{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:00:54Z","timestamp":1791237654581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002To evaluate three-dimensional (3-D) soft tissue facial changes following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and to compare these changes with an untreated control group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002Patients who need RME as a part of their orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into two groups of 17 patients each. Eligibility criteria included having maxillary transverse deficiency with crossbite, and to be in the normal range according to body mass index. In the first group (mean age\u2009\u200a=\u200a\u200913.4 \u00b1 1.2 years), expansion was performed. The second group received no treatment initially and served as untreated control (mean age\u2009\u200a=\u200a\u200912.8 \u00b1 1.3 years). Skeletal and soft tissue changes were evaluated using posteroanterior cephalograms and 3-D facial images. The primary outcome of this study was to assess the soft tissue changes. The secondary outcomes were evaluation hard tissue and soft tissue relations. Randomization was done with preprepared random number tables. Blinding was applicable for outcome assessment only. MANOVA,\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -test, and correlation analyses were used (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u2009\u200a=\u200a\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    .05).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002In both groups, there was a general trend of increase for the transverse skeletal measurements, but these increases were more limited in the control group. Alar base width was greater in the treatment group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u200a=\u200a\u2009.002). Pogonion soft tissue point (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u200a=\u200a\u2009.022) was located more posteriorly in the expansion group compared with the control group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002Soft tissue changes between groups were similar, except for the alar base, which became wider in the treatment group. Weak correlations were found between the skeletal and soft tissue changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/111315-766.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T21:05:42Z","timestamp":1460149542000},"page":"934-942","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Facial soft-tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion analyzed with 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: A randomized, controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Asli","family":"Baysal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Ali","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Oguz","family":"Sahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tancan","family":"Uysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r1","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman\n              JL,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ackerman\n              JL, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Sarver\n              DM.\n            \n          \n          The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res. 1999;2:49\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r2","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on Holdaway soft tissue measurements","volume":"30","author":"Kilic\n              N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilic\n              N, \n            \n              Kiki\n              A, \n            \n              Oktay\n              H, \n            \n              Erdem\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on Holdaway soft tissue measurements. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:239\u2013243."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r3","series-title":"A study utilizing dried human skulls as models to determine how bones of the craniofacial complex are displaced under the influence of midpalatal expansion [Master\u2019s thesis]","author":"Kudlick\n              EM.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kudlick\n              EM.\n            \n          \n          A study utilizing dried human skulls as models to determine how bones of the craniofacial complex are displaced under the influence of midpalatal expansion [Master\u2019s thesis]. Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University; 1973."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"705","article-title":"Changes in nasal air flow incident to rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"53","author":"Wertz\n              RA.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wertz\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal air flow incident to rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:705\u2013706."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r5","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Examination of soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"3","author":"Karaman\n              AI,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Karaman\n              AI, \n            \n              Gelg\u00f6r\n              I, \n            \n              Demir\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Examination of soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion. World J Orthod. 2002;3:217\u2013222."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"563","article-title":"Photographic analysis of facial changes associated with maxillary expansion","volume":"116","author":"Berger\n              JL,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berger\n              JL, \n            \n              Pangrazio-Kulbersh\n              V, \n            \n              Thomas\n              BW, \n            \n              Kaczynski\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Photographic analysis of facial changes associated with maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:563\u2013571."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"995","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects","volume":"80","author":"Johnson\n              BM,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson\n              BM, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA, \n            \n              Bandeen\n              RL, \n            \n              Baccetti\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:995\u20131001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r8","series-title":"Angle Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/051115-319.1","article-title":"Assessment of the effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional imaging","author":"Alt\u0131ndis\n              S,","unstructured":"Alt\u0131ndis\n              S, \n            \n              Toy\n              E, \n            \n              Basciftci\n              FA.\n            \n          \n          Assessment of the effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional imaging. Angle Orthod. doi:10.2319\/051115-319.1[Epub]."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r9","series-title":"The Surgeon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2014.04.005","article-title":"Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the naso-maxillary facial soft tissue using 3D stereophotogrammetry","author":"Altorkat\n              Y,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altorkat\n              Y, \n            \n              Khambay\n              BS, \n            \n              McDonald\n              JP, \n            \n              Cross\n              DL, \n            \n              Brocklebank\n              LM, \n            \n              Ju\n              X.\n            \n          \n          Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the naso-maxillary facial soft tissue using 3D stereophotogrammetry. The Surgeon. 2014. doi:10.1016\/j.surge.2014.04.005."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r10","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"157","article-title":"Evaluation of immediate soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"17","author":"Kim\n              KB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim\n              KB, \n            \n              Adams\n              D, \n            \n              Ara\u00fajo\n              EA, \n            \n              Behrents\n              RG.