{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:36:29Z","timestamp":1785198989290,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize symmetrical features of patients with facial asymmetry and thus to find the most reliable horizontal reference lines easily used in three-dimensional images. The hypothesis was that there is a difference in the location of bilateral landmarks of the upper skull between the normal occlusion sample and skeletal Class III patients with asymmetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Group 1 (normal occlusion sample) was composed of 20 Korean adults with normal occlusion and no noticeable asymmetry. Groups 2 through 4 were selected from patients who were diagnosed as skeletal Class III malocclusion and grouped according to the extent of asymmetry (group 2: symmetric mandible, no maxillary cant; group 3: asymmetric mandible, no maxillary cant; group 4: asymmetric mandible, more than 4\u00a0mm maxillary cant measured at maxillary first molars). Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography images were taken before treatment, and bilateral landmarks of the skull were located and their vertical and horizontal differences compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No statistically significant difference was noted in the position of bilateral landmarks between groups, except for AG (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). AG showed significant differences in vertical dimension (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and in horizontal dimension (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001) between groups. The mean of the difference was clearly greatest at FM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hypothesis is rejected. All groups had a similar pattern of asymmetry in the upper third of the face. Therefore, the transverse reference line of the bilateral Z or orbitale may be used even in patients with severe asymmetry of the maxilla with reference to the clinical photos.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/102911-668.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T08:09:02Z","timestamp":1329984542000},"page":"860-867","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Assessment of asymmetry in a normal occlusion sample and asymmetric patients with three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Je Uk","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Medical College, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Ah","family":"Kook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Medical College, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Medical College, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b01","series-title":"Radiographic Cephalometry From Basics to Videoimaging","author":"Jacobson, A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jacobson, A.\n          \n          Radiographic Cephalometry From Basics to Videoimaging. Carol Stream, ILQuintessence Publishing. 1995."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"512","article-title":"Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines.","volume":"123","author":"Trpkova, B.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trpkova, B., N. G.Prasad, E. W.Lam, D.Raboud, K. E.Glover, and P. W.Major. Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 123:512\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"629","article-title":"Combined effects of errors in frontal-view asymmetry diagnosis.","volume":"18","author":"Pirttiniemi, P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pirttiniemi, P., J.Miettinen, and T.Kantomaa. Combined effects of errors in frontal-view asymmetry diagnosis.Eur J Orthod1996. 18:629\u2013636."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b04","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"811","article-title":"Occlusal cant in the frontal plane as a reflection of facial asymmetry.","volume":"55","author":"Padwa, B. L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Padwa, B. L., M. O.Kaiser, and L. B.Kaban. Occlusal cant in the frontal plane as a reflection of facial asymmetry.J Oral Maxillofac Surg1997. 55:811\u2013816."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b05","first-page":"382","article-title":"3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with maxillofacial deformities: oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.","volume":"102","author":"Maeda, M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maeda, M., A.Katsumata, Y.Ariji, A.Muramatsu, K.Yoshida, S.Goto, K.Kurita, and E.Ariji. 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with maxillofacial deformities: oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.2006. 102:382\u2013390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"Effect of head rotation on posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs.","volume":"72","author":"Yoon, Y. J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yoon, Y. J., D. H.Kim, P. S.Yu, H. J.Kim, E. H.Choi, and K. W.Kim. 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Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans.Angle Orthod2011. 81:26\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b12","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"402","article-title":"Accuracy of measurements and reliability of landmark identification with computed tomography (CT) techniques in the maxillofacial area: a systematic review.","volume":"104","author":"Lou, L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lou, L., M. O.Lagravere, S.Compton, P. W.Major, and C.Flores-Mir. Accuracy of measurements and reliability of landmark identification with computed tomography (CT) techniques in the maxillofacial area: a systematic review.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2007. 104:402\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b13","series-title":"Contemporary Cephalometric Radiography","author":"Miyashita, K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miyashita, K.\n          \n          Contemporary Cephalometric Radiography. Tokyo, JapanQuintessence Publishing. 1996."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"Method for quantifying facial asymmetry in three dimensions using stereophotogrammetry.","volume":"65","author":"Ras, F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ras, F., L. L.Habets, F. C.van Ginkel, and B.Prahl-Andersen. 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The effect of projection errors on cephalometric length measurements.Eur J Orthod1986. 8:141\u2013148."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"305","article-title":"Pitch, roll, and yaw: describing the spatial orientation of dentofacial traits.","volume":"131","author":"Ackerman, J. L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ackerman, J. L., W. R.Proffit, D. M.Sarver, M. B.Ackerman, and M. R.Kean. Pitch, roll, and yaw: describing the spatial orientation of dentofacial traits.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2007. 131:305\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"111","article-title":"Natural head position and natural head orientation: basic considerations in cephalometric analysis and research.","volume":"17","author":"Lundstrom, A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundstrom, A., F.Lundstrom, L. M.Lebret, and C. F.Moorrees. 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Carol Stream, ILQuintessence Publishing. 1995."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"512","article-title":"Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines.","volume":"123","author":"Trpkova, B.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trpkova, B., N. G.Prasad, E. W.Lam, D.Raboud, K. E.Glover, and P. W.Major. Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 123:512\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"629","article-title":"Combined effects of errors in frontal-view asymmetry diagnosis.","volume":"18","author":"Pirttiniemi, P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pirttiniemi, P., J.Miettinen, and T.Kantomaa. Combined effects of errors in frontal-view asymmetry diagnosis.Eur J Orthod1996. 18:629\u2013636."