{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:39:40Z","timestamp":1780695580599,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To identify the ideal ratios between the widths of the maxillary arch, mouth, and face, respectively, and to determine the range of acceptable esthetic variations based on these ideal ratios.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n A photograph of a young female with a harmonious smile was selected and digitally altered to produce two sets of images. The first image showed an altered intercanine width, while the second one showed an altered oral fissure breadth. These alterations were independently rated by judges, including 23 orthodontists and 30 undergraduates. The Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n -test was used to compare the scores given by male and female judges and those given by professional and nonprofessional judges.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The following ideal transverse ratios were determined: intercanine width\/oral fissure breadth, 0.638; oral fissure breadth\/interparopia width: the distance between left and right paropia, 0.617; and intercanine width\/face width at the level of the labial commissures, 0.300. A range of \u221210% to +10% was proposed as the thresholds of esthetic smile evaluations. It was shown that gender of the raters had no effect on the rating of photographs, nor were there any statistically significant differences between the professional and nonprofessional judges\u2019 ratings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Balanced transverse relationships in the facial region are important for smile esthetics, and there is a wide range of esthetically acceptable variations in the transverse relationships between the maxillary arch, mouth, and face.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101514.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T10:39:47Z","timestamp":1430303987000},"page":"135-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of transverse relationships between maxillary arch, mouth, and face on smile esthetics"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Stomatology, The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases (Sichuan University); Department of Orthodontics, West China Stomatological Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoran","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases (Sichuan University); Department of Orthodontics, West China Stomatological Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichao","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases (Sichuan University); Department of Orthodontics, West China Stomatological Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases (Sichuan University); Department of Orthodontics, West China Stomatological Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, West China Stomatological Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Contemporary orthodontics","author":"Fields\n HW,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fields\n HW, \n \n Sarver\n DM, \n \n Proffit\n WR. \n \n Contemporary orthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier\/Mosby; 2013."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"The smile questionnaire","volume":"44","author":"Samson\n GS,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samson\n GS, \n \n Fogle\n JG, \n \n Johnston\n LJ, \n \n Bowman\n SJ. \n \n The smile questionnaire. J Clin Orthod. 2010;44:177\u2013180."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"690","article-title":"A comparison of providers\u2019 and consumers\u2019 perceptions of facial\u2013profile attractiveness","volume":"128","author":"Maple\n JR,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maple\n JR, \n \n Vig\n KW, \n \n Beck\n FM, \n \n Larsen\n PE, \n \n Shanker\n S. \n \n A comparison of providers\u2019 and consumers\u2019 perceptions of facial\u2013profile attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:690\u2013696, 801."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"11A","article-title":"Smile analysis","volume":"124","author":"Kessel\n SP.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kessel\n SP. \n \n Smile analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:11A."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"221","article-title":"Smile analysis and design in the digital era","volume":"36","author":"Ackerman\n MB,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ackerman\n MB, \n \n Ackerman\n JL. \n \n Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:221\u2013236."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"472","article-title":"Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking","volume":"147","author":"Richards\n MR,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richards\n MR, \n \n Fields\n HW, Jr., \n \n Beck\n FM, \n \n Firestone\n AR, \n \n Walther\n DB, \n \n Rosenstiel\n S, \n \n Sacksteder\n JM. \n \n Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2015;147:472\u2013482."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"233","article-title":"The influence of facial animation on smile characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Rigsbee\n OR,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rigsbee\n OR, \n \n Sperry\n TP, \n \n BeGole\n EA. \n \n The influence of facial animation on smile characteristics. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1988;3:233\u2013239."