{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:22:31Z","timestamp":1780482151022,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the effects of light and heavy forces with corticotomy on tooth movement rate, alveolar bone response, and root resorption in a rat model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The right and left sides of 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned using the split-mouth design to two groups: light force with corticotomy (LF) and heavy force with corticotomy (HF). Tooth movement was performed on the maxillary first molars using a nickel-titanium closed-coil spring delivering either 10 g (light force) or 50 g (heavy force). Tooth movement and alveolar bone response were assessed by micro\u2013computed tomography (micro-CT) at day 0 as the baseline and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Root resorption was examined by histomorphometric analysis at day 28.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Micro-CT analysis showed a significantly greater tooth movement in the HF group at days 7 and 14 but no difference in bone volume fraction at any of the observed periods. Histomorphometric analysis found no significant difference in root resorption between the LF and HF groups at day 28.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Heavy force with corticotomy increased tooth movement at days 7 and 14 but did not show any difference in alveolar bone change or root resorption.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/103117-736.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T08:24:57Z","timestamp":1525163097000},"page":"632-637","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effects of different force magnitudes on corticotomy-assisted orthodontic tooth movement in rats"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Kriangkrai","family":"Kraiwattanapong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD candidate, Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bancha","family":"Samruajbenjakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Effects of different types of tooth movement and force magnitudes on the amount of tooth movement and root resorption in rats","volume":"84","author":"Nakano \n T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakano \n T, \n \n \n Hotokezaka \n H, \n \n \n Hashimoto \n M, \n \n et al. \n Effects of different types of tooth movement and force magnitudes on the amount of tooth movement and root resorption in rats. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:1079\u20131085."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar","volume":"78","author":"Gonzales \n C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzales \n C, \n \n \n Hotokezaka \n H, \n \n \n Yoshimatsu \n M, \n \n \n Yozgatian \n JH, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA, \n \n \n Yoshida \n N. \n \n \n Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:502\u2013509."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"359","article-title":"Bone turnover rate in rats does not influence root resorption induced by orthodontic treatment","volume":"25","author":"Verna \n C,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verna \n C, \n \n \n Dalstra \n M, \n \n \n Melsen \n B. \n \n \n Bone turnover rate in rats does not influence root resorption induced by orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:359\u2013363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b04","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Modeling of trabecular bone and lamina dura following selective alveolar decortication in rats","volume":"79","author":"Sebaoun \n JD,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sebaoun \n JD, \n \n \n Kantarci \n A, \n \n \n Turner \n JW, \n \n \n Carvalho \n RS, \n \n \n Van Dyke \n TE, \n \n \n Ferguson \n DJ. \n \n \n Modeling of trabecular bone and lamina dura following selective alveolar decortication in rats. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1679\u20131688."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b05","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"42","article-title":"Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment-a frontier in orthodontics","volume":"14","author":"Nimeri \n G,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nimeri \n G, \n \n \n Kau \n CH, \n \n \n Abou-Kheir \n NS, \n \n \n Corona \n R. \n \n \n Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment-a frontier in orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:42."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b06","series-title":"Henry Ford Hosp Med J","first-page":"3","article-title":"The regional acceleratory phenomenon: a review","volume":"31","author":"Frost \n HM.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Frost \n HM. \n \n \n The regional acceleratory phenomenon: a review. Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1983;31(1):3\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2149","article-title":"Accelerated osteogenic orthodontics technique: a 1-stage surgically facilitated rapid orthodontic technique with alveolar augmentation","volume":"67","author":"Wilcko \n MT,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilcko \n MT, \n \n \n Wilcko \n WM, \n \n \n Pulver \n JJ, \n \n \n Bissada \n NF, \n \n \n Bouquot \n JE. \n \n \n Accelerated osteogenic orthodontics technique: a 1-stage surgically facilitated rapid orthodontic technique with alveolar augmentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2149\u20132159."