{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:25:20Z","timestamp":1780482320195,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n The purpose of this three-dimensional (3D) study was to assess retrospectively the middle cranial fossa and central skull base of patients treated with the Herbst appliance (HA).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n 3D surface virtual models of 40 Class II, division 1 malocclusion patients were generated from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquired before treatment (T0) and after 8 months of HA treatment (T1). T0 and T1 3D models were superimposed volumetrically at the anterior cranial fossa. Twenty subjects who had been treated with the Herbst appliance (HAG) were compared to 20 subjects who were not treated orthopedically. The latter group served as a comparison control group (CG). Quantitative assessments of the location and directional changes were made with linear and angular measurements between anatomical landmarks. Qualitative assessments of the spatial behavior of the middle cranial fossa and central skull base relative to the anterior cranial fossa were displayed graphically for visualization with color maps and semitransparent overlays. Non-parametric tests were performed to compare the between the HAG and CG.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Point-to-point linear measurements and skeletal rotation (pitch, roll, and yaw) changes were very small along the observational period and were not significantly different between HAG and CG. Visual analysis of color maps and overlays confirmed that no changes in the cranial base were associated with HA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n HA therapy did not produce clinically significant changes in the middle cranial fossa and central skull base.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/101517-694.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T12:43:36Z","timestamp":1531485816000},"page":"757-764","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Three-dimensional assessment of the middle cranial fossa and central skull base following Herbst appliance treatment"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Karine Sayure","family":"Okano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Graduate Program in Orthodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Helena Soares","family":"Cevidanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Loureiro","family":"Cheib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Graduate Program in Orthodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Carlos","family":"de Oliveira Ruellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Yatabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence School of Dentistry, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graber Endowed Professor Emeritus, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Quiroga","family":"Souki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"64","article-title":"Retrospective study of clinical complications during orthodontics treatment with either a removable mandibular acrylic splint Herbst or with a cantilever Herbst","volume":"85","author":"Silva \n JFE,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silva \n JFE, \n \n \n Gerszewski \n C, \n \n \n Moresca \n RC, \n \n \n Correr \n GM, \n \n \n Flore-Mir \n C, \n \n \n Moro \n A. \n \n \n Retrospective study of clinical complications during orthodontics treatment with either a removable mandibular acrylic splint Herbst or with a cantilever Herbst. Angle Orthod. 2015;85(1):64\u201371."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"599e1","article-title":"Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Cozza \n P,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cozza \n P, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n De Toffol \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:599e1\u2013599e12."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"324","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yang \n X,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang \n X, \n \n \n Zhu \n Y, \n \n \n Long \n H, \n \n et al. \n The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2016;38:324\u2013333."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b04","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"111","article-title":"Three-dimensional skeletal mandibular changes associated with Herbst appliance treatment","volume":"20","author":"Souki \n BQ,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Souki \n BQ, \n \n \n Vilefort \n PLC, \n \n \n Oliveira \n DD, \n \n et al. \n Three-dimensional skeletal mandibular changes associated with Herbst appliance treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2017;20:111\u2013118."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"559","article-title":"Perception of changes in soft-tissue profile after Herbst appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion","volume":"151","author":"Rego \n MV,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rego \n MV, \n \n \n Martinez \n EF, \n \n \n Coelho \n RMI, \n \n \n Leal \n LMP, \n \n \n Thiesen \n G. \n \n \n Perception of changes in soft-tissue profile after Herbst appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:559\u2013564."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"480","article-title":"Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Perinetti \n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perinetti \n G, \n \n \n Primo\u017ei\u010d \n J, \n \n \n Furlani \n G, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Contardo \n L. \n \n \n Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:480\u2013492."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"221","article-title":"The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 2. The role of an osseous connected cellular network","volume":"112","author":"Moss \n ML.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moss \n ML. \n \n \n The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 2. The role of an osseous connected cellular network. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112:221\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"215","article-title":"Factors regulating endochondral ossification in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis","volume":"78","author":"Lei \n WY,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lei \n WY, \n \n \n Wong \n RWK, \n \n \n Rabie \n ABM. \n \n \n Factors regulating endochondral ossification in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:215\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b09","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"31","article-title":"Validity of 2D lateral cephalometry in orthodontics: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Dur\u00e3o \n AR,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dur\u00e3o \n AR, \n \n \n Pittayapat \n P, \n \n \n Rockenbach \n MIB, \n \n et al. \n Validity of 2D lateral cephalometry in orthodontics: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:31\u201341."