{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:05:35Z","timestamp":1780067135611,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the treatment effects of pushing or pulling force mechanics applied to bimaxillary miniplates with those of deferred treatment control patients to evaluate mandibular skeletal growth changes in growing patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-nine patients (24 males, 15 females; mean age = 11.59 \u00b1 0.56 years) were equally and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group A, skeletally anchored fixed-functional appliance (pushing mechanics); Group B, skeletally anchored Class II spring (pulling mechanics); and Group C, deferred treatment skeletal Class II control patients. Pretreatment and posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography scans were used for assessment of measurements (time interval: 11.52 \u00b1 0.32, 11.53 \u00b1 0.31, and 9.63 \u00b1 0.22 months for groups A, B, and C, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative to the control group, both intervention groups showed significant increases in effective mandibular length (Co-Gn), with mean differences of 5.08 \u00b1 2.25 mm in Group A, and 3.83 \u00b1 2.79 mm in Group B. A significant improvement in the sagittal relationship was observed in both groups, with reductions in ANB angle by 4.31\u00b0 in Group A, and 5.5\u00b0 in Group B. The mandibular plane angle was increased significantly in Group B by 1.83 \u00b1 0.72\u00b0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mandibular growth was enhanced using either pushing or pulling skeletally anchored force mechanics. The use of pulling force mechanics, specifically, was associated with increases in lower facial height.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/111324-934.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:30:15Z","timestamp":1753662615000},"page":"14-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison between two bone anchored force systems for correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion in growing patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial, part 1: short-term skeletal changes"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Yasmine M.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherief H.","family":"Abdel-Haffiez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiman S.","family":"Marzouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adham A.","family":"El Ashwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan A.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University; and Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b01","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"11","article-title":"Class II malocclusions: diagnostic and clinical considerations with and without treatment","volume":"12","author":"Bishara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bishara SE. Class II malocclusions: diagnostic and clinical considerations with and without treatment. Semin Orthod. 2006;12:11\u201324."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"207","article-title":"Epidemiologic panorama of dental occlusion","volume":"60","author":"El-Mangoury","year":"1990","unstructured":"El-Mangoury NH,\nMostafa YA. Epidemiologic panorama of dental occlusion. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:207\u2013214."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b03","series-title":"Egy Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and common occlusal traits among adolescent school children in Dakahliya, Egypt and Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"57","author":"El-Attar","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Attar H,\nSalama R,\nHussien A. Prevalence of malocclusion and common occlusal traits among adolescent school children in Dakahliya, Egypt and Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Egy Orthod. 2020;57:1\u20139."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b04","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effect of removable functional appliances on mandibular length in patients with class II with retrognathism: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Adriana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adriana SV,\nRub\u00e9n MH,\nEmery AV,\nClaudia RS. Effect of removable functional appliances on mandibular length in patients with class II with retrognathism: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17:52."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b05","series-title":"Sys Rev Pharm","first-page":"511","article-title":"A systematic review of oral myofunctional therapy, methods and development of Class II skeletal malocclusion treatment in children","volume":"11","author":"Harun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harun A,\nNurul M,\nYunita FR. A systematic review of oral myofunctional therapy, methods and development of Class II skeletal malocclusion treatment in children. Sys Rev Pharm. 2020;11(6):511\u2013521."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b06","series-title":"J Indian Orthod Soc","first-page":"180","article-title":"S. Evaluation of dentoalveolar, skeletal and soft-tissue changes with FFA including the multibracket system: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Shruti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shruti P,\nMukesh K,\nHemant S,\nManish G,\nSonika Ashish K, S. Evaluation of dentoalveolar, skeletal and soft-tissue changes with FFA including the multibracket system: a meta-analysis. J Indian Orthod Soc. 2020;54(3):180\u2013194."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"391","article-title":"Evaluation of the miniplate-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in skeletal Class II growing subjects: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Elkordy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elkordy S,\nAbouelezz A,\nFayed M,\nAboulfotouh M,\nMostafaY. Evaluation of the miniplate-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in skeletal Class II growing subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2019;89:391\u2013403."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"86","author":"Turkkahraman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turkkahraman H,\nEliacik SK,\nFindik Y. Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2016;86(6):1026\u20131032."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"413","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"85","author":"Unal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unal T,\nCelikoglu M,\nCandirli C. Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:413\u2013419."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b10","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"276","article-title":"Treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion using fixed functional appliance with miniplate anchorage","volume":"8","author":"Celikoglu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu M,\nUnal T,\nBayram M,\nCandirli C. Treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion using fixed functional appliance with miniplate anchorage. Eur J Dent. 2014;8:276\u2013280."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"42","article-title":"Management of skeletal Class II malocclusion using bimaxillary skeletal anchorage supported fixed functional appliances: a novel technique","volume":"82","author":"Kochar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kochar GD,\nLondhe SM,\nShivpuri A,\nChopra SS,\nRajat M,\nMunish V. Management of skeletal Class II malocclusion using bimaxillary skeletal anchorage supported fixed functional appliances: a novel technique. J Orofac Orthop. 2021;82:42\u201353."