{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:42:37Z","timestamp":1788396157869,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To compare canine retraction using NiTi closed coil springs vs elastomeric chains comprehensively in a split-mouth randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n The canines in 64 quadrants were randomly retracted into the first premolar extraction spaces using NiTi closed coil springs or elastomeric chains, in the maxilla and mandible. The retraction force was 150 g. Cone beam computed tomography scans and study models were obtained before the start of canine retraction and 6 months later. The rate and total amount of canine retraction, canine rotation, tipping, and root resorption were evaluated. A visual analogue scale was used to evaluate patients' pain experience.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The two methods were statistically similar for dental changes, rate of canine retraction, and root resorption. However, patients reported significantly more days of pain with the elastomeric chain compared to the NiTi closed coil springs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Within the constraints of the current study, using either NiTi closed coil springs or elastomeric chains as force delivery systems for canine retraction results in no significant difference in the rate of canine retraction, tipping, rotation, or root resorption. Pain experience during retraction using elastomeric chains is more significant yet needs further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/110620-916.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T15:14:58Z","timestamp":1613574898000},"page":"441-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comprehensive comparison of canine retraction using NiTi closed coil springs vs elastomeric chains:"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Haya A.","family":"Barsoum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend S.","family":"ElSayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad A.","family":"El Sharaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Martin","family":"Palomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehya A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"95","article-title":"Duration and anchorage management of canine retraction with bodily versus tipping mechanics","volume":"78","author":"Shpack","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shpack\n N,\n \n \n Davidovitch\n M,\n \n \n Sarne\n O,\n \n \n Panayi\n N,\n \n \n Vardimon\n A.\n \n \n Duration and anchorage management of canine retraction with bodily versus tipping mechanics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\t95\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t100."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth 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chains","volume":"22","author":"Bokas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bokas\n J,\n \n \n Woods\n M.\n \n \n A clinical comparison between nickel titanium springs and elastomeric chains.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust Orthod J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t22:\n\t\t\t\t\t39\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t46."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b16","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"561","article-title":"Efficacy of elastic memory chains versus nickel\u2013titanium coil springs in canine retraction: a two-center split-mouth randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Khanemasjedi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khanemasjedi\n M,\n \n \n Moradinejad\n M,\n \n \n Javidi\n P,\n \n \n Niknam\n O,\n \n \n Jahromi\n NH,\n \n \n Rakhshan\n V.\n \n \n Efficacy of elastic memory chains versus nickel\u2013titanium coil springs in canine retraction: a two-center split-mouth randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt 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Vardimon\n A.\n \n \n Duration and anchorage management of canine retraction with bodily versus tipping mechanics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\t95\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t100."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman\n B,\n \n \n Vig\n K,\n \n \n Fields\n H,\n \n \n Shanker\n S,\n \n \n Kaizar\n E.\n \n \n Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t137:\n\t\t\t\t\t462\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"641","article-title":"Prevalence of white spot lesion formation during orthodontic treatment","volume":"83","author":"Julien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Julien\n K,\n \n \n Buschang\n P,\n \n \n Campbell\n P.\n \n \n Prevalence of white spot lesion formation during orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t83:\n\t\t\t\t\t641\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t647."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"395","article-title":"Continuous versus interrupted orthodontic force related to early tooth movement and root resorption","volume":"65","author":"Owman-Moll","year":"1995","unstructured":"Owman-Moll\n P,\n \n \n Kurol\n J,\n \n \n Lundgren\n D.\n \n \n Continuous versus interrupted orthodontic force related to early tooth movement and root resorption.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t65:\n\t\t\t\t\t395\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t401."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b05","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev.","article-title":"Non-surgical adjunctive interventions for accelerating tooth movement in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment","volume":"11","author":"El-Angbawi","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Angbawi\n A,\n \n \n McIntyre\n GT,\n \n \n Fleming\n PS,\n \n \n Bearn\n DR.\n \n \n Non-surgical adjunctive interventions for accelerating tooth movement in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tCochrane Database Syst Rev.2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t11:\n\t\t\t\t\tCD010887."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b06","series-title":"J Orthod Sci","first-page":"1","article-title":"Canine retraction: a systematic review of different methods used","volume":"4","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kulshrestha\n RS,\n \n \n Tandon\n R,\n \n \n Chandra\n P.\n \n \n Canine retraction: a systematic review of different methods used.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t4:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"39","article-title":"Comparisons of the chondroitin sulphate levels in orthodontically moved canines and the clinical outcomes between two different force magnitudes","volume":"36","author":"Insee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Insee\n K,\n \n \n Pothacharoen\n P,\n \n \n Kongtawelert\n P,\n \n \n Ongchai\n S,\n \n \n Jotikasthira\n D,\n \n \n Krisanaprakornkit\n S.\n \n \n Comparisons of the chondroitin sulphate levels in orthodontically moved canines and the clinical outcomes between two different force magnitudes.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t36:\n\t\t\t\t\t39\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t46."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-4-441-b08","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"229","article-title":"A clinical investigation of force delivery systems for orthodontic space closure","volume":"30","author":"Nightingale","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nightingale\n C,\n \n \n Jones\n SP.\n \n \n A clinical investigation of force delivery systems for orthodontic space closure.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ 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