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"570","article-title":"Mohamed Salah Fayed M, Mehanni S, ElBokle NN, Heider AM. Comparison of corticotomy-facilitated vs standard tooth-movement techniques in dogs with miniscrews as anchor units","volume":"136","author":"Mostafa \n YA,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mostafa \n YA, \n \n \n Mohamed Salah Fayed M, Mehanni S, ElBokle NN, Heider AM. Comparison of corticotomy-facilitated vs standard tooth-movement techniques in dogs with miniscrews as anchor units. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:570\u2013577."},{"issue":"448","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e441","article-title":"Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy in the dog","volume":"131","author":"Iino \n S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iino \n S, \n \n \n Sakoda \n S, \n \n \n Ito \n G, \n \n \n Nishimori \n T, \n \n \n Ikeda \n T, \n \n \n Miyawaki \n S. \n \n \n Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy in the dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:448e441\u2013e448."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2130","article-title":"Speedy surgical orthodontic treatment with skeletal anchorage in adults-sagittal correction and open bite correction","volume":"67","author":"Chung \n K-R,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chung \n K-R, \n \n \n Mitsugi \n M, \n \n \n Lee \n B-S, \n \n \n Kanno \n T, \n \n \n Lee \n W, \n \n \n Kim \n S-H. \n \n \n Speedy surgical orthodontic treatment with skeletal anchorage in adults-sagittal correction and open bite correction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2130\u20132148."},{"issue":"4 suppl","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S83","article-title":"Mechanism of action and morphologic changes in the alveolar bone in response to selective alveolar decortication-facilitated tooth movement","volume":"139","author":"Baloul \n SS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baloul \n SS, \n \n \n Gerstenfeld \n LC, \n \n \n Morgan \n EF, \n \n \n Carvalho \n RS, \n \n \n Van Dyke \n TE, \n \n \n Kantarci \n A. \n \n \n Mechanism of action and morphologic changes in the alveolar bone in response to selective alveolar decortication-facilitated tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(4 suppl):S83\u2013S101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"558","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of micro-osteoperforation and corticision on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"86","author":"Tsai \n CY,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai \n CY, \n \n \n Yang \n TK, \n \n \n Hsieh \n HY, \n \n \n Yang \n LY. \n \n \n Comparison of the effects of micro-osteoperforation and corticision on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:558\u2013564."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effect of corticision and different force magnitudes on orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model","volume":"146","author":"Murphy \n CA,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy \n CA, \n \n \n Chandhoke \n T, \n \n \n Kalajzic \n Z, \n \n et al. \n Effect of corticision and different force magnitudes on orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:55\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"150.e1","article-title":"Rate of tooth movement under heavy and light continuous orthodontic forces","volume":"136","author":"Yee \n JA,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yee \n JA, \n \n \n T\u00fcrk \n T, \n \n \n Elekda\u011f-T\u00fcrk \n S, \n \n \n Cheng \n LL, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Rate of tooth movement under heavy and light continuous orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:150.e1\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"107","article-title":"Corticotomy affects both the modus and magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"40","author":"Verna \n C,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verna \n C, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n PM, \n \n \n Dalstra \n M. \n \n \n Corticotomy affects both the modus and magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Orthod. 2018;40:107\u2013112."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"49","article-title":"Elevation of a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap alone accelerates orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"152","author":"Owen \n KM,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Owen \n KM, \n \n \n Campbell \n PM, \n \n \n Feng \n JQ, \n \n \n Dechow \n PC, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Elevation of a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap alone accelerates orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152:49\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b17","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Interdental osteotomies induce regional acceleratory phenomenon and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"72","author":"Teng \n GYY,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teng \n GYY, \n \n \n Liou \n EJW. \n \n \n Interdental osteotomies induce regional acceleratory phenomenon and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72:19\u201329."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"467","article-title":"Non-clast cells start orthodontic root resorption in the periphery of hyalinized zones","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n Non-clast cells start orthodontic root resorption in the periphery of hyalinized zones. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:467\u2013480."