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"505","article-title":"Effects of skeletally anchored Class II elastics: a pilot study and new approach for treating Class II malocclusion","volume":"87","author":"Ozbilek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozbilek S,\nGungor AY,\nCelik S. Effects of skeletally anchored Class II elastics: a pilot study and new approach for treating Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:505\u2013512."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"A novel approach for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion: miniplates-based skeletal anchorage","volume":"153","author":"Al-Dumaini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Dumaini A,\nYoussef M,\nHalboub E,\nAlhammadi M,\nIshaq R. A novel approach for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion: miniplates-based skeletal anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153:239\u2013247."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b14","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"339","article-title":"Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Class II malocclusion treatment using bi\u2013maxillary skeletal anchorage: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhammadi MS,\nQasem AA,\nYamani AM, et al. Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Class II malocclusion treatment using bi\u2013maxillary skeletal anchorage: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:339."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b15","series-title":"Int J Surg","first-page":"28","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"10","author":"Moher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moher D,\nHopewell S,\nSchulz KF, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Int J Surg. 2012;10(1):28\u201355."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"824","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of Class II malocclusion cases treated with miniscrew-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Eissa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eissa O,\nEl-Shennawy M,\nGaballah S,\nEl-Meehy G,\nEl-Bialy T. Treatment outcomes of Class II malocclusion cases treated with miniscrew-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(6):824\u2013833."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b17","series-title":"Fundamentals of Biostatistics","author":"Rosner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosner BA. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks\/Cole; 2006."},{"issue":"9306","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b18","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"614","article-title":"Allocation concealment in randomized trials: defending against deciphering","volume":"359","author":"Schulz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schulz KF,\nGrimes DA. Allocation concealment in randomized trials: defending against deciphering. Lancet. 2002;359(9306):614\u2013618."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"292","article-title":"Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant\u2013anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Elkordy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elkordy S,\nAbouelezz A,\nFayed M,\nAttia K,\nIshaq R,\nMostafa Y. Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant\u2013anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2016;86(2):292\u2013305."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"125","article-title":"Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion","volume":"134","author":"Stahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stahl F,\nBaccetti T,\nFranchi L,\nMcNamara JA Jr. Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:125\u2013137."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b21","series-title":"Braz J Oral Sci","first-page":"167","article-title":"Force degradation of different elastomeric chains and nickel titanium closed springs","volume":"10","author":"Pires","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pires BU,\nSouza RE,\nFilho MV,\nDegan VV,\nSantos JCB,\nTubel CAM. Force degradation of different elastomeric chains and nickel titanium closed springs. Braz J Oral Sci. 2011;10:167\u2013170."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"640.e1\u2013640","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography for routine orthodontic treatment planning: a radiation dose evaluation","volume":"133","author":"Silva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silva MA,\nWolf U,\nHeinicke F,\nBumann A,\nVisser H,\nHirsch E. Cone-beam computed tomography for routine orthodontic treatment planning: a radiation dose evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:640.e1\u2013640.e5."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Success rate of miniplate anchorage for bone anchored maxillary protraction","volume":"81","author":"De Clerck","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Clerck EB,\nSwennen GRJ. Success rate of miniplate anchorage for bone anchored maxillary protraction. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:1010\u20131013."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b01","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"11","article-title":"Class II malocclusions: diagnostic and clinical considerations with and without treatment","volume":"12","author":"Bishara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bishara SE. Class II malocclusions: diagnostic and clinical considerations with and without treatment. Semin Orthod. 2006;12:11\u201324."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"207","article-title":"Epidemiologic panorama of dental occlusion","volume":"60","author":"El-Mangoury","year":"1990","unstructured":"El-Mangoury NH,\nMostafa YA. Epidemiologic panorama of dental occlusion. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:207\u2013214."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b03","series-title":"Egy Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and common occlusal traits among adolescent school children in Dakahliya, Egypt and Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"57","author":"El-Attar","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Attar H,\nSalama R,\nHussien A. Prevalence of malocclusion and common occlusal traits among adolescent school children in Dakahliya, Egypt and Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Egy Orthod. 2020;57:1\u20139."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b04","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effect of removable functional appliances on mandibular length in patients with class II with retrognathism: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Adriana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adriana SV,\nRub\u00e9n MH,\nEmery AV,\nClaudia RS. Effect of removable functional appliances on mandibular length in patients with class II with retrognathism: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17:52."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b05","series-title":"Sys Rev Pharm","first-page":"511","article-title":"A systematic review of oral myofunctional therapy, methods and development of Class II skeletal malocclusion treatment in children","volume":"11","author":"Harun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harun A,\nNurul M,\nYunita FR. A systematic review of oral myofunctional therapy, methods and development of Class II skeletal malocclusion treatment in children. Sys Rev Pharm. 2020;11(6):511\u2013521."