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"94","article-title":"Superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models of growing patients","volume":"136","author":"Cevidanes \n LHC,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cevidanes \n LHC, \n \n \n Heymann \n G, \n \n \n Cornelis \n MA, \n \n et al. \n Superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models of growing patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:94\u201399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b11","series-title":"Sem Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti \n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA Jr. \n \n \n The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Sem Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"issue":"11","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b12","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"3D mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration","volume":"23","author":"Ruellas \n AC,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruellas \n AC, \n \n \n Yatabe \n MS, \n \n \n Souki \n BQ, \n \n et al. \n 3D mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration. PLoS One. 2016; 23:11:e0157625."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"158","article-title":"The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula","volume":"34","author":"Springate \n SD.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Springate \n SD. \n \n \n The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:158\u2013163."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b14","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0161104","article-title":"Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion correlates with cervical vertebrae maturation","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez \n MJ,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez \n MJ, \n \n \n Alarc\u00f3n \n JA, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr, \n \n et al. \n Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion correlates with cervical vertebrae maturation. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0161104."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b15","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. 5th ed","first-page":"215","volume":"8","author":"Graber \n LW,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graber \n LW, \n \n \n Vanarsdall \n RL, \n \n \n Vig \n KWL. \n \n \n Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Mosby;2012;8:215\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b16","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthrop","first-page":"243","article-title":"The use of metallic implants in the study of facial growth in children: method and application","volume":"29","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A. \n \n \n The use of metallic implants in the study of facial growth in children: method and application. Am J Phys Anthrop. 1968;29:243\u2013254."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"689","article-title":"The cranial base: the postnatal development of the cranial base studied histologically on human autopsy material","volume":"66","author":"Melsen \n B.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Melsen \n B. \n \n \n The cranial base: the postnatal development of the cranial base studied histologically on human autopsy material. Am J Orthod. 1974;66:689\u2013691."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"498","article-title":"Growth of the human cranial base","volume":"44","author":"Ford \n EHR.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ford \n EHR. \n \n \n Growth of the human cranial base. Am J Orthod. 1958;44:498\u2013506."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b19","series-title":"Legal Medicine","first-page":"13","article-title":"Age estimation by an analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"18","author":"Sinanoglu \n A,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sinanoglu \n A, \n \n \n Kocasarac \n HD, \n \n \n Noujeim \n M. \n \n \n Age estimation by an analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis using cone-beam computed tomography. Legal Medicine. 2016;18:13\u201319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b20","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"Sphenoid bone changes in rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"46","author":"Stepanko \n LS,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stepanko \n LS, \n \n \n Lagrav\u00e8re \n MO. \n \n \n Sphenoid bone changes in rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:269\u2013279."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b21","series-title":"J Appl Oral Sci","first-page":"112","article-title":"Reliability and reproducibility of three-dimensional cephalometric landmarks using CBCT: a systematic review","volume":"23","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lisboa C de O, Masterson D, da Motta AF, Motta AT. Reliability and reproducibility of three-dimensional cephalometric landmarks using CBCT: a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci. 2015;23:112\u2013119."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"64","article-title":"Retrospective study of clinical complications during orthodontics treatment with either a removable mandibular acrylic splint Herbst or with a cantilever Herbst","volume":"85","author":"Silva \n JFE,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silva \n JFE, \n \n \n Gerszewski \n C, \n \n \n Moresca \n RC, \n \n \n Correr \n GM, \n \n \n Flore-Mir \n C, \n \n \n Moro \n A. \n \n \n Retrospective study of clinical complications during orthodontics treatment with either a removable mandibular acrylic splint Herbst or with a cantilever Herbst. Angle Orthod. 2015;85(1):64\u201371."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"599e1","article-title":"Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Cozza \n P,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cozza \n P, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n De Toffol \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:599e1\u2013599e12."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"324","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yang \n X,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang \n X, \n \n \n Zhu \n Y, \n \n \n Long \n H, \n \n et al. \n The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2016;38:324\u2013333."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b04","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"111","article-title":"Three-dimensional skeletal mandibular changes associated with Herbst appliance treatment","volume":"20","author":"Souki \n BQ,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Souki \n BQ, \n \n \n Vilefort \n PLC, \n \n \n Oliveira \n DD, \n \n et al. \n Three-dimensional skeletal mandibular changes associated with Herbst appliance treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2017;20:111\u2013118."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"559","article-title":"Perception of changes in soft-tissue profile after Herbst appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion","volume":"151","author":"Rego \n MV,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rego \n MV, \n \n \n Martinez \n EF, \n \n \n Coelho \n RMI, \n \n \n Leal \n LMP, \n \n \n Thiesen \n G. \n \n \n Perception of changes in soft-tissue profile after Herbst appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:559\u2013564."