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Int J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Excellence in orthodontics with a systematic approach smile design governed by stability concerns. Part I: transverse relationships","volume":"18","author":"Cronin\n T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cronin\n T. \n \n Excellence in orthodontics with a systematic approach smile design governed by stability concerns. Part I: transverse relationships. Int J Orthod. (Milwaukee). 2007;18:43\u201345."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"66","article-title":"Arch form and dimensional changes in orthodontics","volume":"9","author":"Fleming\n PS,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fleming\n PS, \n \n Dibiase\n AT, \n \n Lee\n RT. \n \n Arch form and dimensional changes in orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2008;9:66\u201373."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"492","article-title":"Improvement in smile esthetics following orthodontic treatment: a retrospective study utilizing standardized smile analysis","volume":"84","author":"Maganzini\n AL,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maganzini\n AL, \n \n Schroetter\n SB, \n \n Freeman\n K. \n \n Improvement in smile esthetics following orthodontic treatment: a retrospective study utilizing standardized smile analysis. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:492\u2013499."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent","first-page":"113","article-title":"Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition","volume":"21","author":"Chu\n SJ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chu\n SJ, \n \n Tan\n JH, \n \n Stappert\n CF, \n \n Tarnow\n DP. \n \n Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2009;21:113\u2013120."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"419","article-title":"Effects of retraction of anterior teeth and initial soft tissue variables on lip changes in Japanese adults","volume":"33","author":"Hayashida\n H,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hayashida\n H, \n \n Ioi\n H, \n \n Nakata\n S, \n \n Takahashi\n I, \n \n Counts\n AL. \n \n Effects of retraction of anterior teeth and initial soft tissue variables on lip changes in Japanese adults. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:419\u2013426."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"486","article-title":"Analysis of smile esthetics in American Board of Orthodontics patients","volume":"84","author":"Akyalcin\n S,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akyalcin\n S, \n \n Frels\n LK, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Laman\n S. \n \n Analysis of smile esthetics in American Board of Orthodontics patients. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:486\u2013491."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"153","article-title":"Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness","volume":"81","author":"Janson\n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janson\n G, \n \n Branco\n NC, \n \n Fernandes\n TM, \n \n Sathler\n R, \n \n Garib\n D, \n \n Lauris\n JR. \n \n Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:153\u2013161."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"909","article-title":"Alteration of gingival exposure and its aesthetic effect","volume":"22","author":"Guo\n J,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guo\n J, \n \n Gong\n H, \n \n Tian\n W, \n \n Tang\n W, \n \n Bai\n D. \n \n Alteration of gingival exposure and its aesthetic effect. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22:909\u2013913."},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"r16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: smile analysis and treatment strategies","volume":"124","author":"Sarver\n DM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarver\n DM, \n \n Ackerman\n MB. \n \n Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:116\u2013127. (pt 2)"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"558","article-title":"The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept","volume":"8","author":"Frush\n JP,","year":"1958","unstructured":"Frush\n JP, \n \n Fisher\n RD. \n \n The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. J Prosthet Dent. 1958;8:558\u2013581."},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"207","article-title":"Maxillary arch width and buccal corridor changes with orthodontic treatment: differences between premolar extraction and nonextraction treatment outcomes","volume":"145","author":"Meyer\n AH,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer\n AH, \n \n Woods\n MG, \n \n Manton\n DJ. \n \n Maxillary arch width and buccal corridor changes with orthodontic treatment: differences between premolar extraction and nonextraction treatment outcomes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145:207\u2013216. (pt 1)"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"343","article-title":"The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics","volume":"127","author":"Roden-Johnson\n D,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roden-Johnson\n D, \n \n Gallerano\n R, \n \n English\n J. \n \n The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:343\u2013350."