{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T03:13:09Z","timestamp":1789269189700,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Haas appliances through micronuclei test and cytogenetic damage analysis in buccal mucosa epithelial cells of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Twenty-eight patients, 6\u201312 years of age and of both genders, who required a Haas appliance for the correction of a posterior crossbite were included. Epithelial cells from the mucosa were collected by gently scraping the inside of both the right and left cheeks. The cells were collected before the insertion of the appliance (T0), 1 month after the device was installed (T1), and again 3 months after the appliance was immobilized (T2). The cells were processed to obtain slides. Feulgen\/Fast Green was used as the staining method, and the number of normal, karyolytic, pyknotic, nuclear buds, bi\/trinucleated, and micronucleus cells were counted under light microscopy. Cellular abnormalities were evaluated with parametric and nonparametric tests for comparison of the means by analysis of variance testing, Tukey posttest, or the Kruskal-Wallis test and then by Dunn's posttest. The significance level was 5%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n There were no statistically significant changes in the micronuclei in the evaluated periods (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05). Nuclear buds increased at T1 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05), returning to baseline levels at T2. Other abnormalities (cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi\/trinucleated cells) showed a significant increase at T1 and T2 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The Haas appliance did not cause an increase in micronuclei in cells of the buccal mucosa. However, statistically significant increases in cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi\/trinucleated cells were observed during treatment, suggesting possible DNA damage.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101117-687.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T08:17:10Z","timestamp":1526372230000},"page":"590-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Haas appliance in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells during orthodontic treatment"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Arthur S.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MSc student, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willian Orlando","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Department of Genetics, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina Satie","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Full Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Calvano","family":"K\u00fcchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Assed Bezerra","family":"Segato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a Assed Bezerra","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Full Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Louren\u00e7o","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00edrian Aiko Nakane","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Nelson-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Full Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas \n AJ.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Haas \n AJ. \n \n \n Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1961;31:73\u201390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas \n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas \n AJ. \n \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod. 1970;57:219\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"366","article-title":"Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion with Haas-type and hyrax-type expanders: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"140","author":"Weissheimer \n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weissheimer \n A, \n \n \n de Menezes \n LM, \n \n \n Mezomo \n M, \n \n \n Dias \n DM, \n \n \n de Lima \n EM, \n \n \n Rizzatto \n SM. \n \n \n Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion with Haas-type and hyrax-type expanders: a randomized clinical trial. 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Mutagenesis. 2011;26:125\u2013132."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b11","series-title":"J Mater Sci","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Metallic ion content and damage to the DNA in oral mucosa cells patients treated dental implants","volume":"25","author":"L\u00f3pez-Jornet \n P,","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Jornet \n P, \n \n \n Perrez \n FP, \n \n \n Calvo-Guirado \n JL, \n \n \n LLor-Ros \n I, \n \n \n Ram\u00edrez-Fern\u00e1ndez \n P. \n \n \n Metallic ion content and damage to the DNA in oral mucosa cells patients treated dental implants. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:687\u2013693."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b13","series-title":"Genet Mol Res","first-page":"1259","article-title":"In vivo determination of genotoxicity induced by metals from orthodontic appliances using micronucleus and comet assays","volume":"7","author":"Westphalen \n G,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Westphalen \n G, \n \n \n Menezes \n L, \n \n \n Pr\u00e1 \n D, \n \n et al. \n In vivo determination of genotoxicity induced by metals from orthodontic appliances using micronucleus and comet assays. Genet Mol Res. 2008;7:1259\u20131266."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"298","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and metal release in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a longitudinal in-vivo study","volume":"140","author":"Hafez \n HS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hafez \n HS, \n \n \n Selim \n EMN, \n \n \n Eid \n FHK, \n \n \n Tawfik \n WA, \n \n \n Al-Ashkar \n EA, \n \n \n Mostafa \n YA. \n \n \n Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and metal release in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a longitudinal in-vivo study. 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J Dent (Tehran). 2013;10:494\u2013500."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b26","series-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A","first-page":"360","article-title":"Effect of silver, copper, mercury, and nickel ions on cellular proliferation during extended, low-dose exposures","volume":"52","author":"Wataha \n J,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wataha \n J, \n \n \n Lockwood \n P, \n \n \n Schedle \n A. \n \n \n Effect of silver, copper, mercury, and nickel ions on cellular proliferation during extended, low-dose exposures. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2000;52:360\u2013364."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b27","series-title":"Mutagenesis","first-page":"371","article-title":"Buccal micronucleus cytome biomarkers may be associated with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Thomas \n P,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thomas \n P, \n \n \n Hecker \n J, \n \n \n Faunt \n J, \n \n \n Fenech \n M. \n \n \n Buccal micronucleus cytome biomarkers may be associated with Alzheimer's disease. 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Int Endod J. 2011;44:652\u2013661."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas \n AJ.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Haas \n AJ. \n \n \n Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1961;31:73\u201390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas \n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas \n AJ. \n \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:366\u2013376."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"177","article-title":"Release of toxic ions from silver solder used in orthodontics: an in-situ evaluation","volume":"140","author":"Freitas \n MP,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freitas \n MP, \n \n \n Oshima \n HM, \n \n \n Menezes \n LM. \n \n \n Release of toxic ions from silver solder used in orthodontics: an in-situ evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:177\u2013181."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b05","series-title":"Environ Toxicol Phar","first-page":"86","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evidence of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of metal ions released by orthodontic appliances: a review","volume":"40","author":"Mart\u00edn-Came\u00e1n \n A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Came\u00e1n \n A, \n \n \n Jos \n \u00c1, \n \n \n Mellado-Garc\u00eda \n P, \n \n \n Iglesias-Linares \n A, \n \n \n Solano \n E, \n \n \n Came\u00e1n \n AM. \n \n \n In vitro and in vivo evidence of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of metal ions released by orthodontic appliances: a review. Environ Toxicol Phar. 2015;40:86\u2013113."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b06","series-title":"Contact Dermatitis","first-page":"232","article-title":"Chronic urticaria from an acrylic dental prosthesis","volume":"43","author":"Lunder \n T,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lunder \n T, \n \n \n Rogl-Butina \n M. \n \n \n Chronic urticaria from an acrylic dental prosthesis. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;43:232\u2013233."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-590-b07","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1615","article-title":"The induction of micronuclei in vitro by unpolymerized resin monomers","volume":"80","author":"Schweikl \n H,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schweikl \n H, \n \n \n Schmalz \n G, \n \n \n Spruss \n T. \n \n \n The induction of micronuclei in vitro by unpolymerized resin monomers. 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