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"480","article-title":"Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Perinetti \n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perinetti \n G, \n \n \n Primo\u017ei\u010d \n J, \n \n \n Furlani \n G, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Contardo \n L. \n \n \n Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:480\u2013492."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"221","article-title":"The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 2. The role of an osseous connected cellular network","volume":"112","author":"Moss \n ML.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moss \n ML. \n \n \n The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 2. The role of an osseous connected cellular network. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112:221\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"215","article-title":"Factors regulating endochondral ossification in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis","volume":"78","author":"Lei \n WY,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lei \n WY, \n \n \n Wong \n RWK, \n \n \n Rabie \n ABM. \n \n \n Factors regulating endochondral ossification in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:215\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b09","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"31","article-title":"Validity of 2D lateral cephalometry in orthodontics: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Dur\u00e3o \n AR,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dur\u00e3o \n AR, \n \n \n Pittayapat \n P, \n \n \n Rockenbach \n MIB, \n \n et al. \n Validity of 2D lateral cephalometry in orthodontics: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:31\u201341."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"94","article-title":"Superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models of growing patients","volume":"136","author":"Cevidanes \n LHC,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cevidanes \n LHC, \n \n \n Heymann \n G, \n \n \n Cornelis \n MA, \n \n et al. \n Superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models of growing patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:94\u201399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b11","series-title":"Sem Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti \n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA Jr. \n \n \n The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Sem Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"issue":"11","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b12","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"3D mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration","volume":"23","author":"Ruellas \n AC,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruellas \n AC, \n \n \n Yatabe \n MS, \n \n \n Souki \n BQ, \n \n et al. \n 3D mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration. PLoS One. 2016; 23:11:e0157625."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"158","article-title":"The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula","volume":"34","author":"Springate \n SD.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Springate \n SD. \n \n \n The effect of sample size and bias on the reliability of estimates of error: a comparative study of Dahlberg's formula. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:158\u2013163."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b14","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0161104","article-title":"Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion correlates with cervical vertebrae maturation","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez \n MJ,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez \n MJ, \n \n \n Alarc\u00f3n \n JA, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr, \n \n et al. \n Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion correlates with cervical vertebrae maturation. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0161104."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b15","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. 5th ed","first-page":"215","volume":"8","author":"Graber \n LW,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graber \n LW, \n \n \n Vanarsdall \n RL, \n \n \n Vig \n KWL. \n \n \n Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Mosby;2012;8:215\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b16","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthrop","first-page":"243","article-title":"The use of metallic implants in the study of facial growth in children: method and application","volume":"29","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A. \n \n \n The use of metallic implants in the study of facial growth in children: method and application. Am J Phys Anthrop. 1968;29:243\u2013254."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"689","article-title":"The cranial base: the postnatal development of the cranial base studied histologically on human autopsy material","volume":"66","author":"Melsen \n B.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Melsen \n B. \n \n \n The cranial base: the postnatal development of the cranial base studied histologically on human autopsy material. Am J Orthod. 1974;66:689\u2013691."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"498","article-title":"Growth of the human cranial base","volume":"44","author":"Ford \n EHR.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ford \n EHR. \n \n \n Growth of the human cranial base. Am J Orthod. 1958;44:498\u2013506."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b19","series-title":"Legal Medicine","first-page":"13","article-title":"Age estimation by an analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"18","author":"Sinanoglu \n A,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sinanoglu \n A, \n \n \n Kocasarac \n HD, \n \n \n Noujeim \n M. \n \n \n Age estimation by an analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis using cone-beam computed tomography. Legal Medicine. 2016;18:13\u201319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b20","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"Sphenoid bone changes in rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"46","author":"Stepanko \n LS,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stepanko \n LS, \n \n \n Lagrav\u00e8re \n MO. \n \n \n Sphenoid bone changes in rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:269\u2013279."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-757-b21","series-title":"J Appl Oral Sci","first-page":"112","article-title":"Reliability and reproducibility of three-dimensional cephalometric landmarks using CBCT: a systematic review","volume":"23","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lisboa C de O, Masterson D, da Motta AF, Motta AT. Reliability and reproducibility of three-dimensional cephalometric landmarks using CBCT: a systematic review. 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