{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T12:01:03Z","timestamp":1783684863707,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the association between the width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), gingival phenotype (GP), and gingival thickness (GT) with craniofacial morphology in sagittal and vertical dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n WKG, GP, and GT of mandibular anterior teeth in 177 preorthodontic patients (mean age 18.38 \u00b1 5.16 years) were assessed clinically using a periodontal probe, a Colorvue Biotype Probe, and ultrasound by a single examiner. Patients were grouped into skeletal Class I, II, and III and hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent based on ANB and SN-MP angles. Mandibular incisor inclination (L1-NB) was also measured. Clinical and cephalometric measurements were repeated to assess inter- and intraexaminer reproducibility.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A significant association was found between thin GP and skeletal Classes I and III for the left mandibular central incisor (MCI;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .0183). In skeletal Class III patients, L1-NB angle demonstrated a decreasing trend as phenotype thickness decreased. A significant association was found between thin phenotype and normodivergent and hypodivergent groups for MCIs (left:\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .0009, right:\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .00253). No significant association between WKG or GT and craniofacial morphology was found.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Thin GP is associated with skeletal Class I and III for the left MCI. Thin GP is associated with hypodivergent and normodivergent skeletal patterns for the MCIs. There was no association between WKG and GT and craniofacial morphology in both skeletal and vertical dimensions. Dental compensations that exist due to different craniofacial morphology may influence the GP.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101122-700.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T13:03:21Z","timestamp":1683291801000},"page":"545-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of craniofacial morphology on gingival parameters of mandibular incisors"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Hartsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Aps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Naoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia Algarves","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mithran S.","family":"Goonewardene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"6.e1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults","volume":"130","author":"Yared","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yared\n KFG,\n \n \n Zenobio\n EG,\n \n \n Pacheco\n W.\n \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n130:\n6.e1\u20136.e8."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"851","article-title":"Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements","volume":"151","author":"Morris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris\n JW,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM,\n \n \n Tadlock\n LP,\n \n \n Boley\n J,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2017;\n151:\n851\u2013859."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"552","article-title":"Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"127","author":"Melsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Melsen\n B,\n \n \n Allais\n D.\n \n \n Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2005;\n127:\n552\u2013561."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"238","article-title":"Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy","volume":"72","author":"Djeu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Djeu\n G,\n \n \n Hayes\n C,\n \n \n Zawaideh\n S.\n \n \n Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy.\nAngle Orthod.\n2002;\n72:\n238\u2013245."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b05","first-page":"46","article-title":"Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment","author":"Wennstr\u00f6m","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f6m\n JL.\n \n \n Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment.\nPaper presented at: Seminars in Orthodontics;\n1996, March 2(1):\n46\u201354."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b06","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"145","article-title":"The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Solow","year":"1980","unstructured":"Solow\n B.\n \n \n The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications.\nBr J Orthod.\n1980;\n7:\n145\u2013161."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"327","article-title":"Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines","volume":"67","author":"Ackerman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ackerman\n JL,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines.\nAngle Orthod.\n1997;\n67:\n327\u2013336."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b08","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"245","article-title":"Alveolar bone thickness around maxillary central incisors of different inclination assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"45","author":"Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian\n Y-l,\n \n \n Liu\n F,\n \n \n Sun\n H-j,\n \n et al.\n \n Alveolar bone thickness around maxillary central incisors of different inclination assessed with cone-beam computed tomography.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2015;\n45:\n245\u2013252."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b09","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"176","article-title":"An evaluation of the gingival biotype and the width of keratinized gingiva in the mandibular anterior region of individuals with different dental malocclusion groups and levels of crowding","volume":"47","author":"Kaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaya\n Y,\n \n \n Alkan\n \u00d6,\n \n \n Keskin\n S.