{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:22:13Z","timestamp":1790763733151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To identify risk factors for apical root resorption (ARR) of maxillary and mandibular incisors using mathematical quantification of apical root displacement (ARD) and multiple linear mixed-effects modeling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Periapical radiographs of maxillary and mandibular incisors and lateral cephalograms of 135 adults were taken before and after orthodontic treatment. ARR was measured on the periapical radiographs, and movement of central incisors was evaluated on the superimposed pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms. ARD was mathematically calculated from pretreatment tooth length, inclination change, and movement of the incisal edge. Linear mixed-effects model analysis was performed to identify risk factors for ARR, and standardized coefficients (SCs) were calculated to investigate the relative contribution of the risk factors to ARR.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Vertical ARD showed the highest SCs for both maxillary and mandibular incisors. Horizontal ARD showed the second highest SC for mandibular incisors but was not significantly correlated with the ARR of maxillary incisors. When horizontal and vertical ARDs were included in the mixed-effects model, the use of self-ligating brackets was significantly correlated with increased ARR of mandibular incisors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n ARD is a critical factor for ARR after orthodontic treatment. Careful monitoring of ARR is recommended for patients requiring significant ARD of incisors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/111417-777.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T09:20:59Z","timestamp":1534756859000},"page":"740-747","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Apical root displacement is a critical risk factor for apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Kyoung-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, National Health Insurance Service, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Jeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chooryung J.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Researcher, Department of Policy Research Affairs, National Health Insurance Service, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman \n B,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman \n B, \n \n \n Vig \n KW, \n \n \n Fields \n HW, \n \n \n Shanker \n S, \n \n \n Kaizar \n EE. \n \n \n Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"48","article-title":"Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients","volume":"108","author":"Mirabella \n AD,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mirabella \n AD, \n \n \n Artun \n J. \n \n \n Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:48\u201355."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"511","article-title":"Predicting and preventing root resorption: part II. Treatment factors","volume":"119","author":"Sameshima \n GT,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sameshima \n GT, \n \n \n Sinclair \n PM. \n \n \n Predicting and preventing root resorption: part II. Treatment factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:511\u2013515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults","volume":"110","author":"Baumrind \n S,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumrind \n S, \n \n \n Korn \n EL, \n \n \n Boyd \n RL. \n \n \n Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:311\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"677","article-title":"Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor","volume":"114","author":"Parker \n RJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parker \n RJ, \n \n \n Harris \n EF. \n \n \n Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:677\u2013683."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"912","article-title":"Root resorption after orthodontic intrusion and extrusion: an intraindividual study","volume":"75","author":"Han \n GL,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han \n GL, \n \n \n Huang \n SF, \n \n \n den Hoff \n JWV, \n \n \n Zeng \n XL, \n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman \n AM. \n \n \n Root resorption after orthodontic intrusion and extrusion: an intraindividual study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:912\u2013918."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b08","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"71","article-title":"Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption","volume":"7","author":"Segal \n GR,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Segal \n GR, \n \n \n Schiffman \n PH, \n \n \n Tuncay \n OC. \n \n \n Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:71\u201378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"185","article-title":"Precision in cephalometric landmark identification","volume":"4","author":"Stabrun \n AE,","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stabrun \n AE, \n \n \n Danielsen \n K. \n \n \n Precision in cephalometric landmark identification. Eur J Orthod. 1982;4:185\u2013196."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"283","article-title":"and clinical risk factors of root resorption associated with orthodontic treatment","volume":"150","author":"Guo \n Y,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo \n Y, \n \n \n He \n S, \n \n \n Gu \n T, \n \n \n Liu \n Y, \n \n \n Chen S. \n Genetic \n \n \n and clinical risk factors of root resorption associated with orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150:283\u2013289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"350","article-title":"Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors","volume":"34","author":"Motokawa \n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Motokawa \n M, \n \n \n Sasamoto \n T, \n \n \n Kaku \n M, \n \n et al. \n Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:350\u2013356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Correlation between, cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption","volume":"114","author":"Horiuchi \n A,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horiuchi \n A, \n \n \n Hotokezaka \n H, \n \n \n Kobayashi \n K. \n \n \n Correlation between, cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:311\u2013318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b13","series-title":"Imaging Sci Dent","first-page":"227","article-title":"The three-dimensional microstructure of trabecular bone: analysis of site-specific variation in the human jaw bone","volume":"43","author":"Kim \n JE,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim \n JE, \n \n \n Shin \n JM, \n \n \n Oh \n SO, \n \n et al. \n The three-dimensional microstructure of trabecular bone: analysis of site-specific variation in the human jaw bone. Imaging Sci Dent. 2013;43:227\u2013233."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b14","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","article-title":"Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with self-ligating or conventional brackets: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yi \n JR,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yi \n JR, \n \n \n Li \n ML, \n \n \n Li \n Y, \n \n \n Li \n XB, \n \n \n Zhao \n ZH. \n \n \n Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with self-ligating or conventional brackets: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"590","article-title":"Comparative assessment of forces generated during simulated alignment with self-ligating and conventional brackets","volume":"31","author":"Pandis \n N,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pandis \n N, \n \n \n Eliades \n T, \n \n \n Bourauel \n C. \n \n \n Comparative assessment of forces generated during simulated alignment with self-ligating and conventional brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:590\u2013595."