{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:23:49Z","timestamp":1780485829221,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To test the null hypothesis that there are significant differences in hearing improvements of children with resistance otitis media with effusion (OME) who undergo a rapid maxillary expansion (RME) procedure or ventilation tube placement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Forty-two children between 4.5 and 15 years old were divided into three groups: RME, ventilation tube, and control groups. The RME group consisted of 15 children with maxillary constriction and resistance OME that indicated ventilation tube placement. The ventilation tube group consisted of 16 children for whom ventilation tube placement was indicated but no maxillary constriction. The control group consisted of 11 children with no orthodontic and\/or rhinologic problems. Hearing thresholds were evaluated with three audiometric records: (1) before RME\/ventilation tube placement (T0); (2) after RME\/ventilation tube placement (T1), and (3) after an observation period of 10 months (T2). The control group was matched to these periods, except T1.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n Hearing thresholds decreased significantly in both the RME and ventilation tube groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Hearing thresholds decreased approximately 15 and 17 decibels in the RME and ventilation tube groups, respectively, but differences in improvements were insignificant between the two study groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05). Slight changes were observed in the control groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The null hypothesis was rejected. RME showed similar effects as ventilation tube placement for release of otitis media and improvement of hearing thresholds levels. RME should be preferred as a first treatment option for children with maxillary constriction and resistance OME.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101515-693.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T16:50:50Z","timestamp":1457369450000},"page":"761-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Rapid maxillary expansion versus middle ear tube placement: Comparison of hearing improvements in children with resistance otitis media with effusion"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Nihat","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor. Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Y\u00f6r\u00fck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolarygology, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song\u00fcl C\u00f6mert","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. Ministry of Health, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Centre for Oral and Dental Health, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclhan","family":"\u00c7atal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Kocaeli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sezgin","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolarygology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r1","series-title":"Otitis media in infants and children","author":"Bluestone\n CD,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bluestone\n CD, \n \n Klein\n JO.\n \n \n Otitis media in infants and children. 4th ed. Hamilton, Canada: BC Decker; 2007."},{"issue":"10","key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r2","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD001801","article-title":"Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","author":"Browning\n GG,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Browning\n GG, \n \n Rovers\n MM, \n \n Williamson\n I, \n \n Lous\n J, \n \n Burton\n MJ.\n \n \n Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(10):CD001801."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r3","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"215","article-title":"The natural course of otitis media with effusion in preschool children","volume":"247","author":"Zielhuis\n GA,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zielhuis\n GA, \n \n Rach\n GH, \n \n van den Broek\n P.\n \n \n The natural course of otitis media with effusion in preschool children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1990;247:215\u2013221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r4","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"983","article-title":"Grommets for otitis media with effusion in children with cleft palate: a systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Kuo\n CL,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuo\n CL, \n \n Tsao\n YH, \n \n Cheng\n HM, \n et al\n . Grommets for otitis media with effusion in children with cleft palate: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2014;134:983\u2013994."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r5","series-title":"Pediatrics","author":"Rudolph\n AM.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rudolph\n AM.\n \n \n Pediatrics. 16th ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1977."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r6","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal breathing and some naso-respiratory and breathing problems in growing children: a literature review","volume":"72","author":"Kili\u00e7\n N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kili\u00e7\n N, \n \n Oktay\n H.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal breathing and some naso-respiratory and breathing problems in growing children: a literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:1595\u20131601."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"409","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss","volume":"78","author":"Kilic\n N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilic\n N, \n \n Kiki\n A, \n \n Oktay\n H, \n \n Selimoglu\n E.