\n \n \n An evaluation of the gingival biotype and the width of keratinized gingiva in the mandibular anterior region of individuals with different dental malocclusion groups and levels of crowding.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2017;\n47:\n176\u2013185."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b10","series-title":"Chin J Dent Res","first-page":"9","article-title":"Association between periodontal biotype and clinical parameters: a cross-sectional study in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion","volume":"22","author":"Jing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jing\n W,\n \n \n Xu\n L,\n \n \n Xu\n X,\n \n \n Hou\n JX,\n \n \n Li\n XT.\n \n \n Association between periodontal biotype and clinical parameters: a cross-sectional study in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion.\nChin J Dent Res.\n2019;\n22:\n9\u201319."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"91","article-title":"Correlation between periodontal soft tissue and hard tissue surrounding incisors in skeletal Class III patients","volume":"88","author":"Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park\n J-H,\n \n \n Hong\n J-Y,\n \n \n Ahn\n H-W,\n \n \n Kim\n S-J.\n \n \n Correlation between periodontal soft tissue and hard tissue surrounding incisors in skeletal Class III patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n2018;\n88:\n91\u201399."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b12","series-title":"Stat Med","first-page":"101","article-title":"Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies","volume":"17","author":"Walter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Walter\n S,\n \n \n Eliasziw\n M,\n \n \n Donner\n A.\n \n \n Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies.\nStat Med.\n1998;\n17:\n101\u2013110."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"442","article-title":"Indication and timing of soft tissue augmentation at maxillary and mandibular incisors in orthodontic patients: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Kloukos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kloukos\n D,\n \n \n Eliades\n T,\n \n \n Sculean\n A,\n \n \n Katsaros\n C.\n \n \n Indication and timing of soft tissue augmentation at maxillary and mandibular incisors in orthodontic patients: a systematic review.\nEur J Orthod.\n2014;\n36:\n442\u2013449."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b14","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"680","article-title":"Relationship between biotype and bone morphology in the lower anterior mandible: an observational study","volume":"87","author":"Ghassemian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghassemian\n M,\n \n \n Lajolo\n C,\n \n \n Semeraro\n V,\n \n et al.\n \n Relationship between biotype and bone morphology in the lower anterior mandible: an observational study.\nJ Periodontol.\n2016;\n87:\n680\u2013689."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"67","article-title":"Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Yagci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yagci\n A,\n \n \n Veli\n I,\n \n \n Uysal\n T,\n \n \n Ucar\n FI,\n \n \n Ozer\n T,\n \n \n Enhos\n S.\n \n \n Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography.\nAngle Orthod.\n2012;\n82:\n67\u201374."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b16","series-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res","first-page":"280","article-title":"Measurement properties of gingival biotype evaluation methods","volume":"20","author":"Alves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alves\n PHM,\n \n \n Alves\n T,\n \n \n Pegoraro\n TA,\n \n \n Costa\n YM,\n \n \n Bonfante\n EA,\n \n \n de Almeida\n A.\n \n \n Measurement properties of gingival biotype evaluation methods.\nClin Implant Dent Relat Res.\n2018;\n20:\n280\u2013284."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"2","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors after pronounced orthodontic advancement during adolescence: a follow-up evaluation","volume":"119","author":"\u00c5rtun","year":"2001","unstructured":"\u00c5rtun\n J,\n \n \n Grob\u00e9ty\n D.\n \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular incisors after pronounced orthodontic advancement during adolescence: a follow-up evaluation.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2001;\n119:\n2\u201310."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"286","article-title":"Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement","volume":"74","author":"Dorfman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dorfman\n HS.\n \n \n Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement.\nAm J Orthod.\n1978;\n74:\n286\u2013297."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae","volume":"66","author":"Handelman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Handelman\n CS.\n \n \n The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae.\nAngle Orthod.\n1996;\n66:\n95\u2013110."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b20","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Correlation between gingival phenotype in the aesthetic zone and craniofacial profile\u2014a CBCT-based study","volume":"25","author":"Cha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cha\n S,\n \n \n Lee\n SM,\n \n \n Zhang\n C,\n \n \n Tan\n Z,\n \n \n Zhao\n Q.\n \n \n Correlation between gingival phenotype in the aesthetic zone and craniofacial profile\u2014a CBCT-based study.\nClin Oral Investig.\n2021;\n25:\n1363\u20131374."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b21","series-title":"Saudi Med J","first-page":"1378","article-title":"Gingival biotype in relation to incisors\u2019 inclination and position","volume":"35","author":"Zawawi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zawawi\n KH,\n \n \n Al-Zahrani\n MS.\n \n \n Gingival biotype in relation to incisors\u2019 inclination and position.\nSaudi Med J.\n2014;\n35:\n1378."