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b04","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"811","article-title":"Occlusal cant in the frontal plane as a reflection of facial asymmetry.","volume":"55","author":"Padwa, B. L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Padwa, B. L., M. O.Kaiser, and L. B.Kaban. Occlusal cant in the frontal plane as a reflection of facial asymmetry.J Oral Maxillofac Surg1997. 55:811\u2013816."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b05","first-page":"382","article-title":"3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with maxillofacial deformities: oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.","volume":"102","author":"Maeda, M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maeda, M., A.Katsumata, Y.Ariji, A.Muramatsu, K.Yoshida, S.Goto, K.Kurita, and E.Ariji. 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry in patients with maxillofacial deformities: oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.2006. 102:382\u2013390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"Effect of head rotation on posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs.","volume":"72","author":"Yoon, Y. J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yoon, Y. J., D. H.Kim, P. S.Yu, H. J.Kim, E. H.Choi, and K. W.Kim. Effect of head rotation on posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs.Angle Orthod2002. 72:36\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b07","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"212","article-title":"3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.","volume":"99","author":"Katsumata, A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katsumata, A., M.Fujishita, M.Maeda, Y.Ariji, E.Ariji, and R. P.Langlais. 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2005. 99:212\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"886","article-title":"Combined 3-dimensional and mirror-image analysis for the diagnosis of asymmetry.","volume":"140","author":"Damstra, J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Damstra, J., B. C. M.Oosterkamp, J.Jansma, and Y.Ren. Combined 3-dimensional and mirror-image analysis for the diagnosis of asymmetry.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2011. 140:886\u2013894."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b09","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"112","article-title":"Evaluation of facial asymmetry with three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography.","volume":"45","author":"Kook, Y. A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kook, Y. A. and Y.Kim. Evaluation of facial asymmetry with three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography.J Clin Orthod2011. 45:112\u2013115."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"387","article-title":"Linear accuracy and reliability of cone beam CT derived 3-dimensional images constructed using an orthodontic volumetric rendering program.","volume":"78","author":"Periago, D. R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Periago, D. R., W. C.Scarfe, M.Moshiri, J. P.Scheetz, A. M.Silveira, and A. G.Farman. 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Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans.Angle Orthod2011. 81:26\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b12","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"402","article-title":"Accuracy of measurements and reliability of landmark identification with computed tomography (CT) techniques in the maxillofacial area: a systematic review.","volume":"104","author":"Lou, L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lou, L., M. O.Lagravere, S.Compton, P. W.Major, and C.Flores-Mir. Accuracy of measurements and reliability of landmark identification with computed tomography (CT) techniques in the maxillofacial area: a systematic review.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2007. 104:402\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b13","series-title":"Contemporary Cephalometric Radiography","author":"Miyashita, K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miyashita, K.\n          \n          Contemporary Cephalometric Radiography. Tokyo, JapanQuintessence Publishing. 1996."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"Method for quantifying facial asymmetry in three dimensions using stereophotogrammetry.","volume":"65","author":"Ras, F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ras, F., L. L.Habets, F. C.van Ginkel, and B.Prahl-Andersen. Method for quantifying facial asymmetry in three dimensions using stereophotogrammetry.Angle Orthod1995. 65:233\u2013239."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b15","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"448","article-title":"A frontal asymmetry analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Grummons, D. C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Grummons, D. C. and M. A.Kappeyne van de Coppello. A frontal asymmetry analysis.J Clin Orthod1987. 21:448\u2013465."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b16","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"141","article-title":"The effect of projection errors on cephalometric length measurements.","volume":"8","author":"Ahlqvist, J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ahlqvist, J., S.Eliasson, and U.Welander. The effect of projection errors on cephalometric length measurements.Eur J Orthod1986. 8:141\u2013148."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"305","article-title":"Pitch, roll, and yaw: describing the spatial orientation of dentofacial traits.","volume":"131","author":"Ackerman, J. L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ackerman, J. L., W. R.Proffit, D. M.Sarver, M. B.Ackerman, and M. R.Kean. Pitch, roll, and yaw: describing the spatial orientation of dentofacial traits.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2007. 131:305\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"111","article-title":"Natural head position and natural head orientation: basic considerations in cephalometric analysis and research.","volume":"17","author":"Lundstrom, A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundstrom, A., F.Lundstrom, L. M.Lebret, and C. F.Moorrees. Natural head position and natural head orientation: basic considerations in cephalometric analysis and research.Eur J Orthod1995. 17:111\u2013120."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b19","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"691","article-title":"A study on the prevalence of malocclusion of Yonsei University students in 1991.","volume":"22","author":"Ryu, Y. K.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ryu, Y. K. and H. K.Kang. A study on the prevalence of malocclusion of Yonsei University students in 1991.Korean J Orthod1992. 22:691\u2013701."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b20","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"138","article-title":"Prevalence of orthodontic asymmetries.","volume":"4","author":"Sheats, R. D.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheats, R. D., S. P.McGorray, Q.Musmar, T. T.Wheeler, and G. J.King. Prevalence of orthodontic asymmetries.Semin Orthod1998. 4:138\u2013145."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-5-860-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"843","article-title":"Reproducibility of landmark identification in the jaw and teeth on 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography images.","volume":"81","author":"Fuyamada, M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fuyamada, M., H.Nawa, M.Shibata, K.Yoshida, Y.Kise, A.Katsumata, E.Ariji, and S.Goto. Reproducibility of landmark identification in the jaw and teeth on 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography images.Angle Orthod2011. 81:843\u2013849."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/82\/5\/article-p860.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/82\/5\/article-p860.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/82\/5\/article-p860.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:00:22Z","timestamp":1780070422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/82\/5\/article-p860.xml"}},"subtitle":["A study for a transverse reference plane"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/102911-668.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}}}