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:409\u2013414."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r8","series-title":"B-ENT","first-page":"13","article-title":"Management of recurrent otitis media with rapid maxillary expansion: our experience","volume":"5","author":"de Stefano\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Stefano\n A, \n \n Baffa\n C, \n \n Cerrone\n D, \n et al\n . Management of recurrent otitis media with rapid maxillary expansion: our experience. B-ENT. 2009;5:13\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"752","article-title":"Correlations between rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and the auditory apparatus","volume":"76","author":"Villano\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Villano\n A, \n \n Grampi\n B, \n \n Fiorentini\n R, \n \n Gandini\n P.\n \n \n Correlations between rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and the auditory apparatus. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:752\u2013758."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment","volume":"69","author":"Memikoglu\n TU,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Memikoglu\n TU, \n \n I\u015feri\n H, \n \n Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:251\u2013256."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r11","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1412","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion","volume":"113","year":"2004","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Otitis Media With Effusion. Otitis media with effusion. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1412\u20131429."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r12","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"767","article-title":"Air conduction thresholds and secretory otitis media: a conventional and extra-high frequency audiometric comparison","volume":"98","author":"Mair\n IW,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mair\n IW, \n \n Fjermedal\n O, \n \n Laukli\n E.\n \n \n Air conduction thresholds and secretory otitis media: a conventional and extra-high frequency audiometric comparison. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989;98:767\u2013771."},{"issue":"10","key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r13","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD001801","article-title":"Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","author":"Browning\n GG,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Browning\n GG, \n \n Rovers\n MM, \n \n Williamson\n I, \n \n Lous\n J, \n \n Burton\n MJ.\n \n \n Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10):CD001801."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r14","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","first-page":"107","article-title":"Adjuvant adenoidectomy in persistent bilateral otitis media with effusion: hearing and revision surgery outcomes through 2 years in the TARGET randomised trial","volume":"37","year":"2012","unstructured":"MRC Multicentre Otitis Media Study Group 1. Adjuvant adenoidectomy in persistent bilateral otitis media with effusion: hearing and revision surgery outcomes through 2 years in the TARGET randomised trial. Clin Otolaryngol. 2012;37:107\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r15","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"938","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of otitis media with effusion in children: comparisons between a ventilation tube group and a non-ventilation tube group","volume":"78","author":"Hong\n HR,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong\n HR, \n \n Kim\n TS, \n \n Chung\n JW.\n \n \n Long-term follow-up of otitis media with effusion in children: comparisons between a ventilation tube group and a non-ventilation tube group. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014:78:938\u2013943."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz\n RA.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n RA.\n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Orthod. 1970;58:41\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"301","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss","volume":"66","author":"Ceylan\n I,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ceylan\n I, \n \n Oktay\n H, \n \n Demirci\n M.\n \n \n The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss. Angle Orthod. 1996;66:301\u2013307."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r18","series-title":"Physiology of the Ear","first-page":"75","article-title":"Physiology of the Eustachian tube and middle ear pressure regulation","author":"Magnuson\n B.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Magnuson\n B.\n \n \n Physiology of the Eustachian tube and middle ear pressure regulation. In: JahnAF, Santos-SacchiJ, eds. Physiology of the Ear. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular\/Thomson Learning; 2001:75\u2013101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r19","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effect of surgical alterations of the tensor velipalatini muscle on eustachian tube function","volume":"89","author":"Cantekin\n EI,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cantekin\n EI, \n \n Phillips\n DC, \n \n Doyle\n WJ, \n \n Bluestone\n CD, \n \n Kimes\n KK.\n \n \n Effect of surgical alterations of the tensor velipalatini muscle on eustachian tube function. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1980;89(suppl):47\u201353."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r20","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol","first-page":"228","article-title":"Ventilation in secretory otitis media: effects on middle ear volume and eustachian tube function","volume":"103","author":"Neel\n HB,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Neel\n HB, \n \n Keating\n LW, \n \n McDonald\n TJ.