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"557","article-title":"Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen","volume":"76","author":"Parekh\n SM,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parekh\n SM, \n \n Fields\n HW, \n \n Beck\n M, \n \n Rosenstiel\n S. \n \n Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:557\u2013563."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"56","article-title":"The smile buccal corridors: aesthetic value for dentists and laypersons","volume":"7","author":"Gracco\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gracco\n A, \n \n Cozzani\n M, \n \n D\u2019Elia\n L, \n \n Manfrini\n M, \n \n Peverada\n C, \n \n Siciliani\n G. \n \n The smile buccal corridors: aesthetic value for dentists and laypersons. Prog Orthod. 2006;7:56\u201365."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e91","article-title":"Smile esthetics from the layperson\u2019s perspective","volume":"139","author":"Springer\n NC,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Springer\n NC, \n \n Chang\n C, \n \n Fields\n HW, \n et al. \n Smile esthetics from the layperson\u2019s perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e91\u2013e101."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Fundamentals of Esthetics","author":"Rufenacht\n CR.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rufenacht\n CR. \n \n Fundamentals of Esthetics. Chicago: Quintessence; 1990."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Eur J Esthet Dent","first-page":"370","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of buccal corridor size on smile attractiveness","volume":"5","author":"Oshagh\n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oshagh\n M, \n \n Zarif\n NH, \n \n Bahramnia\n F. \n \n Evaluation of the effect of buccal corridor size on smile attractiveness. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2010;5:370\u2013380."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"J Prosthodont","first-page":"166","article-title":"Esthetics: patients\u2019 perceptions of dental attractiveness","volume":"5","author":"Dunn\n WJ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dunn\n WJ, \n \n Murchison\n DF, \n \n Broome\n JC. \n \n Esthetics: patients\u2019 perceptions of dental attractiveness. J Prosthodont. 1996;5:166\u2013171."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"39","article-title":"Macroesthetic elements of smile design","volume":"132","author":"Morley\n J,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morley\n J, \n \n Eubank\n J. \n \n Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132:39\u201345."},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"208","article-title":"Buccal corridors and smile esthetics","volume":"127","author":"Moore\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore\n T, \n \n Southard\n KA, \n \n Casko\n JS, \n \n Qian\n F, \n \n Southard\n TE. \n \n Buccal corridors and smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:208\u2013213; 261."},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling","volume":"76","author":"Ritter\n DE,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ritter\n DE, \n \n Gandini\n LG, \n \n Pinto\n AS, \n \n Locks\n A. \n \n Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:198\u2013203."},{"key":"r29","series-title":"Indian J Dent Res","first-page":"187","article-title":"Role of buccal corridor in smile esthetics and its correlation with underlying skeletal and dental structures","volume":"23","author":"Tikku\n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tikku\n T, \n \n Khanna\n R, \n \n Maurya\n RP, \n \n Ahmad\n N. \n \n Role of buccal corridor in smile esthetics and its correlation with underlying skeletal and dental structures. Indian J Dent Res. 2012;23:187\u2013194."},{"key":"r30","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"358","article-title":"The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics","volume":"29","author":"Lombardi\n RE.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lombardi\n RE. \n \n The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;29:358\u2013382."},{"key":"r31","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"9","article-title":"Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth and their relation to the golden proportion in Malaysian population","volume":"13","author":"Al-Marzok\n MI,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Marzok\n MI, \n \n Majeed\n KR, \n \n Ibrahim\n IK. \n \n Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth and their relation to the golden proportion in Malaysian population. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:9."},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"401","article-title":"Divine proportion in facial esthetics","volume":"9","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Divine proportion in facial esthetics. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:401\u2013422."},{"key":"r33","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics","volume":"81","author":"Cao\n L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cao\n L, \n \n Zhang\n K, \n \n Bai\n D, \n \n Jing\n Y, \n \n Tian\n Y, \n \n Guo\n Y. \n \n Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:121\u2013129."},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"The influence of maxillary gingival exposure on dental attractiveness ratings","volume":"24","author":"Hunt\n O,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hunt\n O, \n \n Johnston\n C, \n \n Hepper\n P, \n \n Burden\n D, \n \n Stevenson\n M. \n \n The influence of maxillary gingival exposure on dental attractiveness ratings. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:199\u2013204."},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness","volume":"127","author":"Schlosser\n JB,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schlosser\n JB, \n \n Preston\n CB, \n \n Lampasso\n J. \n \n The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2005;127:17\u201324."},{"key":"r36","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"115","article-title":"Perspectives in the clinical application of cephalometrics: the first fifty years","volume":"51","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Perspectives in the clinical application of cephalometrics: the first fifty years. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:115\u2013150."},{"key":"r37","series-title":"Chinese Journal of Medical Aesthetics and Cosmetology","first-page":"70","article-title":"Computer measurement and analysis of facial aesthetics","volume":"4","author":"Pan\n BH,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pan\n BH, \n \n Lu\n KY. \n \n Computer measurement and analysis of facial aesthetics. Chinese Journal of Medical Aesthetics and Cosmetology. 1995;4:70\u201373."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Contemporary orthodontics","author":"Fields\n HW,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fields\n HW, \n \n Sarver\n DM, \n \n Proffit\n WR. \n \n Contemporary orthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier\/Mosby; 2013."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"The smile questionnaire","volume":"44","author":"Samson\n GS,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samson\n GS, \n \n Fogle\n JG, \n \n Johnston\n LJ, \n \n Bowman\n SJ. \n \n The smile questionnaire. J Clin Orthod. 2010;44:177\u2013180."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"690","article-title":"A comparison of providers\u2019 and consumers\u2019 perceptions of facial\u2013profile attractiveness","volume":"128","author":"Maple\n JR,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maple\n JR, \n \n Vig\n KW, \n \n Beck\n FM, \n \n Larsen\n PE, \n \n Shanker\n S. \n \n A comparison of providers\u2019 and consumers\u2019 perceptions of facial\u2013profile attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:690\u2013696, 801."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"11A","article-title":"Smile analysis","volume":"124","author":"Kessel\n SP.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kessel\n SP. \n \n Smile analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:11A."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"221","article-title":"Smile analysis and design in the digital era","volume":"36","author":"Ackerman\n MB,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ackerman\n MB, \n \n Ackerman\n JL. \n \n Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:221\u2013236."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"472","article-title":"Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking","volume":"147","author":"Richards\n MR,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richards\n MR, \n \n Fields\n HW, Jr., \n \n Beck\n FM, \n \n Firestone\n AR, \n \n Walther\n DB, \n \n Rosenstiel\n S, \n \n Sacksteder\n JM. \n \n Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2015;147:472\u2013482."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"233","article-title":"The influence of facial animation on smile characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Rigsbee\n OR,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rigsbee\n OR, \n \n Sperry\n TP, \n \n BeGole\n EA. \n \n The influence of facial animation on smile characteristics. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1988;3:233\u2013239."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Int J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Excellence in orthodontics with a systematic approach smile design governed by stability concerns. Part I: transverse relationships","volume":"18","author":"Cronin\n T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cronin\n T. \n \n Excellence in orthodontics with a systematic approach smile design governed by stability concerns. Part I: transverse relationships. Int J Orthod. (Milwaukee). 2007;18:43\u201345."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"66","article-title":"Arch form and dimensional changes in orthodontics","volume":"9","author":"Fleming\n PS,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fleming\n PS, \n \n Dibiase\n AT, \n \n Lee\n RT. \n \n Arch form and dimensional changes in orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2008;9:66\u201373."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"492","article-title":"Improvement in smile esthetics following orthodontic treatment: a retrospective study utilizing standardized smile analysis","volume":"84","author":"Maganzini\n AL,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maganzini\n AL, \n \n Schroetter\n SB, \n \n Freeman\n K. \n \n Improvement in smile esthetics following orthodontic treatment: a retrospective study utilizing standardized smile analysis. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:492\u2013499."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent","first-page":"113","article-title":"Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition","volume":"21","author":"Chu\n SJ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chu\n SJ, \n \n Tan\n JH, \n \n Stappert\n CF, \n \n Tarnow\n DP. \n \n Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2009;21:113\u2013120."