraoral environment.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Waves.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t65:\n\t\t\t\t\t64\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"496","article-title":"Activation time and material stiffness of sequential removable orthodontic appliances. Part 1: ability to complete treatment","volume":"124","author":"Bollen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bollen\n A-M,\n \n \n Huang\n G,\n \n \n King\n G,\n \n \n Hujoel\n P,\n \n \n Ma\n T.\n \n \n Activation time and material stiffness of sequential removable orthodontic appliances. Part 1: ability to complete treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t496\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t501."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b13","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"238","article-title":"The force requirements for tooth movement part I: tipping and bodily movement","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee\n BW.\n \n \n The force requirements for tooth movement part I: tipping and bodily movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t238\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t248."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b14","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","article-title":"Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M,\n \n \n Arqub\n SA.\n \n \n Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ World Fed Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b15","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Creative adjuncts for clear aligners, part 3: extraction and interdisciplinary treatment","volume":"49","author":"Bowman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowman\n SJ,\n \n \n Celenza\n F,\n \n \n Sparaga\n J,\n \n \n Papadopoulos\n MA,\n \n \n Ojima\n K,\n \n \n Lin\n J.\n \n \n Creative adjuncts for clear aligners, part 3: extraction and interdisciplinary treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t249\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t262."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"679","article-title":"Comparison of achieved and predicted tooth movement of maxillary first molars and central incisors: first premolar extraction treatment with Invisalign","volume":"89","author":"Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dai\n F-F,\n \n \n Xu\n T-M,\n \n \n Shu\n G.\n \n \n Comparison of achieved and predicted tooth movement of maxillary first molars and central incisors: first premolar extraction treatment with Invisalign.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t679\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t687."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b17","series-title":"A Survey of Invisalign ClinCheck Modifications and the Types of Cases Treated Using Invisalign: General Dentists vs. Orthodontists","author":"Gregg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gregg\n BR.\n \n \n \n A Survey of Invisalign ClinCheck Modifications and the Types of Cases Treated Using Invisalign: General Dentists vs. Orthodontists\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBuffalo, NY:\n\t\t\t\t\tState University of New York at Buffalo;2007.\n\t\t\t\t\tMaster's thesis"},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"157","article-title":"Effect of clear aligner wear protocol on the efficacy of tooth movement: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Al-Nadawi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Nadawi\n M,\n \n \n Kravitz\n ND,\n \n \n Hansa\n I,\n \n \n Makki\n L,\n \n \n Ferguson\n DJ,\n \n \n Vaid\n NR.\n \n \n Effect of clear aligner wear protocol on the efficacy of tooth movement: a randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t91:\n\t\t\t\t\t157\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t163."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"728","article-title":"Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization","volume":"145","author":"Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon\n M,\n \n \n Keilig\n L,\n \n \n Schwarze\n J,\n \n \n Jung\n BA,\n \n \n Bourauel\n C.\n \n \n Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t145:\n\t\t\t\t\t728\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t736."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b20","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"127","article-title":"Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng\n M,\n \n \n Liu\n R,\n \n \n Ni\n Z,\n \n \n Yu\n Z.\n \n \n Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t20:\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t133."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"The effectiveness of supplemental vibrational force on enhancing orthodontic treatment. A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyu\n C,\n \n \n Zhang\n L,\n \n \n Zou\n S.\n \n \n The effectiveness of supplemental vibrational force on enhancing orthodontic treatment. A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t502\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t512."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b22","series-title":"In-house aligners: why we should fabricate aligners in our clinics? Turk J Orthod.","first-page":"199","volume":"34","author":"Tozlu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tozlu\n M,\n \n \n Ozdemir\n F.\n \n \n In-house aligners: why we should fabricate aligners in our clinics? Turk J Orthod.\n 2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t199\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t201."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"453","article-title":"Outcomes of clear aligner treatment with and without dental monitoring: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"159","author":"Hansa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hansa\n I,\n \n \n Katyal\n V,\n \n \n Ferguson\n DJ,\n \n \n Vaid\n N.\n \n \n Outcomes of clear aligner treatment with and without dental monitoring: a retrospective cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t159:\n\t\t\t\t\t453\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t459."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b24","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"37","article-title":"Essix retainers: fabrication and supervision for permanent retention","volume":"27","author":"Sheridan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sheridan\n J,\n \n \n LeDoux\n W,\n \n \n McMinn\n R.\n \n \n Essix retainers: fabrication and supervision for permanent retention.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993;\n\t\t\t\t\t27:\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t45."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b25","series-title":"Preliminary Efficacy of Tooth Movement in Clarity Aligners [master's thesis]","author":"Warshawsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warshawsky\n N.\n \n \n \n Preliminary Efficacy of Tooth Movement in Clarity Aligners [master's thesis].\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston, Mass:\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston University;2019."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b26","series-title":"E-mail survey response rates: a review. J Comput-Mediat Comm.","author":"Sheehan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sheehan\n KB.\n \n \n E-mail survey response rates: a review. J Comput-Mediat Comm.\n 2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t6."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-4-417-b27","series-title":"Public Opinion Q","first-page":"475","article-title":"Understanding the decision to participate in a survey","volume":"56","author":"Groves","year":"1992","unstructured":"Groves\n RM,\n \n \n Cialdini\n RB,\n \n \n Couper\n MP.\n \n \n Understanding the decision to participate in a survey.\n\t\t\t\t\tPublic Opinion Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t56:\n\t\t\t\t\t475\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t495."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/93\/4\/article-p417.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/93\/4\/417\/3228887\/i1945-7103-93-4-417.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/93\/4\/article-p417.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/93\/4\/article-p417.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:28:14Z","timestamp":1780064894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/93\/4\/article-p417.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/101022-694.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7103","0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}}}