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"610","article-title":"Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: a systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Roscoe \n MG,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roscoe \n MG, \n \n \n Meira \n JBC, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n PM. \n \n \n Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:610\u2013626."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"328","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography versus periapical radiograph for diagnosing external root resorption: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Yi \n J,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yi \n J, \n \n \n Sun \n Y, \n \n \n Li \n Y, \n \n \n Li \n C, \n \n \n Li \n X, \n \n \n Zhao \n Z. \n \n \n Cone-beam computed tomography versus periapical radiograph for diagnosing external root resorption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:328\u2013337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman \n B,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman \n B, \n \n \n Vig \n KW, \n \n \n Fields \n HW, \n \n \n Shanker \n S, \n \n \n Kaizar \n EE. \n \n \n Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"48","article-title":"Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients","volume":"108","author":"Mirabella \n AD,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mirabella \n AD, \n \n \n Artun \n J. \n \n \n Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:48\u201355."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"511","article-title":"Predicting and preventing root resorption: part II. Treatment factors","volume":"119","author":"Sameshima \n GT,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sameshima \n GT, \n \n \n Sinclair \n PM. \n \n \n Predicting and preventing root resorption: part II. Treatment factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:511\u2013515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults","volume":"110","author":"Baumrind \n S,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumrind \n S, \n \n \n Korn \n EL, \n \n \n Boyd \n RL. \n \n \n Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:311\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"677","article-title":"Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor","volume":"114","author":"Parker \n RJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parker \n RJ, \n \n \n Harris \n EF. \n \n \n Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:677\u2013683."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"912","article-title":"Root resorption after orthodontic intrusion and extrusion: an intraindividual study","volume":"75","author":"Han \n GL,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han \n GL, \n \n \n Huang \n SF, \n \n \n den Hoff \n JWV, \n \n \n Zeng \n XL, \n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman \n AM. \n \n \n Root resorption after orthodontic intrusion and extrusion: an intraindividual study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:912\u2013918."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b08","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"71","article-title":"Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption","volume":"7","author":"Segal \n GR,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Segal \n GR, \n \n \n Schiffman \n PH, \n \n \n Tuncay \n OC. \n \n \n Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:71\u201378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"185","article-title":"Precision in cephalometric landmark identification","volume":"4","author":"Stabrun \n AE,","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stabrun \n AE, \n \n \n Danielsen \n K. \n \n \n Precision in cephalometric landmark identification. Eur J Orthod. 1982;4:185\u2013196."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"283","article-title":"and clinical risk factors of root resorption associated with orthodontic treatment","volume":"150","author":"Guo \n Y,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo \n Y, \n \n \n He \n S, \n \n \n Gu \n T, \n \n \n Liu \n Y, \n \n \n Chen S. \n Genetic \n \n \n and clinical risk factors of root resorption associated with orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150:283\u2013289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"350","article-title":"Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors","volume":"34","author":"Motokawa \n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Motokawa \n M, \n \n \n Sasamoto \n T, \n \n \n Kaku \n M, \n \n et al. \n Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and treatment factors. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:350\u2013356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Correlation between, cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption","volume":"114","author":"Horiuchi \n A,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horiuchi \n A, \n \n \n Hotokezaka \n H, \n \n \n Kobayashi \n K. \n \n \n Correlation between, cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:311\u2013318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b13","series-title":"Imaging Sci Dent","first-page":"227","article-title":"The three-dimensional microstructure of trabecular bone: analysis of site-specific variation in the human jaw bone","volume":"43","author":"Kim \n JE,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim \n JE, \n \n \n Shin \n JM, \n \n \n Oh \n SO, \n \n et al. \n The three-dimensional microstructure of trabecular bone: analysis of site-specific variation in the human jaw bone. Imaging Sci Dent. 2013;43:227\u2013233."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b14","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","article-title":"Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with self-ligating or conventional brackets: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yi \n JR,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yi \n JR, \n \n \n Li \n ML, \n \n \n Li \n Y, \n \n \n Li \n XB, \n \n \n Zhao \n ZH. \n \n \n Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with self-ligating or conventional brackets: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"590","article-title":"Comparative assessment of forces generated during simulated alignment with self-ligating and conventional brackets","volume":"31","author":"Pandis \n N,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pandis \n N, \n \n \n Eliades \n T, \n \n \n Bourauel \n C. \n \n \n Comparative assessment of forces generated during simulated alignment with self-ligating and conventional brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:590\u2013595."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"610","article-title":"Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: a systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Roscoe \n MG,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roscoe \n MG, \n \n \n Meira \n JBC, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n PM. \n \n \n Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:610\u2013626."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-740-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"328","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography versus periapical radiograph for diagnosing external root resorption: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Yi \n J,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yi \n J, \n \n \n Sun \n Y, \n \n \n Li \n Y, \n \n \n Li \n C, \n \n \n Li \n X, \n \n \n Zhao \n Z. \n \n \n Cone-beam computed tomography versus periapical radiograph for diagnosing external root resorption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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