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of immediate soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012;17:157\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r11","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods","volume":"21","author":"Germec-Cakan\n              D,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Germec-Cakan\n              D, \n            \n              Canter\n              HI, \n            \n              Nur\n              B, \n            \n              Arun\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21:1393\u20131399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r12","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"763","article-title":"Precision and accuracy of the 3dMD photogrammetric system in craniomaxillofacial application","volume":"21","author":"L\u00fcbbers\n              HT,","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00fcbbers\n              HT, \n            \n              Medinger\n              L, \n            \n              Kruse\n              A, \n            \n              Gratz\n              KW, \n            \n              Matthews\n              F.\n            \n          \n          Precision and accuracy of the 3dMD photogrammetric system in craniomaxillofacial application. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21:763\u2013767."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"178","article-title":"Forces produced by rapid maxillary expansion: 3. Forces present during retention","volume":"35","author":"Zimring\n              JF,","year":"1965","unstructured":"Zimring\n              JF, \n            \n              Isaacson\n              RJ.\n            \n          \n          Forces produced by rapid maxillary expansion: 3. Forces present during retention. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:178\u2013186."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r14","series-title":"J Dent","first-page":"130","article-title":"Reproducibility of natural head position","volume":"19","author":"Chiu\n              CS,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chiu\n              CS, \n            \n              Clark\n              RK.\n            \n          \n          Reproducibility of natural head position. J Dent. 1991;19:130\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r15","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"Three dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning","volume":"16","author":"Djordjevic\n              J,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Djordjevic\n              J, \n            \n              Jadallah\n              M, \n            \n              Zhurov\n              A, \n            \n              Toma\n              A, \n            \n              Richmond\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Three dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:146\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r16","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"928","article-title":"Facial asymmetry: three-dimensional analysis using laser surface scanning","volume":"104","author":"O\u2019Grady\n              KF,","year":"1999","unstructured":"O\u2019Grady\n              KF, \n            \n              Antonyshyn\n              OM.\n            \n          \n          Facial asymmetry: three-dimensional analysis using laser surface scanning. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:928\u2013937."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r17","series-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc","first-page":"143","article-title":"Expansion of the midpalatal suture by removable plates analyzed by the implant method","volume":"40","author":"Skeiller\n              V.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Skeiller\n              V.\n            \n          \n          Expansion of the midpalatal suture by removable plates analyzed by the implant method. Trans Eur Orthod Soc. 1964;40:143."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r18","series-title":"Craniofacial Growth Series","article-title":"The role of the transverse dimension in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","author":"McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr.","year":"1999","unstructured":"McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          The role of the transverse dimension in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. In:Craniofacial Growth Series. Monograph 36. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Center for Human Growth and Development; 1999."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r19","series-title":"Orthodontic and Orthopedic Treatment in the Mixed Dentition","author":"McNamara\n              JA Jr,","year":"1993","unstructured":"McNamara\n              JA Jr, \n            \n              Brudon\n              WL.\n            \n          \n          Orthodontic and Orthopedic Treatment in the Mixed Dentition. Ann Arbor, MI: Needham Press; 1993."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r20","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"477","article-title":"Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry","volume":"17","author":"Weinberg\n              SM,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weinberg\n              SM, \n            \n              Naidoo\n              S, \n            \n              Govier\n              DP, \n            \n              Martin\n              RA, \n            \n              Kane\n              AA, \n            \n              Marazita\n              ML.\n            \n          \n          Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry. J Craniofac Surg. 2006;17:477\u2013483."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r1","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman\n              JL,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ackerman\n              JL, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Sarver\n              DM.\n            \n          \n          The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res. 1999;2:49\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r2","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on Holdaway soft tissue measurements","volume":"30","author":"Kilic\n              N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilic\n              N, \n            \n              Kiki\n              A, \n            \n              Oktay\n              H, \n            \n              Erdem\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on Holdaway soft tissue measurements. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:239\u2013243."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r3","series-title":"A study utilizing dried human skulls as models to determine how bones of the craniofacial complex are displaced under the influence of midpalatal expansion [Master\u2019s thesis]","author":"Kudlick\n              EM.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kudlick\n              EM.\n            \n          \n          A study utilizing dried human skulls as models to determine how bones of the craniofacial complex are displaced under the influence of midpalatal expansion [Master\u2019s thesis]. Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University; 1973."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"705","article-title":"Changes in nasal air flow incident to rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"53","author":"Wertz\n              RA.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wertz\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal air flow incident to rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:705\u2013706."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r5","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Examination of soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"3","author":"Karaman\n              AI,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Karaman\n              AI, \n            \n              Gelg\u00f6r\n              I, \n            \n              Demir\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Examination of soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion. World J Orthod. 2002;3:217\u2013222."