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"419","article-title":"Effects of retraction of anterior teeth and initial soft tissue variables on lip changes in Japanese adults","volume":"33","author":"Hayashida\n H,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hayashida\n H, \n \n Ioi\n H, \n \n Nakata\n S, \n \n Takahashi\n I, \n \n Counts\n AL. \n \n Effects of retraction of anterior teeth and initial soft tissue variables on lip changes in Japanese adults. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:419\u2013426."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"486","article-title":"Analysis of smile esthetics in American Board of Orthodontics patients","volume":"84","author":"Akyalcin\n S,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akyalcin\n S, \n \n Frels\n LK, \n \n English\n JD, \n \n Laman\n S. \n \n Analysis of smile esthetics in American Board of Orthodontics patients. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:486\u2013491."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"153","article-title":"Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness","volume":"81","author":"Janson\n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janson\n G, \n \n Branco\n NC, \n \n Fernandes\n TM, \n \n Sathler\n R, \n \n Garib\n D, \n \n Lauris\n JR. \n \n Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:153\u2013161."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"909","article-title":"Alteration of gingival exposure and its aesthetic effect","volume":"22","author":"Guo\n J,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guo\n J, \n \n Gong\n H, \n \n Tian\n W, \n \n Tang\n W, \n \n Bai\n D. \n \n Alteration of gingival exposure and its aesthetic effect. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22:909\u2013913."},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"r16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: smile analysis and treatment strategies","volume":"124","author":"Sarver\n DM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarver\n DM, \n \n Ackerman\n MB. \n \n Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:116\u2013127. (pt 2)"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"558","article-title":"The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept","volume":"8","author":"Frush\n JP,","year":"1958","unstructured":"Frush\n JP, \n \n Fisher\n RD. \n \n The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. J Prosthet Dent. 1958;8:558\u2013581."},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"207","article-title":"Maxillary arch width and buccal corridor changes with orthodontic treatment: differences between premolar extraction and nonextraction treatment outcomes","volume":"145","author":"Meyer\n AH,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer\n AH, \n \n Woods\n MG, \n \n Manton\n DJ. \n \n Maxillary arch width and buccal corridor changes with orthodontic treatment: differences between premolar extraction and nonextraction treatment outcomes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145:207\u2013216. (pt 1)"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"343","article-title":"The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics","volume":"127","author":"Roden-Johnson\n D,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roden-Johnson\n D, \n \n Gallerano\n R, \n \n English\n J. \n \n The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:343\u2013350."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"557","article-title":"Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen","volume":"76","author":"Parekh\n SM,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parekh\n SM, \n \n Fields\n HW, \n \n Beck\n M, \n \n Rosenstiel\n S. \n \n Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:557\u2013563."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"56","article-title":"The smile buccal corridors: aesthetic value for dentists and laypersons","volume":"7","author":"Gracco\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gracco\n A, \n \n Cozzani\n M, \n \n D\u2019Elia\n L, \n \n Manfrini\n M, \n \n Peverada\n C, \n \n Siciliani\n G. \n \n The smile buccal corridors: aesthetic value for dentists and laypersons. Prog Orthod. 2006;7:56\u201365."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e91","article-title":"Smile esthetics from the layperson\u2019s perspective","volume":"139","author":"Springer\n NC,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Springer\n NC, \n \n Chang\n C, \n \n Fields\n HW, \n et al. \n Smile esthetics from the layperson\u2019s perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e91\u2013e101."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Fundamentals of Esthetics","author":"Rufenacht\n CR.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rufenacht\n CR. \n \n Fundamentals of Esthetics. Chicago: Quintessence; 1990."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Eur J Esthet Dent","first-page":"370","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of buccal corridor size on smile attractiveness","volume":"5","author":"Oshagh\n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oshagh\n M, \n \n Zarif\n NH, \n \n Bahramnia\n F. \n \n Evaluation of the effect of buccal corridor size on smile attractiveness. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2010;5:370\u2013380."