\n \n \n Ventilation in secretory otitis media: effects on middle ear volume and eustachian tube function. Arch Otolaryngol. 1977;103:228\u2013231."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"325","article-title":"Conductive hearing loss and rapid maxillary expansion. Report of a case","volume":"80","author":"Laptook\n T.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Laptook\n T.\n \n \n Conductive hearing loss and rapid maxillary expansion. Report of a case. Am J Orthod. 1981;80:325\u2013331."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r22","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Acoustic rhinometric measurements in children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"70","author":"Compadretti\n CG,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Compadretti\n CG, \n \n Tasca\n I, \n \n Alessandri-Bonetti\n G, \n \n Peri\n S, \n \n D\u2019Addario\n A.\n \n \n Acoustic rhinometric measurements in children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:27\u201334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r23","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"2","article-title":"Changes in pharyngeal aerobic microflora in oral breathers after palatal rapid expansion","volume":"6","author":"Cazzolla\n MP,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cazzolla\n MP, \n \n Campisi\n G, \n \n Lacaita\n MG, \n et al\n . Changes in pharyngeal aerobic microflora in oral breathers after palatal rapid expansion. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6:2."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r1","series-title":"Otitis media in infants and children","author":"Bluestone\n CD,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bluestone\n CD, \n \n Klein\n JO.\n \n \n Otitis media in infants and children. 4th ed. Hamilton, Canada: BC Decker; 2007."},{"issue":"10","key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r2","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD001801","article-title":"Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","author":"Browning\n GG,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Browning\n GG, \n \n Rovers\n MM, \n \n Williamson\n I, \n \n Lous\n J, \n \n Burton\n MJ.\n \n \n Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(10):CD001801."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r3","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"215","article-title":"The natural course of otitis media with effusion in preschool children","volume":"247","author":"Zielhuis\n GA,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zielhuis\n GA, \n \n Rach\n GH, \n \n van den Broek\n P.\n \n \n The natural course of otitis media with effusion in preschool children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1990;247:215\u2013221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r4","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"983","article-title":"Grommets for otitis media with effusion in children with cleft palate: a systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Kuo\n CL,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuo\n CL, \n \n Tsao\n YH, \n \n Cheng\n HM, \n et al\n . Grommets for otitis media with effusion in children with cleft palate: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2014;134:983\u2013994."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r5","series-title":"Pediatrics","author":"Rudolph\n AM.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rudolph\n AM.\n \n \n Pediatrics. 16th ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1977."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r6","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal breathing and some naso-respiratory and breathing problems in growing children: a literature review","volume":"72","author":"Kili\u00e7\n N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kili\u00e7\n N, \n \n Oktay\n H.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal breathing and some naso-respiratory and breathing problems in growing children: a literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:1595\u20131601."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"409","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss","volume":"78","author":"Kilic\n N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilic\n N, \n \n Kiki\n A, \n \n Oktay\n H, \n \n Selimoglu\n E.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:409\u2013414."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r8","series-title":"B-ENT","first-page":"13","article-title":"Management of recurrent otitis media with rapid maxillary expansion: our experience","volume":"5","author":"de Stefano\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Stefano\n A, \n \n Baffa\n C, \n \n Cerrone\n D, \n et al\n . Management of recurrent otitis media with rapid maxillary expansion: our experience. B-ENT. 2009;5:13\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"752","article-title":"Correlations between rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and the auditory apparatus","volume":"76","author":"Villano\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Villano\n A, \n \n Grampi\n B, \n \n Fiorentini\n R, \n \n Gandini\n P.\n \n \n Correlations between rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and the auditory apparatus. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:752\u2013758."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment","volume":"69","author":"Memikoglu\n TU,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Memikoglu\n TU, \n \n I\u015feri\n H, \n \n Effects of a bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:251\u2013256."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r11","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1412","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion","volume":"113","year":"2004","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Otitis Media With Effusion. Otitis media with effusion. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1412\u20131429."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r12","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"767","article-title":"Air conduction thresholds and secretory otitis media: a conventional and extra-high frequency audiometric comparison","volume":"98","author":"Mair\n IW,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mair\n IW, \n \n Fjermedal\n O, \n \n Laukli\n E.\n \n \n Air conduction thresholds and secretory otitis media: a conventional and extra-high frequency audiometric comparison. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989;98:767\u2013771."},{"issue":"10","key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r13","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD001801","article-title":"Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","author":"Browning\n GG,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Browning\n GG, \n \n Rovers\n MM, \n \n Williamson\n I, \n \n Lous\n J, \n \n Burton\n MJ.\n \n \n Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10):CD001801."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r14","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","first-page":"107","article-title":"Adjuvant adenoidectomy in persistent bilateral otitis media with effusion: hearing and revision surgery outcomes through 2 years in the TARGET randomised trial","volume":"37","year":"2012","unstructured":"MRC Multicentre Otitis Media Study Group 1. Adjuvant adenoidectomy in persistent bilateral otitis media with effusion: hearing and revision surgery outcomes through 2 years in the TARGET randomised trial. Clin Otolaryngol. 2012;37:107\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r15","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"938","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of otitis media with effusion in children: comparisons between a ventilation tube group and a non-ventilation tube group","volume":"78","author":"Hong\n HR,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong\n HR, \n \n Kim\n TS, \n \n Chung\n JW.\n \n \n Long-term follow-up of otitis media with effusion in children: comparisons between a ventilation tube group and a non-ventilation tube group. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014:78:938\u2013943."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz\n RA.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n RA.\n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Orthod. 1970;58:41\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"301","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss","volume":"66","author":"Ceylan\n I,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ceylan\n I, \n \n Oktay\n H, \n \n Demirci\n M.\n \n \n The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on conductive hearing loss. Angle Orthod. 1996;66:301\u2013307."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r18","series-title":"Physiology of the Ear","first-page":"75","article-title":"Physiology of the Eustachian tube and middle ear pressure regulation","author":"Magnuson\n B.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Magnuson\n B.\n \n \n Physiology of the Eustachian tube and middle ear pressure regulation. In: JahnAF, Santos-SacchiJ, eds. Physiology of the Ear. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular\/Thomson Learning; 2001:75\u2013101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r19","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effect of surgical alterations of the tensor velipalatini muscle on eustachian tube function","volume":"89","author":"Cantekin\n EI,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cantekin\n EI, \n \n Phillips\n DC, \n \n Doyle\n WJ, \n \n Bluestone\n CD, \n \n Kimes\n KK.\n \n \n Effect of surgical alterations of the tensor velipalatini muscle on eustachian tube function. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1980;89(suppl):47\u201353."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r20","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol","first-page":"228","article-title":"Ventilation in secretory otitis media: effects on middle ear volume and eustachian tube function","volume":"103","author":"Neel\n HB,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Neel\n HB, \n \n Keating\n LW, \n \n McDonald\n TJ.\n \n \n Ventilation in secretory otitis media: effects on middle ear volume and eustachian tube function. Arch Otolaryngol. 1977;103:228\u2013231."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"325","article-title":"Conductive hearing loss and rapid maxillary expansion. Report of a case","volume":"80","author":"Laptook\n T.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Laptook\n T.\n \n \n Conductive hearing loss and rapid maxillary expansion. Report of a case. Am J Orthod. 1981;80:325\u2013331."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r22","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Acoustic rhinometric measurements in children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"70","author":"Compadretti\n CG,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Compadretti\n CG, \n \n Tasca\n I, \n \n Alessandri-Bonetti\n G, \n \n Peri\n S, \n \n D\u2019Addario\n A.\n \n \n Acoustic rhinometric measurements in children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:27\u201334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-5-761-r23","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"2","article-title":"Changes in pharyngeal aerobic microflora in oral breathers after palatal rapid expansion","volume":"6","author":"Cazzolla\n MP,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cazzolla\n MP, \n \n Campisi\n G, \n \n Lacaita\n MG, \n et al\n . Changes in pharyngeal aerobic microflora in oral breathers after palatal rapid expansion. 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