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"563","article-title":"Photographic analysis of facial changes associated with maxillary expansion","volume":"116","author":"Berger\n              JL,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berger\n              JL, \n            \n              Pangrazio-Kulbersh\n              V, \n            \n              Thomas\n              BW, \n            \n              Kaczynski\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Photographic analysis of facial changes associated with maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:563\u2013571."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"995","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects","volume":"80","author":"Johnson\n              BM,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson\n              BM, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA, \n            \n              Bandeen\n              RL, \n            \n              Baccetti\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:995\u20131001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r8","series-title":"Angle Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/051115-319.1","article-title":"Assessment of the effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional imaging","author":"Alt\u0131ndis\n              S,","unstructured":"Alt\u0131ndis\n              S, \n            \n              Toy\n              E, \n            \n              Basciftci\n              FA.\n            \n          \n          Assessment of the effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional imaging. Angle Orthod. doi:10.2319\/051115-319.1[Epub]."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r9","series-title":"The Surgeon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2014.04.005","article-title":"Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the naso-maxillary facial soft tissue using 3D stereophotogrammetry","author":"Altorkat\n              Y,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altorkat\n              Y, \n            \n              Khambay\n              BS, \n            \n              McDonald\n              JP, \n            \n              Cross\n              DL, \n            \n              Brocklebank\n              LM, \n            \n              Ju\n              X.\n            \n          \n          Immediate effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the naso-maxillary facial soft tissue using 3D stereophotogrammetry. The Surgeon. 2014. doi:10.1016\/j.surge.2014.04.005."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r10","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"157","article-title":"Evaluation of immediate soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"17","author":"Kim\n              KB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim\n              KB, \n            \n              Adams\n              D, \n            \n              Ara\u00fajo\n              EA, \n            \n              Behrents\n              RG.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of immediate soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012;17:157\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r11","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods","volume":"21","author":"Germec-Cakan\n              D,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Germec-Cakan\n              D, \n            \n              Canter\n              HI, \n            \n              Nur\n              B, \n            \n              Arun\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21:1393\u20131399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r12","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"763","article-title":"Precision and accuracy of the 3dMD photogrammetric system in craniomaxillofacial application","volume":"21","author":"L\u00fcbbers\n              HT,","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00fcbbers\n              HT, \n            \n              Medinger\n              L, \n            \n              Kruse\n              A, \n            \n              Gratz\n              KW, \n            \n              Matthews\n              F.\n            \n          \n          Precision and accuracy of the 3dMD photogrammetric system in craniomaxillofacial application. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21:763\u2013767."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"178","article-title":"Forces produced by rapid maxillary expansion: 3. Forces present during retention","volume":"35","author":"Zimring\n              JF,","year":"1965","unstructured":"Zimring\n              JF, \n            \n              Isaacson\n              RJ.\n            \n          \n          Forces produced by rapid maxillary expansion: 3. Forces present during retention. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:178\u2013186."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r14","series-title":"J Dent","first-page":"130","article-title":"Reproducibility of natural head position","volume":"19","author":"Chiu\n              CS,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chiu\n              CS, \n            \n              Clark\n              RK.\n            \n          \n          Reproducibility of natural head position. J Dent. 1991;19:130\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r15","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"Three dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning","volume":"16","author":"Djordjevic\n              J,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Djordjevic\n              J, \n            \n              Jadallah\n              M, \n            \n              Zhurov\n              A, \n            \n              Toma\n              A, \n            \n              Richmond\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Three dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:146\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r16","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"928","article-title":"Facial asymmetry: three-dimensional analysis using laser surface scanning","volume":"104","author":"O\u2019Grady\n              KF,","year":"1999","unstructured":"O\u2019Grady\n              KF, \n            \n              Antonyshyn\n              OM.\n            \n          \n          Facial asymmetry: three-dimensional analysis using laser surface scanning. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:928\u2013937."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r17","series-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc","first-page":"143","article-title":"Expansion of the midpalatal suture by removable plates analyzed by the implant method","volume":"40","author":"Skeiller\n              V.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Skeiller\n              V.\n            \n          \n          Expansion of the midpalatal suture by removable plates analyzed by the implant method. Trans Eur Orthod Soc. 1964;40:143."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r18","series-title":"Craniofacial Growth Series","article-title":"The role of the transverse dimension in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","author":"McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr.","year":"1999","unstructured":"McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          The role of the transverse dimension in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. In:Craniofacial Growth Series. Monograph 36. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Center for Human Growth and Development; 1999."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r19","series-title":"Orthodontic and Orthopedic Treatment in the Mixed Dentition","author":"McNamara\n              JA Jr,","year":"1993","unstructured":"McNamara\n              JA Jr, \n            \n              Brudon\n              WL.\n            \n          \n          Orthodontic and Orthopedic Treatment in the Mixed Dentition. Ann Arbor, MI: Needham Press; 1993."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-934-r20","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"477","article-title":"Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry","volume":"17","author":"Weinberg\n              SM,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weinberg\n              SM, \n            \n              Naidoo\n              S, \n            \n              Govier\n              DP, \n            \n              Martin\n              RA, \n            \n              Kane\n              AA, \n            \n              Marazita\n              ML.\n            \n          \n          Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry. 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