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"356","article-title":"Gingival thicknesses of maxillary and mandibular anterior regions in subjects with different craniofacial morphologies","volume":"154","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaya\n Y,\n \n \n Alkan\n \u00d6,\n \n \n Alkan\n EA,\n \n \n Keskin\n S.\n \n \n Gingival thicknesses of maxillary and mandibular anterior regions in subjects with different craniofacial morphologies.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2018;\n154:\n356\u2013364."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Periodontal parameters in different dentofacial vertical patterns","volume":"78","author":"Al-Zo\u2019ubi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Zo\u2019ubi\n IA,\n \n \n Hammad\n MM,\n \n \n Abu Alhaija\n ES.\n \n \n Periodontal parameters in different dentofacial vertical patterns.\nAngle Orthod.\n2008;\n78:\n1006\u20131014."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b24","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"400","article-title":"Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method","volume":"42","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n A.\n \n \n Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method.\nJ Dent Res.\n1963;\n42:\n400\u2013411."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b25","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"839","article-title":"Ultrasonic determination of gingival thickness","volume":"23","author":"Eger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eger\n T,\n \n \n M\u00fcller\n HP,\n \n \n Heinecke\n A.\n \n \n Ultrasonic determination of gingival thickness.\nJ Clin Periodontol.\n1996;\n23:\n839\u2013845."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b26","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"621","article-title":"Masticatory mucosa in subjects with different periodontal phenotypes","volume":"27","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\n HP,\n \n \n Heinecke\n A,\n \n \n Schaller\n N,\n \n \n Eger\n T.\n \n \n Masticatory mucosa in subjects with different periodontal phenotypes.\nJ Clin Periodontol.\n2000;\n27:\n621\u2013626."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b27","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"431","article-title":"Thickness of masticatory mucosa","volume":"27","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\n HP,\n \n \n Schaller\n N,\n \n \n Eger\n T,\n \n \n Heinecke\n A.\n \n \n Thickness of masticatory mucosa.\nJ Clin Periodontol.\n2000;\n27:\n431\u2013436."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"111","article-title":"Cephalometric characteristics of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children","volume":"67","author":"Pancherz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pancherz\n H,\n \n \n Zieber\n K,\n \n \n Hoyer\n B.\n \n \n Cephalometric characteristics of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children.\nAngle Orthod.\n1997;\n67:\n111\u2013120."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"6.e1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults","volume":"130","author":"Yared","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yared\n KFG,\n \n \n Zenobio\n EG,\n \n \n Pacheco\n W.\n \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n130:\n6.e1\u20136.e8."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"851","article-title":"Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements","volume":"151","author":"Morris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris\n JW,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM,\n \n \n Tadlock\n LP,\n \n \n Boley\n J,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2017;\n151:\n851\u2013859."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"552","article-title":"Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"127","author":"Melsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Melsen\n B,\n \n \n Allais\n D.\n \n \n Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2005;\n127:\n552\u2013561."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"238","article-title":"Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy","volume":"72","author":"Djeu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Djeu\n G,\n \n \n Hayes\n C,\n \n \n Zawaideh\n S.\n \n \n Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy.\nAngle Orthod.\n2002;\n72:\n238\u2013245."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b05","first-page":"46","article-title":"Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment","author":"Wennstr\u00f6m","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f6m\n JL.\n \n \n Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment.\nPaper presented at: Seminars in Orthodontics;\n1996, March 2(1):\n46\u201354."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b06","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"145","article-title":"The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Solow","year":"1980","unstructured":"Solow\n B.\n \n \n The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications.\nBr J Orthod.\n1980;\n7:\n145\u2013161."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"327","article-title":"Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines","volume":"67","author":"Ackerman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ackerman\n JL,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines.\nAngle Orthod.\n1997;\n67:\n327\u2013336."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b08","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"245","article-title":"Alveolar bone thickness around maxillary central incisors of different inclination assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"45","author":"Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian\n Y-l,\n \n \n Liu\n F,\n \n \n Sun\n H-j,\n \n et al.\n \n Alveolar bone thickness around maxillary central incisors of different inclination assessed with cone-beam computed tomography.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2015;\n45:\n245\u2013252."