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"410","article-title":"Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"77","author":"Tomizuka \n R,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomizuka \n R, \n \n \n Shimizu \n Y, \n \n \n Kanetaka \n H, \n \n et al. \n Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:410\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effect of corticision on root resorption with heavy and light forces","volume":"86","author":"Murphy \n C,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murphy \n C, \n \n \n Kalajzic \n Z, \n \n \n Chandhoke \n T, \n \n \n Utreja \n A, \n \n \n Nanda \n R, \n \n \n Uribe \n F. \n \n \n The effect of corticision on root resorption with heavy and light forces. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:17\u201323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx080","article-title":"The effects of alveolar decortications on orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodelling in rats","author":"Dutra \n EH,","year":"2017]","unstructured":"Dutra \n EH, \n \n \n Ahmida \n A, \n \n \n Lima \n A, \n \n \n Schneider \n S, \n \n \n Nanda \n R, \n \n \n Yadav \n S. \n \n \n The effects of alveolar decortications on orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodelling in rats. [published online October 28, 2017]. Eur J Orthod. doi:10.1093\/ejo\/cjx080."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"386","article-title":"Decreased alveolar bone turnover is related to the occurrence of root resorption during experimental tooth movement in dogs","volume":"85","author":"Deguchi \n T,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deguchi \n T, \n \n \n Seiryu \n M, \n \n \n Daimaruya \n T, \n \n \n Garetto \n LP, \n \n \n Takano-Yamamoto \n T, \n \n \n Roberts \n WE. \n \n \n Decreased alveolar bone turnover is related to the occurrence of root resorption during experimental tooth movement in dogs. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:386\u2013393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Effects of different types of tooth movement and force magnitudes on the amount of tooth movement and root resorption in rats","volume":"84","author":"Nakano \n T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakano \n T, \n \n \n Hotokezaka \n H, \n \n \n Hashimoto \n M, \n \n et al. \n Effects of different types of tooth movement and force magnitudes on the amount of tooth movement and root resorption in rats. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:1079\u20131085."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar","volume":"78","author":"Gonzales \n C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzales \n C, \n \n \n Hotokezaka \n H, \n \n \n Yoshimatsu \n M, \n \n \n Yozgatian \n JH, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA, \n \n \n Yoshida \n N. \n \n \n Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:502\u2013509."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"359","article-title":"Bone turnover rate in rats does not influence root resorption induced by orthodontic treatment","volume":"25","author":"Verna \n C,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verna \n C, \n \n \n Dalstra \n M, \n \n \n Melsen \n B. \n \n \n Bone turnover rate in rats does not influence root resorption induced by orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:359\u2013363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b04","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Modeling of trabecular bone and lamina dura following selective alveolar decortication in rats","volume":"79","author":"Sebaoun \n JD,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sebaoun \n JD, \n \n \n Kantarci \n A, \n \n \n Turner \n JW, \n \n \n Carvalho \n RS, \n \n \n Van Dyke \n TE, \n \n \n Ferguson \n DJ. \n \n \n Modeling of trabecular bone and lamina dura following selective alveolar decortication in rats. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1679\u20131688."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b05","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"42","article-title":"Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment-a frontier in orthodontics","volume":"14","author":"Nimeri \n G,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nimeri \n G, \n \n \n Kau \n CH, \n \n \n Abou-Kheir \n NS, \n \n \n Corona \n R. \n \n \n Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment-a frontier in orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:42."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b06","series-title":"Henry Ford Hosp Med J","first-page":"3","article-title":"The regional acceleratory phenomenon: a review","volume":"31","author":"Frost \n HM.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Frost \n HM. \n \n \n The regional acceleratory phenomenon: a review. Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1983;31(1):3\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2149","article-title":"Accelerated osteogenic orthodontics technique: a 1-stage surgically facilitated rapid orthodontic technique with alveolar augmentation","volume":"67","author":"Wilcko \n MT,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilcko \n MT, \n \n \n Wilcko \n WM, \n \n \n Pulver \n JJ, \n \n \n Bissada \n NF, \n \n \n Bouquot \n JE. \n \n \n Accelerated osteogenic orthodontics technique: a 1-stage surgically facilitated rapid orthodontic technique with alveolar augmentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2149\u20132159."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"570","article-title":"Mohamed Salah Fayed M, Mehanni S, ElBokle NN, Heider AM. Comparison of corticotomy-facilitated vs standard tooth-movement techniques in dogs with miniscrews as anchor units","volume":"136","author":"Mostafa \n YA,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mostafa \n YA, \n \n \n Mohamed Salah Fayed M, Mehanni S, ElBokle NN, Heider AM. Comparison of corticotomy-facilitated vs standard tooth-movement techniques in dogs with miniscrews as anchor units. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:570\u2013577."},{"issue":"448","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e441","article-title":"Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy in the dog","volume":"131","author":"Iino \n S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iino \n S, \n \n \n Sakoda \n S, \n \n \n Ito \n G, \n \n \n Nishimori \n T, \n \n \n Ikeda \n T, \n \n \n Miyawaki \n S. \n \n \n Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy in the dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:448e441\u2013e448."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2130","article-title":"Speedy surgical orthodontic treatment with skeletal anchorage in adults-sagittal correction and open bite correction","volume":"67","author":"Chung \n K-R,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chung \n K-R, \n \n \n Mitsugi \n M, \n \n \n Lee \n B-S, \n \n \n Kanno \n T, \n \n \n Lee \n W, \n \n \n Kim \n S-H. \n \n \n Speedy surgical orthodontic treatment with skeletal anchorage in adults-sagittal correction and open bite correction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2130\u20132148."},{"issue":"4 suppl","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S83","article-title":"Mechanism of action and morphologic changes in the alveolar bone in response to selective alveolar decortication-facilitated tooth movement","volume":"139","author":"Baloul \n SS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baloul \n SS, \n \n \n Gerstenfeld \n LC, \n \n \n Morgan \n EF, \n \n \n Carvalho \n RS, \n \n \n Van Dyke \n TE, \n \n \n Kantarci \n A. \n \n \n Mechanism of action and morphologic changes in the alveolar bone in response to selective alveolar decortication-facilitated tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(4 suppl):S83\u2013S101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"558","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of micro-osteoperforation and corticision on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"86","author":"Tsai \n CY,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai \n CY, \n \n \n Yang \n TK, \n \n \n Hsieh \n HY, \n \n \n Yang \n LY. \n \n \n Comparison of the effects of micro-osteoperforation and corticision on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:558\u2013564."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effect of corticision and different force magnitudes on orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model","volume":"146","author":"Murphy \n CA,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy \n CA, \n \n \n Chandhoke \n T, \n \n \n Kalajzic \n Z, \n \n et al. \n Effect of corticision and different force magnitudes on orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:55\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"150.e1","article-title":"Rate of tooth movement under heavy and light continuous orthodontic forces","volume":"136","author":"Yee \n JA,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yee \n JA, \n \n \n T\u00fcrk \n T, \n \n \n Elekda\u011f-T\u00fcrk \n S, \n \n \n Cheng \n LL, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Rate of tooth movement under heavy and light continuous orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:150.e1\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"107","article-title":"Corticotomy affects both the modus and magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"40","author":"Verna \n C,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verna \n C, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n PM, \n \n \n Dalstra \n M. \n \n \n Corticotomy affects both the modus and magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Orthod. 2018;40:107\u2013112."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"49","article-title":"Elevation of a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap alone accelerates orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"152","author":"Owen \n KM,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Owen \n KM, \n \n \n Campbell \n PM, \n \n \n Feng \n JQ, \n \n \n Dechow \n PC, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Elevation of a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap alone accelerates orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152:49\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b17","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Interdental osteotomies induce regional acceleratory phenomenon and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"72","author":"Teng \n GYY,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teng \n GYY, \n \n \n Liou \n EJW. \n \n \n Interdental osteotomies induce regional acceleratory phenomenon and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72:19\u201329."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"467","article-title":"Non-clast cells start orthodontic root resorption in the periphery of hyalinized zones","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n Non-clast cells start orthodontic root resorption in the periphery of hyalinized zones. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:467\u2013480."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-632-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"410","article-title":"Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"77","author":"Tomizuka \n R,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomizuka \n R, \n \n \n Shimizu \n Y, \n \n \n Kanetaka \n H, \n \n et al. \n Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement. 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