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b06","series-title":"J Indian Orthod Soc","first-page":"180","article-title":"S. Evaluation of dentoalveolar, skeletal and soft-tissue changes with FFA including the multibracket system: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Shruti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shruti P,\nMukesh K,\nHemant S,\nManish G,\nSonika Ashish K, S. Evaluation of dentoalveolar, skeletal and soft-tissue changes with FFA including the multibracket system: a meta-analysis. J Indian Orthod Soc. 2020;54(3):180\u2013194."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"391","article-title":"Evaluation of the miniplate-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in skeletal Class II growing subjects: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Elkordy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elkordy S,\nAbouelezz A,\nFayed M,\nAboulfotouh M,\nMostafaY. Evaluation of the miniplate-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in skeletal Class II growing subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2019;89:391\u2013403."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"86","author":"Turkkahraman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turkkahraman H,\nEliacik SK,\nFindik Y. Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2016;86(6):1026\u20131032."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"413","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"85","author":"Unal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unal T,\nCelikoglu M,\nCandirli C. Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:413\u2013419."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b10","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"276","article-title":"Treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion using fixed functional appliance with miniplate anchorage","volume":"8","author":"Celikoglu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu M,\nUnal T,\nBayram M,\nCandirli C. Treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion using fixed functional appliance with miniplate anchorage. Eur J Dent. 2014;8:276\u2013280."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"42","article-title":"Management of skeletal Class II malocclusion using bimaxillary skeletal anchorage supported fixed functional appliances: a novel technique","volume":"82","author":"Kochar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kochar GD,\nLondhe SM,\nShivpuri A,\nChopra SS,\nRajat M,\nMunish V. Management of skeletal Class II malocclusion using bimaxillary skeletal anchorage supported fixed functional appliances: a novel technique. J Orofac Orthop. 2021;82:42\u201353."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"505","article-title":"Effects of skeletally anchored Class II elastics: a pilot study and new approach for treating Class II malocclusion","volume":"87","author":"Ozbilek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozbilek S,\nGungor AY,\nCelik S. Effects of skeletally anchored Class II elastics: a pilot study and new approach for treating Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:505\u2013512."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"A novel approach for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion: miniplates-based skeletal anchorage","volume":"153","author":"Al-Dumaini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Dumaini A,\nYoussef M,\nHalboub E,\nAlhammadi M,\nIshaq R. A novel approach for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion: miniplates-based skeletal anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153:239\u2013247."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b14","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"339","article-title":"Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Class II malocclusion treatment using bi\u2013maxillary skeletal anchorage: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhammadi MS,\nQasem AA,\nYamani AM, et al. Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Class II malocclusion treatment using bi\u2013maxillary skeletal anchorage: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:339."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b15","series-title":"Int J Surg","first-page":"28","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"10","author":"Moher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moher D,\nHopewell S,\nSchulz KF, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Int J Surg. 2012;10(1):28\u201355."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"824","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of Class II malocclusion cases treated with miniscrew-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Eissa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eissa O,\nEl-Shennawy M,\nGaballah S,\nEl-Meehy G,\nEl-Bialy T. Treatment outcomes of Class II malocclusion cases treated with miniscrew-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(6):824\u2013833."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b17","series-title":"Fundamentals of Biostatistics","author":"Rosner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosner BA. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks\/Cole; 2006."},{"issue":"9306","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b18","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"614","article-title":"Allocation concealment in randomized trials: defending against deciphering","volume":"359","author":"Schulz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schulz KF,\nGrimes DA. Allocation concealment in randomized trials: defending against deciphering. Lancet. 2002;359(9306):614\u2013618."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"292","article-title":"Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant\u2013anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Elkordy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elkordy S,\nAbouelezz A,\nFayed M,\nAttia K,\nIshaq R,\nMostafa Y. Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant\u2013anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2016;86(2):292\u2013305."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"125","article-title":"Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion","volume":"134","author":"Stahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stahl F,\nBaccetti T,\nFranchi L,\nMcNamara JA Jr. Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:125\u2013137."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b21","series-title":"Braz J Oral Sci","first-page":"167","article-title":"Force degradation of different elastomeric chains and nickel titanium closed springs","volume":"10","author":"Pires","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pires BU,\nSouza RE,\nFilho MV,\nDegan VV,\nSantos JCB,\nTubel CAM. Force degradation of different elastomeric chains and nickel titanium closed springs. Braz J Oral Sci. 2011;10:167\u2013170."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"640.e1\u2013640","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography for routine orthodontic treatment planning: a radiation dose evaluation","volume":"133","author":"Silva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silva MA,\nWolf U,\nHeinicke F,\nBumann A,\nVisser H,\nHirsch E. Cone-beam computed tomography for routine orthodontic treatment planning: a radiation dose evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:640.e1\u2013640.e5."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-1-14-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Success rate of miniplate anchorage for bone anchored maxillary protraction","volume":"81","author":"De Clerck","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Clerck EB,\nSwennen GRJ. Success rate of miniplate anchorage for bone anchored maxillary protraction. 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