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b09","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"176","article-title":"An evaluation of the gingival biotype and the width of keratinized gingiva in the mandibular anterior region of individuals with different dental malocclusion groups and levels of crowding","volume":"47","author":"Kaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaya\n Y,\n \n \n Alkan\n \u00d6,\n \n \n Keskin\n S.\n \n \n An evaluation of the gingival biotype and the width of keratinized gingiva in the mandibular anterior region of individuals with different dental malocclusion groups and levels of crowding.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2017;\n47:\n176\u2013185."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b10","series-title":"Chin J Dent Res","first-page":"9","article-title":"Association between periodontal biotype and clinical parameters: a cross-sectional study in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion","volume":"22","author":"Jing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jing\n W,\n \n \n Xu\n L,\n \n \n Xu\n X,\n \n \n Hou\n JX,\n \n \n Li\n XT.\n \n \n Association between periodontal biotype and clinical parameters: a cross-sectional study in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion.\nChin J Dent Res.\n2019;\n22:\n9\u201319."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"91","article-title":"Correlation between periodontal soft tissue and hard tissue surrounding incisors in skeletal Class III patients","volume":"88","author":"Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park\n J-H,\n \n \n Hong\n J-Y,\n \n \n Ahn\n H-W,\n \n \n Kim\n S-J.\n \n \n Correlation between periodontal soft tissue and hard tissue surrounding incisors in skeletal Class III patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n2018;\n88:\n91\u201399."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b12","series-title":"Stat Med","first-page":"101","article-title":"Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies","volume":"17","author":"Walter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Walter\n S,\n \n \n Eliasziw\n M,\n \n \n Donner\n A.\n \n \n Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies.\nStat Med.\n1998;\n17:\n101\u2013110."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"442","article-title":"Indication and timing of soft tissue augmentation at maxillary and mandibular incisors in orthodontic patients: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Kloukos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kloukos\n D,\n \n \n Eliades\n T,\n \n \n Sculean\n A,\n \n \n Katsaros\n C.\n \n \n Indication and timing of soft tissue augmentation at maxillary and mandibular incisors in orthodontic patients: a systematic review.\nEur J Orthod.\n2014;\n36:\n442\u2013449."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b14","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"680","article-title":"Relationship between biotype and bone morphology in the lower anterior mandible: an observational study","volume":"87","author":"Ghassemian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghassemian\n M,\n \n \n Lajolo\n C,\n \n \n Semeraro\n V,\n \n et al.\n \n Relationship between biotype and bone morphology in the lower anterior mandible: an observational study.\nJ Periodontol.\n2016;\n87:\n680\u2013689."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"67","article-title":"Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Yagci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yagci\n A,\n \n \n Veli\n I,\n \n \n Uysal\n T,\n \n \n Ucar\n FI,\n \n \n Ozer\n T,\n \n \n Enhos\n S.\n \n \n Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography.\nAngle Orthod.\n2012;\n82:\n67\u201374."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b16","series-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res","first-page":"280","article-title":"Measurement properties of gingival biotype evaluation methods","volume":"20","author":"Alves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alves\n PHM,\n \n \n Alves\n T,\n \n \n Pegoraro\n TA,\n \n \n Costa\n YM,\n \n \n Bonfante\n EA,\n \n \n de Almeida\n A.\n \n \n Measurement properties of gingival biotype evaluation methods.\nClin Implant Dent Relat Res.\n2018;\n20:\n280\u2013284."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"2","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors after pronounced orthodontic advancement during adolescence: a follow-up evaluation","volume":"119","author":"\u00c5rtun","year":"2001","unstructured":"\u00c5rtun\n J,\n \n \n Grob\u00e9ty\n D.\n \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular incisors after pronounced 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subjects with different periodontal phenotypes","volume":"27","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\n HP,\n \n \n Heinecke\n A,\n \n \n Schaller\n N,\n \n \n Eger\n T.\n \n \n Masticatory mucosa in subjects with different periodontal phenotypes.\nJ Clin Periodontol.\n2000;\n27:\n621\u2013626."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b27","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"431","article-title":"Thickness of masticatory mucosa","volume":"27","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\n HP,\n \n \n Schaller\n N,\n \n \n Eger\n T,\n \n \n Heinecke\n A.\n \n \n Thickness of masticatory mucosa.\nJ Clin Periodontol.\n2000;\n27:\n431\u2013436."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-5-545-b28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"111","article-title":"Cephalometric characteristics of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children","volume":"67","author":"Pancherz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pancherz\n H,\n \n \n Zieber\n K,\n \n \n Hoyer\n B.\n \n \n Cephalometric characteristics of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children.\nAngle Orthod.\n1997;\n67:\n111\u2013120."}],"container-title":["The Angle 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