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"J Prosthodont","first-page":"166","article-title":"Esthetics: patients\u2019 perceptions of dental attractiveness","volume":"5","author":"Dunn\n WJ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dunn\n WJ, \n \n Murchison\n DF, \n \n Broome\n JC. \n \n Esthetics: patients\u2019 perceptions of dental attractiveness. J Prosthodont. 1996;5:166\u2013171."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"39","article-title":"Macroesthetic elements of smile design","volume":"132","author":"Morley\n J,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morley\n J, \n \n Eubank\n J. \n \n Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132:39\u201345."},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"208","article-title":"Buccal corridors and smile esthetics","volume":"127","author":"Moore\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore\n T, \n \n Southard\n KA, \n \n Casko\n JS, \n \n Qian\n F, \n \n Southard\n TE. \n \n Buccal corridors and smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:208\u2013213; 261."},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling","volume":"76","author":"Ritter\n DE,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ritter\n DE, \n \n Gandini\n LG, \n \n Pinto\n AS, \n \n Locks\n A. \n \n Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:198\u2013203."},{"key":"r29","series-title":"Indian J Dent Res","first-page":"187","article-title":"Role of buccal corridor in smile esthetics and its correlation with underlying skeletal and dental structures","volume":"23","author":"Tikku\n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tikku\n T, \n \n Khanna\n R, \n \n Maurya\n RP, \n \n Ahmad\n N. \n \n Role of buccal corridor in smile esthetics and its correlation with underlying skeletal and dental structures. Indian J Dent Res. 2012;23:187\u2013194."},{"key":"r30","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"358","article-title":"The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics","volume":"29","author":"Lombardi\n RE.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lombardi\n RE. \n \n The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;29:358\u2013382."},{"key":"r31","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"9","article-title":"Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth and their relation to the golden proportion in Malaysian population","volume":"13","author":"Al-Marzok\n MI,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Marzok\n MI, \n \n Majeed\n KR, \n \n Ibrahim\n IK. \n \n Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth and their relation to the golden proportion in Malaysian population. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:9."},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"401","article-title":"Divine proportion in facial esthetics","volume":"9","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Divine proportion in facial esthetics. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:401\u2013422."},{"key":"r33","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics","volume":"81","author":"Cao\n L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cao\n L, \n \n Zhang\n K, \n \n Bai\n D, \n \n Jing\n Y, \n \n Tian\n Y, \n \n Guo\n Y. \n \n Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:121\u2013129."},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"The influence of maxillary gingival exposure on dental attractiveness ratings","volume":"24","author":"Hunt\n O,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hunt\n O, \n \n Johnston\n C, \n \n Hepper\n P, \n \n Burden\n D, \n \n Stevenson\n M. \n \n The influence of maxillary gingival exposure on dental attractiveness ratings. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:199\u2013204."},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness","volume":"127","author":"Schlosser\n JB,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schlosser\n JB, \n \n Preston\n CB, \n \n Lampasso\n J. \n \n The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2005;127:17\u201324."},{"key":"r36","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"115","article-title":"Perspectives in the clinical application of cephalometrics: the first fifty years","volume":"51","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Perspectives in the clinical application of cephalometrics: the first fifty years. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:115\u2013150."},{"key":"r37","series-title":"Chinese Journal of Medical Aesthetics and Cosmetology","first-page":"70","article-title":"Computer measurement and analysis of facial aesthetics","volume":"4","author":"Pan\n BH,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pan\n BH, \n \n Lu\n KY. \n \n Computer measurement and analysis of facial aesthetics. Chinese Journal of Medical Aesthetics and Cosmetology. 1995;4:70\u201373."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/86\/1\/article-p135.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/86\/1\/135\/1399024\/101514_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/86\/1\/article-p135.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/86\/1\/article-p135.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:30:23Z","timestamp":1780068623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/86\/1\/article-p135.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/101514.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}}}